Wikipedia

Gold Coast Euro-Africans

Gold Coast Euro-Africa sun kasance alƙaluman tarihi na tarihi wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyuka na gaɓar teku a Ghana ta mulkin mallaka, wanda ya taso daga ƙungiyoyi tsakanin maza na Turai da matan Afirka daga ƙarshen karni na 15 - shekaru goma tsakanin 1471 da 1482, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, kusan 1957, lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] A cikin wannan lokaci, yankuna daban-daban na yankin Gold Coast sun kasance suna sarrafa siyasa a lokuta daban-daban daga Portuguese, Jamusawa, Swedes, Danes, Dutch da Birtaniya.[1][8][9][10] Har ila yau, akwai bayanan 'yan kasuwa na wasu ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Irish, suna aiki a bakin teku, baya ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da 'yan kasuwa na Amurka daga New York, Massachusetts da Rhode Island.[11] Yuro-Afirka sun kasance masu tasiri a hankali, fasaha, fasaha, kasuwanci da rayuwar jama'a gabaɗaya, suna taka rawa a fagage da yawa na ilimi da mahimmancin jama'a.[1][2][3][4][5][6][12][13][14][15] Masana sun yi la'akari da wannan yawan jama'ar Yuro-Afirka na Gold Coast a matsayin "creoles", "mulattos", "mulatofoi" da "owulai" a tsakanin sauran kwatance.[1][2][16] Kalmar, owula tana ba da ra'ayoyi na zamani na "lafiya, koyo da birni" ko "babban mutum mai albashi" a cikin harshen Ga.[2][16] Mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka ta kasance ta 'yan kasuwa ne kuma hanya ce ta bunkasa tattalin arziki da siyasa wato "dukiya da mulki."[2][17][18] Haɓaka da bunƙasa addinin Kiristanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma sun kafa dalilai na zamani dangane da asalin Yuro da Afirka.[2][19] Wannan samfurin ya haifar da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga cikakken bikin al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka zuwa ɗaukacin rungumar al'adun Turai.[16][20]

Gold Coast Euro-Africans
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Kogin Zinariya (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)
Gold Coast Euro-Africans
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Harsuna
Turanci | Yaren Ewe | Yaren Fante | Yaren Ga
Addini
Protestantism | Katolika
Kabilu masu alaƙa
African American, Afro-Brazilians, Mutanen Aku. Mutanen Amaro, Americo Liberian, Atlantic Creole, Black British, Black Nova Scotians, Fernandinos, Mutanen Saro, Mutanen Sierra Leone Creole, Signare, Mutanen Tabom, Yammacin Indiya

Asali

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'Yan Afirka na Gold Coast galibi 'yan kabilar Anlo Ewe, Fante da Ga - kungiyoyin da ke da tarihi a gabar tekun Ghana.[1][2][13] Garuruwan da ke da ƙarfin kasancewar Tarayyar Turai da Afirka sun haɗa da Accra, Anomabu, Cape Coast, Elmina, Keta, Saltpond, Sekondi-Takoradi da Winneba. Yawancin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika kuma sun mallaki gonaki da ƙauyuka da ke gaba a cikin filaye a filayen birane da yankunan karkara.[2] Mazaunan Yuro-Afirka a bakin tekun, waɗanda kuma ke da ɗakunan karatu na sirri, yawanci haɗe da ƙirar gine-ginen mulkin mallaka daga tsare-tsaren Palladian, gidajen tsakar gida na Akan na gargajiya, da salon sobrado.[11][21][22][23][24][25] Bikin aure na Yuro da Afirka sun haɗu da al'adar gargajiya tare da ƙa'idodin Kiristanci na Yammacin Turai na auren mace ɗaya, galibi bisa ga ƙa'idodin mulkin mallaka na lokacin.[1][2] Har ila yau, 'yan kasashen Turai da Afirka sun kulla dangantaka da fitattun iyalai na asali na zuriyar sarauta da manyan mutane, a bakin teku da kuma a yankin Akan.[1][2][17][26][27] Sakamakon haka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afrika sun kasance "masu shiga tsakani" da "majalisa" wadanda suka karkatar da bangarorin biyu cikin sauki.[2][28][29] Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na auratayya tsakanin 'yan kasashen Turai-Afirka da kuma bakin haure daga kasashen Afirka a cikin Tekun Atlantika kamar Afro-Brazilians, Indiyawan Yamma da Saliyo Creoles da suka fito daga Nova Scotian Settlers.[13][30][31][32][33] Yawancin waɗannan iyalai na Yuro-Afro-Caribbean har yanzu suna nan.[31] Har ila yau, akwai bayanan auratayya tsakanin ’yan Afirka-Yuro da ƙungiyoyi daga yankunan Yammacin Afirka na Anglophone kamar Saliyo Creoles daga Freetown, cibiyar kasuwanci da tashar jiragen ruwa a wancan lokacin.[16][18][34][35][36][37] A Ghana bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka sun cika cikakkiyar al'adun Ghana don haka masana ba sa ganin su a matsayin rukunin alƙaluman jama'a.

