Dokar inshora ita ce aikin doka da ke kewaye da inshora, gami da manufofin inshora da da'awar. Za a iya rarraba shi zuwa kashi uku - tsarin kasuwancin inshora; ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke cikin manufofin inshora, musamman game da manufofin mabukaci; da ka'idojin da'awa da hikima.

Dokar Inshora
area of law (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Doka

Sigar farko ta inshora mai yiwuwa inshorar ruwa ne, koda yake nau'ikan haɗin kai (inshorar ƙungiyar kai) ta wanzu kafin wannan. Inshorar ruwa ta samo asali ne daga 'yan kasuwa na Hanseatic league da masu kudi na Lombardy a cikin ƙarni na 12 da 13, an yi rikodin su da sunan Lombard Street a cikin Birnin London, kasuwar inshorar ciniki mafi tsufa. A waɗancan kwanakin farko, inshora ya kasance tare da faɗaɗa mercantilism, da bincike (da kuma amfani) na sabbin hanyoyin zinariya, azurfa, kayan yaji, furs da sauran kayayyaki masu daraja - gami da bayi - daga Sabuwar Duniya. Ga waɗannan 'yan kasuwa masu cin kasuwa, inshora shine "hanyar da ya faru cewa a kan hasarar ko halakar kowane jirgin ruwa ba ya biyo baya ga wani mutum ba, amma asarar ta fi sauƙi a kan mutane da yawa fiye da a kan 'yan kaɗan ... ’yan kasuwa, musamman ma na kanana, ana sha’awar su kara himma da son rai da ‘yanci. [1]

Fadada cinikin tekun Ingilishi ya sanya Landan zama cibiyar kasuwar inshora wacce, a ƙarni na 18, ita ce mafi girma a duniya. Marubuta sun zauna a sanduna, ko sabbin shagunan kofi na zamani irin su wanda Edward Lloyd ke gudanarwa akan Titin Lombard, suna la'akari da cikakkun bayanai game da "kasanci" na 'yan kasuwa da ke nuna iyakar da za su raba kan kasadar da ke tattare da rubuta "scratch" na su. ko sanya hannu kan takardun da aka nuna musu.

A lokaci guda, alkali na ƙarni na goma sha takwas William Murray, Lord Mansfield, yana haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan ka'idar inshora har zuwa lokacin da ta kasance ba ta canzawa har zuwa yau - aƙalla idan ya shafi kasuwanci, kasuwancin da ba na mabukaci ba - a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama-gari. Mansfield ya zana daga "hukumomin kasashen waje" da "'yan kasuwa masu hankali"

"Waɗanda manyan ka'idoji waɗanda za a iya la'akari da su a matsayin dokar gama-gari na teku, da kuma dokar gama gari ta 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda ya sami rinjaye a cikin duniyar kasuwanci, kuma kowace tambaya ta inshora ta kasance cikin sauƙi. Don haka ya shahara da hukunce-hukuncensa, don haka girmama su a cikin kasashen waje.” [2]

A ƙarni na 19 na zama memba na Lloyd's an tsara shi kuma a cikin shekara ta 1871, an zartar da Dokar Lloyd, wanda ya kafa kamfani na Lloyd don zama wurin kasuwa ga membobin, ko "Sunaye". Kuma a farkon karni na ashirin, an tsara tsarin tsarin inshora na gaba ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1904 a cikin Dokar Inshorar Marine ta 1906, tare da sakamakon cewa, tun daga wannan ranar, dokar inshora na ruwa da wadanda ba na ruwa ba sun bambanta, kodayake tushen asali. akan ka'idodin asali iri ɗaya.

Ka'idodin inshora

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Hukunce-hukuncen dokokin gama gari a tsoffin membobin daular Burtaniya, gami da Amurka, Kanada, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Ostiraliya daga ƙarshe sun samo asali ne daga dokar Ingila da Wales. Abin da ke banbance hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da takwarorinsu na dokokin farar hula shi ne manufar dokar da alƙali ya kafa da kuma ka'idar yanke shawara - ra'ayin, a mafi sauƙi, cewa kotuna suna da alaƙa da hukunce-hukuncen kotunan da suka gabata na matsayi ɗaya ko mafi girma. A cikin mahallin dokar inshora, wannan yana nufin cewa hukunce-hukuncen alkalan kasuwanci na farko irin su Mansfield, Lord Eldon da Buller bound, ko kuma, a wajen Ingila da Wales, sun kasance aƙalla mai gamsarwa ga waɗanda suka gaje su suna la'akari da irin tambayoyin doka.

