Günter Schabowski
Günter Schabowski ([ˈɡʏntɐ ʃaˈbɔfski]; 4 ga Janairun shekarar 1929 - 1 Nuwamba 2015) ɗan siyasan Jamusawa ne na Gabas wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Socialist Unity Party na ƙasar Jamus (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands da aka taƙaita SED), jam'iyya mai mulki yayin mafi yawan kasancewar Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Jamus (GDR). Schabowski ya sami daraja a duk duniya a cikin Nuwamba 1989 lokacin da ya inganta amsar ɗan-kuskuren tambaya ga tambayar taron manema labarai. Wannan ya haifar da shahararrun fata cikin sauri fiye da yadda gwamnati ta tsara kuma don haka taron jama'a suka taru a wannan dare a Bangon Berlin, wanda ya tilasta buɗe shi bayan shekaru 28. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, aka buɗe duk iyakar Jamus ta ciki.
 Günter Schabowski | |||
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| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa |
Anklam (en)  , 4 ga Janairu, 1929 | ||
| ƙasa |
German Democratic Republic (en) Jamus | ||
| Mutuwa | Berlin, 1 Nuwamba, 2015 | ||
| Makwanci |
Waldfriedhof Dahlem (en) | ||
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (Bugun jini) | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Makaranta | Jami'ar Leipzig | ||
| Harsuna | Jamusanci | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a | ɗan jarida da ɗan siyasa | ||
| Kyaututtuka | |||
| Mamba |
Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (en) | ||
| Imani | |||
| Jam'iyar siyasa |
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (en) | ||
| IMDb | nm0769480 | ||
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Bayan Fage
gyara sasheAn haifi Schabowski a Anklam, Pomerania (a lokacin a cikin Free State of Prussia, yanzu wani ɓangare na jihar tarayya ta Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Ya kuma yi karatun aikin jarida a jami'ar Karl Marx, Leipzig, daga nan ya zama editan mujallar kungiyar kwadago, Tribüne. A shekarar 1952, ya zama memba na SED. Daga 1967 zuwa 1968, ya halarci makarantar jami'a ta CPSU. A shekarar 1978, ya zama babban editan jaridar Neues Deutschland ("New Germany"), wanda a matsayinsa na babban jami'in kungiyar SED aka dauke shi a matsayin jaridar da ke kan gaba a GDR. [2] A 1981, ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na SED. A cikin 1985, bayan barin Neues Deutschland, ya zama Sakataren Farko na reshen Gabashin Berlin na SED kuma memba na SED Politbüro. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Volkskammer daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1990. A cikin 2009, marubuciya Christa Wolf ta kira Schabowski "ɗayan mafi munin" 'yan siyasar Jamusawan Gabas kafin Wende, tana mai cewa: "Na tuna aan bayyanar da ya yi a gaban ƙungiyar marubucin. Kun ji tsoronsa."
Buɗe katangar Berlin da kuma Faduwar Bangon Berlin Günter Schabowski a zanga-zangar Alexanderplatz
gyara sashe
A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1989 Taron manema labarai a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba shekarar 1989 da Günter Schabowski (ya hau kan mataki, na biyu daga dama) da sauran jami'an Jamusawa na Gabas wanda ya haifar da Faɗuwar Bangon. Riccardo Ehrman yana zaune a ƙasan filin tare da tebur a bayansa. A watan Oktoban shekarata 1989, Schabowski, tare da wasu membobin na Politbüro da yawa, sun juya wa tsohon shugaban SED Erich Honecker baya tare da tilasta shi ya sauka don mara wa Egon Krenz baya. A wani bangare na kokarin sauya martabar gwamnatin, Schabowski ya kasance mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ba da hukuma ba kuma yana gudanar da tarurruka da dama na manema labarai a kowace rana don sanar da sauye-sauye. [5] Ya riga ya kasance mai kula da harkokin watsa labarai na Politbüro. Haka nan kuma an ba shi suna mutum na biyu a cikin SED, tsohuwar rawar Krenz. [6] Schabowski ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a aikin jarida irin na kwaminisanci inda aka gaya wa manema labarai abin da za su rubuta bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun riga sun faru. Don haka, ya ɗan wahalar da shi don ya saba da aikin watsa labarai irin na Yamma. [7] A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1989, ba da daɗewa ba kafin taron manema labarai na wannan rana, Krenz ya ba wa Schabowski wani rubutu [8] wanda ke ɗauke da sababbin ƙa'idodin tafiye-tafiye na ɗan lokaci. [7] Rubutun ya tanadi cewa 'yan asalin Jamusawa na Gabas na iya neman izinin zuwa kasashen waje ba tare da biyan bukatun da suka gabata ba game da wadannan tafiye-tafiye, kuma hakan ya ba da damar yin kaura na dindindin a duk kan iyakokin, ciki har da wadanda ke tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin. Yakamata a sanya takunkumin rubutu har zuwa wayewar gari.