Halayen al'adu

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Ilimi da karatu

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An yi la'akari da 'yan Yuro-Afrika da karatunsu, saboda sun ci gajiyar ilimin zamani na Turai irin na Turai a makarantun castle a Christianborg da Cape Coast, dukansu sun bude a karni na sha bakwai, da kuma Elmina Castle wanda aka bude a 1482.[38] Wannan salon yammacin Turai. ilimi na iya kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin bakin teku da haɗin kai na ilimi zuwa mishan na Furotesta daga al'ummomin Basel da Wesleyan waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙauyukan mazauna.[2][12][39] An fara makarantun katafaren ne tare da amincewar Gwamnonin Turai don yin baftisma da kuma koyar da mazan mulatto na Turai maza da mata na Afirka ta Gold Coast don horar da su a matsayin magatakarda da masu fassara ga ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka da kuma sojoji a cikin garrisons. kewaye da kagaran Turai na bakin teku.[2][38]

Farkon ƙarni na 'yan Afirka-Euro-Afrika sun tafi Turai don neman ilimi.[2][39][40] Ko da yake an keɓe su daga manyan mukamai na tsarin mulki na jihohi, ’yan Afirka masu ilimin Yammacin Turai sun kafa ginshiƙan ƙwararrun masu ilimi, masu arziki, birane, ƙwararrun anglophile, tare da haɗin gwiwar burin aikin daular a kan Gold Coast.[2][40] Zabi na sartorial ga maza da mata na Yuro-Afurka sun haɗa da riguna, manyan huluna da riguna na Victoria, ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban sha'awa na ƙaƙƙarfan aristocracy.[2][15][41][42] Misalai a cikin wannan rukunin sun haɗa da James Bannerman (1790–1858), John Hansen (wanda ya rasu 1840) na Jamestown da ɗan kasuwa da ɗan siyasa, Henry Richter (1785–1849) na Osu.[2][43] James Bannerman (1790-1858) shine Laftanar-Gwamnan Kogin Zinariya daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851.[2][12][13] Mahaifin James Bannerman ɗan Scotland ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa mace ce ta Fante. Ya auri wata gimbiya Asante, Yaa Hom ko Yeboah, 'yar Asantehene a lokacin, Osei Bonsu, fursunan siyasa da aka kama a lokacin yakin Katamanso a 1826.[12] Bugu da ƙari, a kan Kogin Gold na Dutch, Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792 - 1850), da dan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1804), Gwamna-Janar na Gold Coast, da wata mace mai suna Fante mulatto, Maria Clericq an aika zuwa Netherlands a lokacin kuruciyarsa don neman ilimi.[12] Bugu da ƙari, George Lutterodt, ɗan kasuwan mulatto na Ga-Danish mai ilimi kuma abokin mishan Basel, Andreas Riis ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan riko na Danish Gold Coast daga 5 ga Yuli 1844 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 1844.[32][44][45][46][47][48]

