Haƙƙin Dawowa
Haƙƙin dawowa wata ka'ida ce a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tabbatar da yancin kowa na komawa, ko sake shiga ƙasarsa ta radin kansa ko ta zama ɗan ƙasa . Haƙƙin dawowa wani ɓangare ne na babban ra'ayi na haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin motsi kuma yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin doka na ɗan ƙasa . Yayin da jihohi da yawa ke ba wa 'yan ƙasarsu ' yancin zama, 'yancin komawa ba'a iyakance ga ɗan ƙasa ko ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba. Yana ba wa marasa jiha da waɗanda aka haifa a wajen ƙasarsu damar dawowa a karon farko, muddun sun ci gaba da “hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta gaske kuma mai inganci.” [1]
 Haƙƙin Dawowa | |
|---|---|
principle of law (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | 'Yanci na motsi |
| Facet of (en) |
international law (en) da nationality (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
customary international law (en) |
An tsara haƙƙin a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zamani da yarjejeniyoyin zamani, musamman a cikin 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1966 International Covenation on Civil and Political Rights and the Fourth Geneva Convention 1948. Masana shari'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun kai matsayin dokokin duniya na al'ada don haka haƙƙin komawa ya kasance kan waɗanda ba su sanya hannu kan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba.
Wakilan kungiyoyin ‘yan gudun hijira na yawan kiran ‘yancin komawa kasar domin tabbatar da cewa suna da ‘yancin komawa kasar da aka yi hijira.
Tarihi
gyara sashe'Yancin barin kowace ƙasa da komawa ƙasarsu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an kafa su bisa ka'idojin yanayi . [2]
Abubuwan da suka gabata
gyara sasheDuk da yake ba a san haƙƙin komowa a sarari ba a zamanin da, ƙaura, da aka ƙi izinin komawa gida a sarari, hukunci ne na gama-gari na manyan laifuka. Marubuta tsoho sun tattauna batun sosai. Alal misali, Teles na Megara a cikin diatribe On Exile ya rubuta "Amma ba a yarda 'yan gudun hijira su koma gida ba, kuma wannan babban ƙuntatawa ne na 'yancinsu." [3]
A zamanin da, ana yawan korar ƙungiyoyin mutane ko kuma a tumɓuke su don garuruwansu da ƙasarsu ta asali, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin nasara ko kuma a matsayin hukunci na tawaye. A wasu lokuta an bar su (ko ƙarfafa su) su dawo, yawanci lokacin da ma'auni na soja da na siyasa wanda ya sa gudun hijira ya canza. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan lokuta an ba wa al'ummar da aka yi hijira damar komawa, ba a taɓa gane cewa suna da haƙƙin komawa ba.
Wani sanannen misali shi ne komawa Sihiyona, inda Sarki Cyrus Mai Girma ya ba Yahudawan da aka kora daga Yahuda zuwa Babila zaɓi na komawa ƙasar kakanninsu kuma su sake gina Urushalima . An rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ( Littafin Ezra da Littafin Nehemiya ) sau da yawa ana ambata wannan shari'ar a matsayin misali na Sihiyonawan zamani kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke neman su dawo nasu.
A lokacin yakin Peloponnesia, Athens ta kori kuma ta warwatsa mazauna Melos, Aegina da sauran garuruwa (wasu daga cikinsu ana sayar da su zuwa bautar). Bayan nasarar Sparta, Spartan Janar Lysander a shekara ta 405 BC ya yi ƙoƙari na haɗe-haɗe don tattara waɗannan ƙaura da mayar da su garuruwansu na asali. [4] [5]
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Magna Carta
gyara sasheAna iya samun ƙaƙƙarfan doka ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin Haƙƙin Komawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ingilishi Magna Carta daga 1215: [6]
- A nan gaba ya halatta kowane mutum ya fita ya koma mulkinmu ba tare da tsoro ba, ta kasa ko ruwa, yana kiyaye mubaya’arsa, sai dai lokacin yaki, na wani dan kankanin lokaci, domin amfanin al’umma baki daya. . Mutanen da aka daure ko kuma aka haramta su bisa ga dokar kasa, mutanen kasar da ke yaki da mu, da ’yan kasuwa – wadanda za a yi maganinsu kamar yadda aka ambata a sama – ba a cikin wannan tanadi.
Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1791
gyara sasheWani misali na farko na dokar ƙasa da ke gane Haƙƙin Komawa shine tsarin mulkin Faransa na 1791, wanda aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1790: [2]
- ‘yancin kowa ya tafi, ko ya zauna, ko ya fita, ba tare da an dakatar da shi ko kama shi ba, sai dai a bisa tsarin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanada.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kawo karshen zalunci da kuma wariya da ake yi wa ’yan Huguenot (’ yan Furotesta na Faransa) da aka shafe shekaru aru-aru ana yi.[ana buƙatar hujja]
A lokaci guda tare da sanya duka Furotesta a Faransa su zama cikakkun ƴan ƙasa, dokar da aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1790 ta bayyana cewa:
- Duk mutanen da aka haifa a wata ƙasa kuma suka sauko a kowane mataki na wani Bafaranshe namiji ko mace da aka yi hijira saboda dalilai na addini an ayyana su a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Faransa ( naturels français ) kuma za su amfana da haƙƙin da ke tattare da wannan ingancin idan sun dawo Faransa, kafa mazauninsu a can. kuma ku yi rantsuwar farar hula. [7]
Rushe Dokar Nantes da kuma korar Huguenots ya faru fiye da karni daya da suka gabata, kuma akwai ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Huguenot a ƙasashe da yawa, inda sukan yi aure tare da al'ummar ƙasar da suka karbi bakuncin (duba Dokar Potsdam ). Don haka, dokar na iya ba wa ƴan Birtaniyya, Jamusawa, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran su zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa - duk da cewa kaɗan ne kawai suka amfana da ita.[ana buƙatar hujja]Wannan zaɓi ga samun zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ya kasance a buɗe har zuwa 1945, lokacin da aka soke shi - tun bayan mamayar Faransa, Faransawa ba su son barin Jamusawa na asalin Huguenot su yi amfani da shi.
Schleswig plebiscites, 1920
gyara sasheBayan yakin Schleswig na biyu na shekara ta 1864, yankin Schleswig da Danish ke mulki a baya ya zama wani yanki na Imperial Jamus . Yawancin mazauna, waɗanda aka fi sani da " opants ", sun zaɓi ci gaba da zama ɗan ƙasar Danish kuma sun ƙi ɗaukar na Jamusanci. Sakamakon haka, hukumomin Prussian sun kore su daga yankin. Rabin karni bayan haka, bayan shan kashin da Jamus ta yi a yakin duniya na farko, an gudanar da wani taro a 1920 don sanin makomar yankin. Gwamnatin Denmark ta nemi Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafawa da su bar waɗannan ƴan ƙabilar Danih da aka kora da zuriyarsu su koma Schleswig su shiga cikin taron. An ba da wannan, kodayake yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma yawancin waɗannan ba su dawo ba.
Fahimtar doka game da haƙƙi
gyara sasheAn ƙirƙira ƙa'idar haƙƙin dawowa a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da:
Dokokin Hague (HR), labarin 20:
- 20. Bayan an kammala zaman lafiya, za a yi gaggawar mayar da fursunonin yaki zuwa gida.
An yi jayayya cewa idan HR ya bukaci a mayar da fursunoni, to, "a bayyane yake" cewa fararen hula da aka raba a lokacin rikici dole ne a bar su su koma gida. [8]
Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), labarin 13:
- 1. Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha.
- 2. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa.
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR) labarin 12(4):
- 4. Ba wanda za a tauye masa hakkin shiga kasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta huɗu, labarin 49:
- 49. Canja wurin mutum ɗaya ko na jama'a na tilastawa, da kuma fitar da mutane masu kariya daga yankin da aka mamaye zuwa yankin ikon mallaka ko na kowace ƙasa, wanda aka mamaye ko a'a, an haramta, ba tare da la'akari da manufarsu ba.
- Duk da haka, ikon Mallaka na iya ɗaukar jimillar ko wani yanki na ƙaura daga wani yanki da aka bayar idan har tsaron jama'a ko dalilan soji suka buƙaci haka. . . . Mutanen da aka kwashe don haka za a mayar da su gidajensu da zarar an daina tashin hankali a yankin da ake magana.
Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, labarin 5d(ii):
- 'Yancin barin kowace kasa, ciki har da nasa, da komawa kasarsa.
"kasansa"
gyara sasheBabban kotun shari'a ta kasa da kasa na shari'ar Nottebohm na shekara ta 1955 ana yawan yin misali da shi a matsayin karin ma'auni na abin da ya kamata "ƙasar mutum" ta kasance. [9] Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai bukatar a samar da “gaskiya mai inganci” tsakanin mutum da kasar. Daga cikin sharuɗɗan da aka jera don irin wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon akwai "haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa", "al'ada", "kafa", "sha'awa" da "dangantakar iyali". An maye gurbin hukuncin shekara ta 1955 ta wasu gundumomi kwanan nan da hukunce-hukuncen kotu.
Akwai rashin jituwa [9] game da abin da "nasa" da "ƙasarsa" ke nufi a cikin ICCPR da UDHR. Bisa ga fassarar ikon kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1999:
- Fannin "kasa nasa" ya fi ma'anar "ƙasar ƙasarsa". Ba a taƙaice ga ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba, wato ƙasar da aka samu a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma ta hanyar ba da izini; ta ƙunshi, aƙalla, mutumin da, saboda alakarsa ta musamman da ko ikirari dangane da wata ƙasa, ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin baƙo kawai ba. Hakan zai kasance misali ga ‘yan kasar da aka kwace wa kasarsu ta hanyar keta dokokin kasa da kasa, da kuma mutanen da aka shigar da kasarsu a ciki ko kuma aka mayar da su zuwa wata kasa, wadanda aka ki amincewa da kasarsu. su.