A cikin doka ta gama gari, ma'anar kwangilar inshorar kasuwanci shine canja wurin haɗarin da aka yi shawarwari cikin yardar kaina tsakanin takwarorinsu na ikon ciniki iri ɗaya, daidai da (ko a'a) kariyar kotuna. Marubucin yana da fa'ida, ta hanyar tsara sharuddan manufofin, na zayyana madaidaicin iyakokin rufewa. Wanda ake son inshora yana da daidai kuma akasin fa'ida na sanin takamaiman haɗarin da ake shirin yin inshorar daki-daki fiye da yadda mai rubutawa zai iya samu. Tsakanin yanke shawara na inshora na kasuwanci na Ingilishi, don haka, su ne ka'idodin da aka haɗa da cewa mai rubutawa yana ɗaure ga sharuɗɗan manufofinsa; kuma cewa hadarin yana kamar yadda aka kwatanta masa, kuma babu wani abu na abin da ya yanke shawarar inshorar da ya ɓoye ko ɓarna a gare shi.

A cikin dokar farar hula, inshorar inshora ya kasance yana da alaƙa da kariya ga masu rauni, maimakon a matsayin na'ura don ƙarfafa kasuwancin ta hanyar yaduwar haɗari. Civil law hukunce-hukuncen - a cikin sosai general sharuddan - ayan tsara abun ciki na inshora yarjejeniya a hankali, kuma mafi a cikin ni'imar da insured, fiye da na kowa shari'a hukunce-hukuncen, inda insurer ne wajen mafi kyau kariya daga yiwuwar cewa hadarin ga wanda ya karɓi ƙima na iya zama mafi girma fiye da abin da aka yi ciniki da shi. A sakamakon haka, yawancin tsarin shari'a a duk duniya suna amfani da ka'idodin doka na gama gari don yanke hukunci game da takaddamar inshorar kasuwanci, ta yadda aka yarda cewa mai insurer da masu inshorar sun kasance mafi ko žasa daidaitattun abokan tarayya a cikin rarraba nauyin tattalin arziki na haɗari.

Menene Manyan Ka'idodin Inshora? Archived 2022-05-19 at the Wayback Machine

Akwai manyan ƙa'idoji guda 7 na Inshora, waɗanda aka yi bayaninsu a ƙasa sune kamar haka:

  1. Ka'idar Imani Mai Kyau
  2. Ka'idar Inshorar Sha'awa
  3. Ka'idar Lamuni
  4. Ka'idar Taimakawa
  5. Ka'idar Subrogation
  6. Ƙa'idar Rarraba Asara
  7. Ƙa'idar Causa Proxima (Dalilin Kusa)

Riba da lamuni mara nauyi

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Yawancin, kuma har zuwa 2005 duka, hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari suna buƙatar mai inshorar samun sha'awa mai ƙima a cikin batun inshorar. Ribar da ba ta da tabbas ita ce dangantaka ta doka ko daidaito tsakanin mai inshorar da abin da ya shafi inshorar, dabam da kasancewar dangantakar inshora, wanda wanda insured ɗin zai kasance da ƙiyayya da abin da ya faru na abin da ya faru, ko akasin haka zai ɗauki amfana da rashin faruwarsa. An daɗe da riƙe sha'awar da ba za ta iya zama dole ba a cikin kwangilolin inshora don bambance su, a matsayin kwangilolin da za a iya aiwatarwa, daga yarjejeniyoyin caca da ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba (daure "a cikin girmamawa kawai) da kuma kashe al'adar, a cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai da goma sha takwas, na fitar da manufofin rayuwa. akan rayuwar baki. An cire abin da ake buƙata don sha'awar insured a cikin dokar Ingilishi ba na ruwa ba, mai yiwuwa ba da gangan ba, ta tanadin Dokar Caca ta 2005 .[ana buƙatar hujja]Ya a dokar inshorar ruwa da sauran tsarin dokokin gama gari, duk da haka; kuma ƴan tsarin dokoki ne za su ba da damar mai insho ya murmure dangane da lamarin da bai haifar da hasara ta gaske ba, ko an dogara da koyarwar sha'awa ta insurance, ko kuma kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin dokokin gama gari, kotuna sun dogara da ƙa'idar. na diyya don ɗauka cewa mai insho ba zai iya dawowa fiye da asararsa na gaskiya ba.