Schabowski bai kasance a hannu ba lokacin da Krenz ya karanta rubutun a safiyar yau ga membobin Politb severalro da yawa yayin hutun sigari a yayin zaman kwamitin kolin ranar ko lokacin da aka tattauna a gaban cikakken kwamitin. Koyaya, ya ji daɗin tattauna shi a taron manema labarai; ya ce daga baya cewa duk wanda ake bukata don gudanar da taron manema labarai ya iya magana da Jamusanci da karanta rubutu ba tare da kuskure ba. [7] Dangane da haka, ya karanta bayanin a bayyane a ƙarshen taron manema labarai. Ɗaya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotanni ya tambaya yaushe dokokin zasu fara aiki. Schabowski ya ɗauka cewa zai kasance daidai da ranar da aka rubuta kalmar, sai ya amsa bayan ɗan dakatawa na ɗan dakiku: "Kamar yadda na sani ... yana tasiri nan take, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba.". meiner Kenntnis ... ist das sofort ... unverzüglich.) [10] [11] Lissafi sun banbanta kan wanda ya yi wannan tambayar. Dukansu Riccardo Ehrman, wakilin Berlin na kamfanin dillancin labarai na ANSA, da wakilin Bild Zeitung na Jamus (mai tabloid) Peter Brinkmann suna zaune a sahun gaba a taron manema labarai kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun tambayi lokacin da dokokin za su fara aiki.
Daga baya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko sabbin ƙa'idodin sun shafi tafiya tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin, Schabowski ya sake duba rubutun sai ya gano cewa sun yi. Lokacin da Daniel Johnson na jaridar Daily Telegraph ya tambaya me hakan ke nufi ga ganuwar Berlin, Schabowski ya zauna a sanyaye kafin ya ba da sanarwa game da bangon da ke ɗaure da babbar tambayar kwance ɗamara. [14]
Bayan taron manema labarai, Schabowski ya zauna don yin hira kai tsaye tare da Tom Brokaw na NBC. Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaye shi ko da gaske ne cewa Jamusawan Gabas yanzu za su iya tafiya ba tare da sun wuce wata ƙasa ta uku ba, Schabowski ya amsa cikin Ingilishi da ya ɓace cewa Ba a ƙara tilasta Jamusawan Gabas barin GDR ta hanyar wucewa ta wata ƙasa ba, l "kuma zai iya yanzu "tafi ta kan iyaka." Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaya ko wannan yana nufin "'yancin tafiya," Schabowski ya amsa, "Ee mana," kuma ya kara da cewa "ba batun yawon bude ido ba ne" amma "izinin barin GDR ne."
Tashoshin telebijin na kasa na Yammacin Jamus sun nuna sassan taron manema labarai na Schabowski a cikin rahotanninsu na yamma maraice da misalin karfe 7:17 na dare a kan heute na ZDF da kuma 8 na dare a kan ARD na Tagesschau, wanda ke nufin cewa an watsa labarin ga kusan dukkanin Gabashin Jamus da , inda aka kalli talabijin na Yammacin Jamus. Daga nan labarin ya bazu kamar wutar daji tare da ci gaba da maimaita labarai a cikin daren.
Yayin da dare ya ci gaba, dubban 'yan Berlin ta Gabas sun fara zuwa kan iyaka shida da ke kan katangar Berlin suna neman a ba su izinin. Gidan talabijin na kai tsaye ya ba da rahoto game da mutanen da suka taru wanda kawai ya ƙaru da lambobin East Berliners da ke zuwa ƙofar. Jama'ar sun fi yawa kan masu tsaron kan iyaka, wadanda suka fara kokarin tsayar da lokaci. Koyaya, babu wanda ya so yin oda da ƙarfi. A ƙarshe, da ƙarfe 11:30 na dare, jami'in Stasi Harald Jäger ya yanke shawarar buɗe ƙofofin a mashigar Bornholmer Straße da kuma ba mutane damar shiga Yammacin Berlin.
The fall of the Berlin Wall was the key event leading to the end of the East German regime, a state that had been crumbling for many weeks as citizens had been fleeing through intermediate countries surrounding East Germany. Indeed, Victor Sebestyen later wrote that when the gates were opened, for all intents and purposes, East Germany "ceased to exist". He also wrote that many of Schabowski's colleagues suspected he was either an American or West German agent and could not believe that he had made "a simple cock-up". In 2014, his wife claimed that Schabowski had been well aware of the possible consequences of what he said in the press conference.
A cikin tsarkakewar "tsohuwar mai tsaron jam'iyyar", an kori Schabowski da sauri daga Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialism, magajin SED, a kokarin inganta kimar jam'iyyar. Watanni kaɗan da suka gabata, an ba shi lambar girma ta Karl Marx.
Rayuwar siyasa bayan sake hadewa Schabowski a shekarar 2007 Kabarin Günter Schabowski a garin Waldfriedhof Dahlem Bayan sake hadewar Jamusawa, Schabowski ya yi kakkausar suka game da ayyukansa a Gabashin Jamus da na sauran takwarorinsa na 'yan siyasa da kuma tsarin gurguzu irin na Soviet gaba daya. [10] Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma tsakanin 1992 da 1999, a matsayin edita na Heimat-Nachrichten, wata takarda ta mako-mako da ya haɗu tare da wani ɗan jaridar Jamus ta Yamma a Rotenburg an der Fulda.
Taimakon yakin neman zaben da ya yiwa Jam’iyyar ta Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) ya sa wasu tsoffin abokan aikin sa suka kira shi wryneck. Jamusanci ga Wendehals, tsuntsu da ke iya juya kansa kusan digiri 180, kalma ce sananniya da ake amfani da ita don izgili ga kwaminisanci waɗanda suka zama jari hujja.
Tare da sauran manyan mutane na gwamnatin GDR, an tuhume shi da kisan Jamusawan Gabas da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga GDR. A watan Janairun shekarar 1995, masu gabatar da kara na Berlin sun gabatar da tuhuma a kansa. [1] A watan Agusta 1997, an yanke wa Schabowski hukunci tare da Egon Krenz da Günther Kleiber. Saboda ya yarda da laifinsa na ɗabi'a kuma ya la'anci GDR, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku kawai.
A watan Disamba na 1999, ya fara zaman gidan kaso a gidan yarin Hakenfelde da ke Spandau. Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 2000, Magajin Gari Eberhard Diepgen ya yi masa afuwa kuma aka sake shi a cikin Disamba 2000 bayan ya yi shekara ɗaya kawai. Ya kasance mai sukar PDS / Hagu Party, magajin jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party. A cikin 2001, ya yi aiki tare da Bärbel Bohley a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Frank Steffel (CDU).
Mutuwa
gyara sasheA cewar matar sa, Schabowski ya zauna a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Berlin a shekarun baya na rayuwarsa, bayan yawan bugun zuciya da shanyewar jiki. [10] Ya mutu a Berlin, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, a safiyar 1 ga Nuwamba 2015, yana da shekaru 86.
Wasu Bayanai akansa
gyara sasheGünter Schabowski an haife shi ne a shekarar 1929" (a Jamusanci). Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa akan layi. An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.] Tsohon jami'in kwaminisanci na Gabashin Jamus Günter Schabowski wannan a cikin Berlin". DW.COM. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Satumba 13, 2016. Yana dan shekara 86: Günter Schabowski ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015. Tarihin GDR:" Schabowski na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin "" (a Jamusanci). Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. Maris 12, 2009. Sebestyen, Victor (2009). Juyin juya halin 1989: Faduwar Daular Soviet. Birnin New York: Littattafan Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42532-5.
Sarotte, Mary Elise (7 Oktoba 2014). Rushewa: Budewar Katanga Ba da gangan ba. Birnin New York: Litattafan Basic. shafi na. 23. ISBN 9780465064946.
Sarotte, shafi na. 115 kari wanda Gerhard Lauter ya shirya: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/25-jahre-deutsche-einheit/mauerfall-am-9-november-1989-und-im-uebrigen-die- limit-ist- kan-12654876.html
Sarotte, shafi na 107-108 "Matar Schabowski:" Mijina ya san abin da yake faɗi "" (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 7 Nuwamba 2014. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015.
Hemmerich, Lisa (Nuwamba 9, 2009). "Bayyanannun fitowar Schabowski: Babban kulawa mafi mahimmanci a tarihin GDR" - ta hanyar Spiegel Online.
Walker, Marcus (21 ga Oktoba, 2009) "Shin Brinkmannship ya Fadi Bangon Berlin ne? Brinkmann ya ce ya yi" Jaridar Wall Street Journal.
Yu Tub
Sarotte, shafi na. 118 Sarotte, shafi na. 129.
Wroe, David (Nuwamba 8, 2009). "Ya kasance mafi kyau da mafi munin dare". Al Jazeera Amurka. An dawo da Oktoba 14, 2014.
"Günter Schabowski: Mutumin da ya buɗe katangar ba da gangan" (a Jamusanci). Mayar da hankali An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
Pond, Elizabeth (1993). Bayan Wuya: Hanyar Jamus don Haɗawa. Kamfanin Brookings Institution Press. shafi na. 117. ISBN 0-8157-7154-1.
"Yafiya: Günter Schabowski / Günther Kleiber" (a Jamusanci). Madubi. Satumba 11, 2000. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
"Frank Steffel: Babban dan takarar CDU ya nemi shawara ga Schabowski" (a Jamusanci). Madubi na yau da kullun. 8 ga Agusta
2001. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015.
"Yana da shekara 86: Schabowski mai aikin Ex-SED ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Labaran Daily. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An adana daga asali
ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media
gyara sasheda ke da alaƙa da Günter Schabowski a Wikimedia Commons