A wani misali kuma, rikici tsakanin tsoffin al'adu da sabon tsarin ilimin karatu na Yuro-Afrika ya faru a cikin 1840s, lokacin da ɗan asalin Ga da ya yi baftisma, Frederick Noi Dowuona da farko ya ƙi zama babban jigon Osu Maŋtsɛ, yana ambaton imaninsa na Kiristanci daga karatunsa a Denmark, yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da koyarwa a Castle Christianborg da kuma haduwarsa da ’yan mishan na farko na Basel da suka isa gabar tekun Gold a 1828.[2] A 1854 bayan harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi wa Osu kan dokar harajin zabe, Dowuona ya amince da cin zarafi. a zaunar da shi da sharadin ba wa al’adar gargajiya damar sanya tufafin Turawa sannan kuma a kebe shi daga wasu ayyuka da ayyukan ibada, wajen gudanar da aikinsa na sarkin garin.[2][49]

Shiga cikin maganganun jama'a

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Limamai masu tasowa da ajin katikist sun koyar da "mulattos" a cikin darajojinsu.[50][51] Wani fitaccen malamin cocin Yuro-Afirka da ya yi karatu a Yammacin Turai shi ne fasto kuma masanin tarihi Carl Christian Reindorf wanda aka buga littafinsa mai suna The History of the Gold Coast and Asante a cikin 1895.[2] Mahaifin Reindorf ya kasance sojan Danish-Ga da ke aiki a ofishin. Barracks na Christianborg Castle, kuma daga baya ya zama wakili ga wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ingila, Joshua Ridley.[2][52] Kakan Carl Reindorf, Augustus Frederick Hackenburg dan kasuwa ne dan kasar Denmark wanda ya isa gabar tekun Gold a 1739 kuma daga baya ya zama Gwamnan mulkin mallaka, ya bar mukamin a 1748.[52] A matsayin misali, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, jarida ta farko ta 'yan asalin da aka kafa a gabar tekun Gold ita ce Accra Herald, daga baya aka canza sunan West African Herald, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1857 a cikin British Accra ta hannun lauya mai horar da Ingilishi na Yuro-Afrika Charles Bannerman kuma ɗan'uwansa Edmund, scions na dangin Bannerman na bakin teku a lokacin.[12][13][53] 'Yan'uwan biyu 'ya'yan James Bannerman ne.[2] Jaridar ta yi suka game da turawa Turai akan Gold Coast kuma a shekara ta 1859 tana da masu karatu na 310 masu biyan kuɗi.[13] Ta haka ne adabi ya zama abin dogaro ga ra’ayin jama’a da ba da jawabi.[13]

Ra'ayin zamantakewa

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Litattafan baka sun nuna cewa mazan mulatto na bakin teku sun yi kaurin suna na rashin zaman lafiya a aure da lalata duk da cewa addinan ƙasar sun halatta auren mace fiye da ɗaya.[2][13] Wani ɗan mishan na Basel ya lura cewa mazan Yuro-Afurka galibi suna “ƙasasshe rabin-rabi...raguwa da sha’awa” a ƙoƙarinsu na nishaɗi ko yin nishaɗi.[2] 'Yan kasuwan Turai da Afirka sukan yi bukukuwan gargajiya kamar Homowo na Ga mutanen Accra wanda ke da abubuwan busa ganga, raye-raye da shaye-shaye.[13] Yawancin mutanen Yuro-Afurka, ko da yake sun yi baftisma kuma aka tabbatar da su a cikin coci, sun kasance Kiristanci kuma sun jagoranci “salon zaman duniya mai ƙarfi” wanda ya yi hannun riga da salon rayuwar Pietistic Basel da Mishan na Wesleyan na Victoria waɗanda tasirin ruhaniya ya kai ga bakin teku.[2] Kamar takwarorinsu na 'yan kasuwa, 'yan kasashen Turai-Afurka a cikin sana'o'in farar fata sukan yi cudanya da mazauna Turai a bakin teku, suna yin "shaye-shaye, caca da fashe-fashe na tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci."[2]