Mafi kyawun imani

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Babban aikin bayyanawa da kyakkyawan imani ya shafi siyar da mafi yawan kayayyakin kuɗi, tun Carter v Boehm [3] inda Lord Mansfield ya riƙe wani mai riƙe da kamfani na Gabashin Indiya ya kasa gargaɗi mai insurer game da mamayewar Faransa. Irin wannan ƙa'idar ba ta ƙara zuwa abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga Rikicin Kuɗi na Duniya ba.

Koyarwar uberrimae fides - mafi kyawun bangaskiya - tana nan a cikin dokar inshora na duk tsarin dokokin gama gari. Kwangilar inshora kwangila ce ta bangaskiya mai kyau. Mafi mahimmancin furci na wannan ƙa'idar, a ƙarƙashin koyaswar kamar yadda aka fassara shi a Ingila, shine mai inshorar mai zuwa dole ne ya bayyanawa mai insure daidai duk abin da ya sani kuma shine ko zai zama abu ga mai insurer. Wani abu abu ne idan zai rinjayi mai insurer mai hankali wajen tantance ko rubuta haɗari, kuma idan haka ne akan waɗanne sharuddan. Idan ba a gaya wa mai insurer duk wani abu game da haɗarin ba, ko kuma idan an yi ɓarna a cikin kayan, mai insurer na iya guje wa (ko "sake") manufar, watau mai insurer na iya ɗaukar manufofin kamar yadda ba ta da tushe daga farkon, dawo da ƙimar kuɗi. biya. Kwangilolin da aka sake dawo da su (tsakanin masu reinsurers da masu insurers/cedents) suna buƙatar mafi girman matakin bangaskiya mai kyau, kuma irin wannan kyakkyawan bangaskiyar ana ɗaukar ginshiƙi na reinsurance. Domin yin reinsurance mai araha, mai reinsurer ba zai iya kwafin rubutaccen insurer mai tsada da kuma da'awar kula da farashi ba, kuma dole ne ya dogara da cikakkiyar fayyace da gaskiya na mai insurer. A sakamakon haka, mai reinsurer dole ne ya yi bincike da kyau kuma ya biya biyan kuɗin da'awar na gaskiya na mai insurer, bin dukiyar cedent. [4]

A cikin kwangilolin kasuwanci gabaɗaya, garanti shine ƙayyadaddun kwangila, ketare wanda ke ba da haƙƙin diyya shi kaɗai; alhãli kuwa sharadi shi ne batun batun kwangilar, wanda idan yanayin bai gamsu ba, kwangilar ba za ta ɗaure ba. Sabanin haka, garantin gaskiya ko yanayin al'amura a cikin kwangilar inshora, da zarar an keta shi, ya kori mai insure daga abin alhaki a ƙarƙashin kwangilar daga lokacin da aka keta; yayin da keta wani yanayi kawai ke haifar da da'awar diyya kawai.

Dokokin kamfanonin inshora

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Dokokin inshora da ke gudanar da kasuwancin inshora galibi ana nufin tabbatar da rashin ƙarfi na kamfanonin inshora. Don haka, wannan nau'in ƙa'ida yana gudanar da tsarin ƙima, tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare, ƙimar kuɗi da sauran matakai daban-daban na "ofishin baya".