A cikin 2007, Majalisar Spain ta amince da Dokar 57/2007, Dokar Tunawa da Tarihi. Dokar ta 57/2007 ta tanadi zuriyar Mutanen Espanya da ke zaune a kasashen waje da suka bar Spain saboda zaluncin siyasa a lokacin yakin basasa da mulkin kama- karya na Franco — wato tsakanin 1936 da 1975 — don samun dan kasar Spain.
Haƙƙin dawowa idan doka
gyara sasheA ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekara ta, 2013, Majalisar Dokokin Portugal ta amince da wani matakin da ya ba zuriyar Yahudawa da aka kora daga Portugal a ƙarni na 16 damar zama ƴan ƙasar Portugal .
Spain
gyara sasheAn kori Yahudawa Sephardi daga Spain a cikin 1492. Duk da buƙatun gaba ɗaya don samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya bayan shekaru biyar na zama a Spain, ta dokar sarauta a ranar 20 ga Disambar shekara ta 1924, Yahudawa Sephardi na iya samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya tare da zama na shekaru biyu a Spain. Daga shekara ta 1924 har zuwa 2015 Yahudawa Sephardi da ke zaune a kasashen waje suma na iya neman gwamnatin Spain ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, amma gwamnati ta ji daɗin yanke shawarar ko za ta ba da ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2015, Majalisar Spain ta amince da dokar ta 12/2015, Dokar Ba da Ƙasa ga Yahudawa Sephardi, wadda ta ba wa Yahudawa Sephardi mazauna waje asalin ƙasar Spain kai tsaye, muddin za su iya tabbatar da cewa su zuriyar Yahudawan Sephardi ne da aka kora. a shekara ta 1492.
A ƙarshe, bayan kama Anglo-Dutch na Gibraltar a cikin Agustan shekara ta 1704 a lokacin Yaƙin Ci Gaban Mutanen Espanya, Mutanen Espanya sun bar, suna ambaton amincin su ga Bourbons da kuma kafa kansu a cikin yankin da ke kewaye (wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin " Campo ). da Gibraltar "). Mutanen Espanya sun kafa cibiyoyi kama da waɗanda suke kula da su a Gibraltar, gami da ƙidayar jama'a da wuraren tarihi a cikin birnin San Roque, wanda shine birni "inda Gibraltar ke zaune a kai". Wasu daga cikin zuriyar jama'ar sun ba da shawarar 'yancin komawa don komawa Gibraltar, kodayake a halin yanzu gwamnatin Spain ba ta amsa buƙatunsu ba.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedhrw - ↑ 2.0 2.1 J.D. Inglés (1963), Study of Discrimination in Respect of the Right of Everyone to Leave any Country, Including His Own, and to Return to His Country, Geneva, UN, UN Sales no. 64.XIV.2, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/220/Rev.1
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedGaertner2006 - ↑ Xenophon. Hellenica, 2.2.9: "Meantime Lysander, upon reaching Aegina, restored the state to the Aeginetans, gathering together as many of them as he could, and he did the same thing for the Melians also and for all the others who had been deprived of their native states."
- ↑ Plutarch. Life of Lysander, 14.3: "But there were other measures of Lysander upon which all the Greeks looked with pleasure, when, for instance, the Aeginetans, after a long time, received back their own city, and when the Melians and Scionaeans were restored to their homes by him, after the Athenians had been driven out and had delivered back the cities."
- ↑ Bradley, Megan: "Liberal Democracies' Divergent Interpretations of the Right of Return: Implications for Free Movement", Democratic Citizenship and the Free Movement of People, 2013
- ↑ André Encrevé, French Protestants, in Rainer Liedtke, Stephan Wendehorst, eds., Emancipation of Catholic Jews: Minorities and the Nation-State in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Manchester University Press, 1999, p.66
- ↑ Boling, Gail J. Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis, BADIL - Information & Discussion Brief Issue No. 8, January 2001
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bracka, Jeremie Maurice. Past the Point of no Return? The Palestinian Right of Return in International Human Rights Law, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Melbourne, 2005
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe- Wall Street Journal, War Echo: Poland ta kore shi a 1945, Jamusawa suna son Gidajen Komawa, Agusta 11, 2004
- Bari Su Dawo - Yakin Gidan Jama'ar Chagos Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Dokar Komawa, 1950 —Gwamnatin Isra’ila
- Haƙƙin Komawa a Dokokin Duniya ta Eyal Benvenisti
- Matsalar ita ce yadda ake zama Isra'ila - Amon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz
- Shin Falasdinawa 'Yan Gudun Hijira Suna Da 'Yancin Komawa Isra'ila? by Ruth Lapidoth
- Dokar kasa da kasa da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila ta Julius Stone
- Haƙƙin Komawa Daga Salman Abu-Sittah
- 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinu da Haƙƙin Komawa: Binciken Dokokin Duniya na Gail J. Boling
- 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinawa da rashin wanzuwar 'yancin komawa, Ben-Dror Yemini