Sanannen Gold Coast Yuro-Afirka

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  • James Bannerman - Laftanar-Gwamnan Gold Coast daga 4 Disamba 1850 zuwa 14 Oktoba 1851
  • Carel Hendrik Bartels - alƙali, jami'in gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Elmina kuma mai ciniki a kan Yaren Gold Coast
  • George Emil Eminsang - Lauyan Gold Coast
  • Frederik Willem Fennekol - masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa
  • Regina Hesse - mace majagaba malami kuma shugabar makaranta a Gold Coast
  • Henry van Hien - Jagoran kishin kasa na Gold Coast
  • Jacob Huydecoper - jami'in diflomasiyyar Gold Coast
  • Frans Last - Babban mai shigar da kara a Kotun Koli ta Gabashin Dutch, dan kwamandan Friedrich Last da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Yuro Elisabeth Atteveldt.
  • Willem Essuman Pietersen - ɗan kasuwan Gold Coast kuma masanin ilimi
  • Christian Jacob Protten - Mishan Moravia, masanin harshe, mai fassara da kuma malami a cikin Christianborg a Danish Gold Coast a cikin 1700s.
  • Emmanuel Charles Quist - Barista, alkali kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Afirka na farko kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Ghana na farko.
  • Carl Christian Reindorf - Fasto na Basel kuma masanin tarihi na majagaba
  • Hendrik Vroom - dan kasuwa da mai gudanarwa

Ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar Turai da Afirka

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  • James Bannerman (1790–1858), jami'in Biritaniya a Burtaniya Gold Coast, ɗan uwa Fante kuma uba ɗan Biritaniya daga Scotland. An auri wata gimbiya Ashanti.
  • Carel Hendrik Bartels (1792-1850) ɗan Cornelius Ludewich Bartels ne, Gwamna-Janar na Kogin Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland da mulatto na gida Maria Clericq.
  • Cornelius Ludewich Bartels (?-1804), Bajamushe jami'in Kamfanin Dutch West India Company. Yana da 'ya'ya maza tare da mace ta Gold Coast kuma tare da rabin 'yar Holland, rabin 'yar Afirka Maria Clericq. Zuriyarsa tana da rawar da ta dace a Ghana.
  • Willem Bosman (1672-bayan 1703), ɗan kasuwan Holland. Sunan dan Ghana Bossman ana tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga yaran Bosman tare da matan sa na Afirka.
  • Jan Niezer (1756-1822), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Zinare na Yaren mutanen Holland. Dan mataimakiyar likita Bajamushe kuma mace 'yar Afirka.
  • Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), mishan a cikin Danish Gold Coast. Dan sojan Danish kuma gimbiya Ga.
  • Willem George Frederik Derx (1813-1890), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Aure Jacoba Araba Bartels.
  • Willem Jan Derx (1844-1913), Mataimakin Admiral na Dutch. Ɗan Willem George Frederik Derx da Jacoba Araba Bartels.
  • Willem Huydecoper (1788-1826), ɗan kasuwa a cikin Yaren Gold Coast, ɗan Darakta Janar Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper, da Amba Quacoea, macen Fante.
  • Anthony van der Eb (1813-1852), ma'aikacin farar hula na Holland. Ta yi aure Efua Henrietta Huydecoper daga baya Manza Henrietta Bartels.

Zaɓaɓɓun zuriyar Euro-Afirka

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  • Frederick Nanka-Bruce, likitan likitancin Gold Coast
  • Frederick Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
  • William Bruce-Lyle, alkalin Ghana
  • John Asamoah Bruce, hafsan sojojin saman Ghana
  • King Bruce, mawaki dan Ghana
  • Vida Bruce, 'yar tseren Ghana
  • Harriet Bruce-Annan, 'yar Ghana mai tsara shirye-shirye da jin kai
  • Thomas Hutton-Mills Jr., Lauyan Gold Coast
  • Edmund Bannerman, Lauyan Gold Coast kuma ɗan jarida
  • Charles Odamtten Easmon, likitan fida na farko dan Ghana
  • Herman Chinery-Hesse, injiniyan kwamfuta kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ghana
  • Hugh Quarshie, ɗan wasan Birtaniya dan Ghana

Hotuna

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  •  
    Carel Hendrik Bartels
  •  
    Willem Bosman
  •  
    W. G .F. Derx
  •  
    W. J. Derx
  •  
    Christian Jacob Protten
  •  
    Carl Christian Reindorf

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Gold Coast DataBase". gcdb.doortmontweb.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 Jenkins, Paul (1998). The Recovery of the West African Past: African Pastors and African History in the Nineteenth Century : C.C. Reindorf & Samuel Johnson : Papers from an International Seminar Held in Basel, Switzerland, 25–28th October 1995 to Celebrate the Centenary of the Publication of C.C. Reindorf's History of the Gold Coast and Asante (in Turanci). Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 31–46, 168–176, 192. ISBN 9783905141702. Archived from the original on 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ipsen, Pernille (2013). ""The Christened Mulatresses": Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town". The William and Mary Quarterly. 70 (2): 371–398. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.70.2.0371. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.70.2.0371.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Everts, Natalie (2012-08-16). Green, Toby (ed.). A Motley Company: Differing Identities among Euro-Africans in Eighteenth-Century Elmina (in Turanci). British Academy. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.001.0001. ISBN 9780191754180.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Black Women's History: Euro-African Marriages in Ghana and the Gold Coast – New Narratives - Beyond Black & White". Beyond Black & White (in Turanci). 2016-02-24. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ipsen, Pernille (2015-01-20). Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast (in Turanci). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812291971. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21.
  7. ↑ Ray, Carina E. (2015-10-15). Crossing the Color Line: Race, Sex, and the Contested Politics of Colonialism in Ghana (in Turanci). Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445396.
  8. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ↑ Meagan Ingerson, Independence Charter School, Philadelphia, PA (2013). Africa As Accessory Portrayals of Africans in Dutch art, 1600–1750 (PDF). London and Leiden: NEH Seminar For School Teachers; The Dutch Republic and Britain; National Endowment for the Humanities; University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-22.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Weiss, Holger (2013). "The Danish Gold Coast as a Multinational and Entangled Space, c. 1700–1850". Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity. Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology (in Turanci). 37. pp. 243–260. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6_14. ISBN 978-1-4614-6201-9. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Micots, Courtnay (2010). African Coastal Elite Architecture: Cultural Authentication During the Colonial Period in Anomabo, Ghana (in Turanci). University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Doortmont, Michel (2005). The Pen-pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities by Charles Francis Hutchison: A Collective Biography of Elite Society in the Gold Coast Colony (in Turanci). Brill. ISBN 9789004140974. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana (in Turanci). BRILL. pp. 133, 134, 139 175, 176. ISBN 978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.
  14. ↑ Bown, Lalage (9 October 2007). "Kwesi Brew". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Quayson, Ato (13 August 2014). Oxford Street, Accra: City Life and the Itineraries of Transnationalism (in Turanci). Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822376293. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Simonsen, Gunvor (April 2015). "Belonging in Africa: Frederik Svane and Christian Protten on the Gold Coast in the Eighteenth Century". Itinerario (in Turanci). 39 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1017/S0165115315000145. ISSN 0165-1153. S2CID 162672218.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Reynolds, Edward (1974). "The Rise and Fall of an African Merchant Class on the Gold Coast 1830-1874". Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in Faransanci). 14 (54): 253–264. doi:10.3406/cea.1974.2644. ISSN 0008-0055. S2CID 144896027.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Green, Toby, ed. (2012-08-16). Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Pre-Colonial Western Africa (in Turanci). British Academy. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.001.0001. ISBN 9780191754180.
  19. ↑ Konadu, Kwasi (2009). "Euro-African Commerce and Social Chaos: Akan Societies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". History in Africa (in Turanci). 36: 265–292. doi:10.1353/hia.2010.0001. ISSN 1558-2744. S2CID 143251998. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  20. ↑ Salm, Steven J.; Falola, Toyin (2002). Culture and Customs of Ghana (in Turanci). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780313320507.
  21. ↑ Micots, Courtnay (December 2015). "Age of Elegance: An Italianate Sobrado on the Gold Coast" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly. 16 (1): 1–32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  22. ↑ Micots, Courtnay (2010). African coastal elite architecture: cultural authentication during the colonial period in Anomabo, Ghana (Thesis) (in Turanci). OCLC 715407504.
  23. ↑ Portway House, Wessex Archaeology. "Details for African Coastal Elite Architecture: cultural authentification during the Colonial period in Anomabo, Ghana" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  24. ↑ Micots, Courtnay (2017). "A Palace To Rival British Rule: The Amonoo Residence In Ghana" (PDF). Critical Interventions: Journal of African Art History and Visual Culture. 11 (2): 132–154. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  25. ↑ Micots, Courtnay (2017-05-04). "A Palace To Rival British Rule: The Amonoo Residence In Ghana". Critical Interventions (in Turanci). 11 (2): 132–154. doi:10.1080/19301944.2017.1363502. ISSN 1930-1944. S2CID 134904834.