Tarayyar Turai

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Membobin Tarayyar Turai kowanne yana da nasu hukumomin inshora. Koyaya, ƙa'idar EU ta tsara tsarin kulawa mai dacewa a cikin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda aka ƙaddamar da su ga ƙa'idodi masu jituwa, kuma daidai da yarjejeniyar Turai (bisa ga abin da duk wani doka ko na halitta wanda ɗan ƙasa ne na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ke da 'yanci don kafa shi-, ita- ko kanta, ko don samar da ayyuka., a ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Turai), mai insurer mai lasisi a ciki da kuma tsara shi ta misali hukumomin kula da harkokin kuɗi na Burtaniya, Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Kuɗi da Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi, na iya kafa reshe a cikin, da/ ko ba da ɗaukar hoto na kan iyaka (ta hanyar tsarin da aka sani da "bayar da sabis na kyauta") cikin, kowane ɗayan ƙasashe mambobi ba tare da an tsara su ta hanyar waɗannan masu kula da Jihohin ba. Ba da sabis na kan iyaka ta wannan hanyar ana kiranta "fasfot".

Ɓangaren inshora ya shiga cikin da'irar cikakken tsari daga rashin tsari zuwa tsari gaba ɗaya sannan kuma a halin yanzu an soke shi a wani ɓangare. Ana gudanar da shi da ayyuka da yawa. Doka ta farko a Indiya don daidaita kasuwancin inshorar rai shine Dokar Kamfanonin Assurance Life Indiya, 1912. Dokar Inshora ta shekara ta 1938 [5] ita ce doka ta farko da ke tafiyar da duk nau'ikan inshora don samar da tsauraran ikon jihar kan kasuwancin inshora. An ba da inshorar rayuwa gaba ɗaya a Indiya a ranar 19 ga Janairun shekara ta, 1956, ta hanyar Dokar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa. Dukkan kamfanonin inshora guda 245 da ke aiki a lokacin a cikin ƙasar an haɗa su zuwa ƙungiya ɗaya, Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta Indiya .

An kafa Dokar Kasuwancin Inshora ta shekara ta 1972 don mayar da kusan kamfanonin inshora guda 100 na ƙasa baki ɗaya sannan kuma a hade su zuwa kamfanoni hudu. Dukkanin kamfanonin an hade su zuwa National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance da United India Insurance, wadanda ke da hedikwata a kowanne daga cikin manyan biranen hudu.

Har zuwa shekara ta 1999, babu kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu a Indiya. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Kula da Inshorar Inshora da Hukumar Ci Gaba a cikin shekara ta 1999, ta yadda za ta rage ka’idojin inshorar tare da ba da damar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da izinin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje kuma an ƙididdige kashi 26% a cikin kamfanonin inshora na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2015 an ɗaga iyakar FDI a ɓangaren inshora zuwa 49% bisa wasu sharuɗɗa.

A cikin shekara ta 2006, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Actuaries don ba wa wannan sana'a matsayi na doka daidai da Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries. Ana buƙatar ƙaramin babban jari na US$ 80 ( ₹ 400 Crore) ta hanyar doka don kafa kasuwancin inshora.

Ƙasar Ingila

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  • Dokar Sabis na Kuɗi da Kasuwanni 2000

A matsayin al'amari na farko, ana buƙatar kamfanonin inshora gabaɗaya su bi duk dokoki da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar kowane nau'in kasuwanci. Wannan zai haɗa da yanki da amfani da ƙasa, dokokin albashi da sa'o'i, dokokin haraji, da dokokin tsaro. Akwai kuma wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda dole ne masu inshora su bi. Gabaɗaya ana amfani da tsarin kamfanonin inshora a matakin Jiha kuma ƙimar ƙa'ida ta bambanta sosai tsakanin Jihohi.

Tsarin masana'antar inshora ya fara ne a cikin Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1940s, ta hanyar hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka da yawa. Hukuncin farko kan inshora ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1868 (a cikin Paul v. Hukuncin Virginia ), tare da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa kwangilar manufofin inshora ba su kasance a cikin kwangilolin kasuwanci ba kuma inshora ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tarayya. Wannan "hadarin shari'a", kamar yadda aka kira shi, ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban tsarin inshora na jihar. Wannan matsayi bai canza ba sai a shekara ta 1944 (a cikin Amurka v. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kudu maso Gabas ta yanke hukunci ), lokacin da Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin da ke nuna cewa manufofi na kasuwanci ne, don haka an daidaita su kamar yadda sauran kwangiloli masu kama da juna suke.