  26. ↑ Doortmont, Michel (2012). "Kamerling in Ghana: A Euro-African family history and an old-fashioned love story". De Nederlandsche Leeuw (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "Ghana - Arrival of the Europeans". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  28. ↑ Al, Fashion Et (2013-07-06). "Ghana Rising: Ghana's aging elite revealed in Dutch colonialism documentary project by Eline Jongsma & Kel O'Neill in Empire: Migrants…". Ghana Rising. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  29. ↑ Ipsen, Pernille (2016-02-03). Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast. Institute for Research in the Humanities (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  30. ↑ Jr, Adell Patton (13 April 1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa (in Turanci) (1st ed.). University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN 9780813014326.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Anquandah, James Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association. National Commission on Culture, Ghana. (November 2006). "Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture disambiguation to the Ghana-Caribbean Association" (PDF). National Commission on Culture, Ghana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Dawes, Mark (2003). "A Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans". Jamaican Gleaner. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017.
  33. ↑ Kwakye, Abraham Nana Opare (2018). "Returning African Christians in Mission to the Gold Coast". Studies in World Christianity. 24 (1): 25–45. doi:10.3366/swc.2018.0203.
  34. ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Niven, Mr Steven J. (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography (in Turanci). OUP USA. ISBN 9780195382075. Archived from the original on 2017-10-29. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  35. ↑ Easmon, M. C. F. (1961). "A Nova Scotian Family", Eminent Sierra Leoneans in the nineteenth century.
  36. ↑ Patton, Adell, Jr. (1989). "Dr. John Farrell Easmon: Medical Professionalism and Colonial Racism in the Gold Coast, 1856-1900". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 22 (4): 601–636. doi:10.2307/219057. JSTOR 219057.
  37. ↑ Boadi-Siaw, S. Y. (2013). "Black Diaspora Expatriates in Ghana Before Independence". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (15): 115–135. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 43855014.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "History of Education in Ghana – Great Pola Africa Foundation". politicalpola.wikifoundry.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Mangan, J. A. (2013-03-07). The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire, Society (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 9781135024376. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Ray, Carina E. (2015-10-15). Crossing the Color Line: Race, Sex, and the Contested Politics of Colonialism in Ghana (in Turanci). Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445396. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  41. ↑ Al, Fashion Et (5 December 2011). "Ghana Rising: The Origins of the Brew surname in Ghana ….(Descendant of Richard Brew, described as, 'the infamous slave trader of the Gold Coast, now Ghana')…". Ghana Rising. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  42. ↑ Al, Fashion Et (12 May 2013). "Ghana Rising: History: Ghana's Majestic Past –People & Culture in Black & White from 1850 - 1950". Ghana Rising. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  43. ↑ Justesen, Ole (2003). "Henrich Richter 17851849: Trader and Politician in the Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (7): 93–192. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406700.
  44. ↑ Seth, Quartey. "Andreas Riis: a lifetime of colonial drama". Research Review of the Institute of African Studies (in Turanci). 21. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017.
  45. ↑ Missionary Practices on the Gold Coast, 1832-1895 (in Turanci). Cambria Press. ISBN 9781621968733. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.
  46. ↑ Miller, Jon (22 May 2014). Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917 (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 9781136876189. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.
  47. ↑ Knispel, Martin; Nana Opare Kwakye (2006). Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
  48. ↑ "NUPS-G KNUST>>PCG>>History". www.nupsgknust.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 2005-02-07. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  49. ↑ "Osu Salem". osusalem.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  50. ↑ Sundkler, Bengt; Christopher Steed (4 May 2000). A History of the Church in Africa (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. p. 719. ISBN 9780521583428. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  51. ↑ Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader. Accra: Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Quartey, Seth (March 2006). Carl Christian Reindorf: Colonial Subjectivity and Drawn Boundaries (in Turanci). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781411677708. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018.
  53. ↑ Ziegler, Dhyana; Molefi Kete Asante (1992). Thunder and Silence: The Mass Media in Africa (in Turanci). Africa World Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780865432512.
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