A cikin Amurka kowace jiha tana da ƙa'ida ta samar da hukumar gudanarwa. Waɗannan hukumomin na jihohi galibi ana kiran su Sashen Inshora, ko wasu sunaye iri ɗaya, kuma babban jami’in shine Kwamishinan Inshora, ko kuma jami’i mai suna. Daga nan sai hukumar ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar ƙa'idodin gudanarwa don gudanar da kamfanonin inshora waɗanda ke zaune a ciki, ko kuma suna kasuwanci a cikin jihar. A Amurka tsarin kamfanonin inshora kusan ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar jihohi da yawa da sassan inshorar su. Gwamnatin tarayya ta fito fili ta keɓe inshora daga dokokin tarayya a mafi yawan lokuta.

A cikin yanayin da mai insurer ya bayyana fatarar kuɗi, ƙasashe da yawa suna aiki da ayyuka masu zaman kansu da ƙa'idodi don tabbatar da ƙarancin ƙarancin kuɗi yana iya yiwuwa ( Ƙungiyar Kwamishinonin Inshora ta Ƙasa tana gudanar da irin wannan sabis a cikin Amurka ).

A {asar Amirka da sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in da ba su dace ba, iyakar ƙa'idar ta zarce kulawar hankali na kamfanonin inshora da wadatar jarinsu, kuma sun haɗa da irin waɗannan batutuwan da ke tabbatar da cewa mai riƙe da manufofin ya sami kariya daga mummunan imani daga bangaren mai insurer, cewa ƙimar kuɗi ba su da yawa (ko ƙayyadaddun), kuma kwangila da manufofin da aka bayar sun dace da ƙaramin ma'auni. Mummunan aikin bangaskiya na iya zama dama da dama; mai insurer ya ƙaryata da'awar da ke da alama a cikin kwangilar ko manufofin, mai insurer ya ƙi biya don adadin lokaci mara kyau, mai insurer ya ɗora nauyin hujja akan mai insurer - sau da yawa a cikin yanayin da da'awar ba ta da tabbas. Wasu batutuwa na dokar inshora na iya tasowa lokacin da daidaita farashin ya faru tsakanin masu insurer, ƙirƙirar yanayin gasa mara kyau ga masu amfani. Babban misali na wannan shine inda Sabis na Kuɗi na Zurich - tare da wasu masu inshorar da yawa - suka haɓaka farashin manufofin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Idan an sami mai inshorar da laifin zamba ko yaudara, za a iya ci shi tarar ko dai ta hukumomin gudanarwa, ko kuma a cikin karar da masu inshon ko na kewaye. A lokuta mafi tsanani, ko kuma idan jam'iyyar ta sami jerin korafe-korafe ko hukunce-hukunce, ana iya soke lasisin mai insurer ko dakatar da shi. Ayyukan bangaskiya ba safai ba ne a wajen Amurka. Ko da a cikin Amurka cikakken tsauraran koyarwar ya iyakance ga wasu jihohi kamar California.

Sauran Duniya

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.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Duba kuma

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  • Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Inshora ta Duniya
  • Dillalin inshora da wakilin inshora
  • Wakilin Rikodi
  • Dokar inshora ta Australiya
  • Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi - Mai kula da ayyukan kuɗi na Burtaniya (ciki har da inshora)
  • Ƙungiyar Kwamishinonin Inshora ta Ƙasa - Ƙungiyar Amurka da ke daidaita tsarin inshora

Manazarta

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  1. Act of Parliament, 1601: 43, Elizabeth, C 12
  2. Samuel Marshall, Treatise on the Law of Insurance (3rd edition, 1823), Vol 1, p. 23
  3. Carter v Boehm (1766) 3 Burr 190
  4. Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 65-67, 102-107 (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253
  5. http://www.irdaindia.org/regulations/TheInsuranceAct1938er126042004.doc Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine here