Wikipedia

Aikin noma na Biodynamic

Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture based on pseudo-scientific and esoteric concepts initially developed in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925).[1][2] It was the first of the organic farming movements.[3] It treats soil fertility, plant growth, and livestock care as ecologically interrelated tasks,[4][5][6] emphasizing spiritual and mystical

Aikin noma na Biodynamic
method (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na pseudoscience (en) Fassara, noma, occultism (en) Fassara da esotericism (en) Fassara
Bangare na anthroposophy (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara anthroposophy (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara biodynamics (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara Cow Horn Manure (en) Fassara
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Inganta Rubutu! Wannan shafin yana da raunin rubutu, dan haka yana buƙatar a inganta rubutun shi.

Idan akwai wani ƙarin bayani ana iya baiyana shi a Shafin Tattaunawa Bayan an inganta shafin to ana iya goge wannan sanarwar.

Masu gudanarwa, su tuna da bincika ko akwai wata maɗada a nan da tarihin shafi (Gyaran baya) kafin a goge shi.

WANNAN SHAFIN ZA'A GOGE SHI! . Dalili: Babu bayani mai ma'ana, ko Talla ko rashin Manazarta

Idan akwai rashin amincewa game da goge shafin, kana iya fadin hujjar ka a Shafin tattaunawa. Idan wannan shafin bai cancanci gogewa ba, kokuma zaka iya gyarawa, to kana iya goge wannan sanarwar, amma kuma kada ka goge sanarwa a shafin da ka kirkira da kanka.

Masu gudanarwa, su tuna da bincika ko akwai wata mahada a nan da tarihin shafi (gyaran ƙarshe) kafin a goge shi.

Biodynamics yana da alaƙa da sauran hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta - yana jaddada amfani da turare da sinadarai kuma ya cire amfani da takin roba (na wucin gadi), magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan herbicides a ƙasa da tsire-tsire. Hanyoyi na musamman ga tsarin biodynamic sun haɗa da maganin dabbobi, amfanin gona, da ƙasa a matsayin tsarin guda ɗaya, jaddadawa daga farkonsa akan tsarin samarwa da rarraba na gida, amfani da al'ada da cigaban sabbin nau'ikan gida da iri-iri. Wasu hanyoyin suna amfani da kalandar shuka da shuka. Aikin noma na Biodynamic yana amfani da kayan aikin ganye da ma'adanai daban-daban don kayan aikin takin mai da kuma fure na filin; ana shirya su ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da suka fi kama da sihiri mai tausayi fiye da agronomy, kamar binne ƙasa da aka cika a cikin ƙaho na saniya, wanda akace suna girbi "dakarun sararin samaniya a cikin ƙasa".

Babu wani bambanci a cikin sakamako mai fa'ida da aka kafa ta hanyar kimiyya tsakanin takaddun fasahar aikin gona ta biodynamic da irin wannan aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta da hadin kai. Aikin noma na Biodynamic kimiyya ce ta ƙarya saboda ba ta da Shaidar kimiyya don ingancin ta saboda dogaro da ilimin esoteric da imani mai ban mamaki.

Ya zuwa 2022, anyi amfani da dabarun biodynamic a kan hekta 255.051 a cikin ƙasashe 65, karkashin jagorancin Jamus, Italiya da Faransa. Jamus tana da kashi 42% na jimlar duniya.[7] Sauran matsakaicin 1,750 ha a kowace ƙasa. Hanyoyin biodynamic na noman inabi sun ɗauki sanannun gonakin inabi da yawa.[8] Akwai hukumomin takaddun shaida don samfuran biodynamic, mafi yawansu mambobi ne na ƙungiyar ƙididdigar biodynamics ta duniya Demeter International.

Tarihi

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Asalin ka'idar

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Rudolf Steiner, masanin falsafa na sihiri kuma wanda ya kafa "aikin noma na ɗan adam", daga baya aka sani da "biodynamic".

Biodynamics ita ce aikin gona na zamani na farko.[9][10] Cigabanta yafara ne a 1924 tare da jerin laccoci takwas game da aikin gona wanda masanin falsafa Rudolf Steiner ya bayar a Kobierzyce" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kobierzyce">Schloss Koberwitz a Silesia, Jamus (yanzu Kobierzyce a Poland). [11][12] Wadannan laccoci, sanannen gabatarwa na farko na aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta, [9] an gudanar dasu ne don mayar da martani ga buƙatar da manoma suka lura da yanayin ƙasa da lalacewar lafiya da ingancin amfanin gona da dabbobi sakamakon amfani da taki na sinadarai. Masu halarta 111, kasa da rabin su manoma ne, sun fito ne daga kasashe shida, da farko Jamus da Poland.[9] An buga laccocin a watan Nuwamba 1924; fassarar Turanci ta farko ta bayyana a 1928 a matsayin The Agriculture Course . [13]

Steiner ya jaddada cewa hanyoyin daya gabatar ya kamata a gwada su ta hanyar gwaji. Don wannan dalili, Steiner ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike, "Ƙungiyar Gwajin Aikin Gona ta Manoma da Aljanna na Janar Anthroposophical Society".[14] Tsakanin 1924 da 1939, wannan ƙungiyar bincike ta ja hankalin kusan mambobi 800 daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da Turai, Amurka da Australasia. [14] Wani rukuni, "Association for Research in Anthroposophical Agriculture" (Versuchsring anthroposophischer Landwirte), wanda masanin ilimin noma na Jamus Erhard Bartsch ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne don gwada tasirin hanyoyin biodynamic akan rayuwa da lafiyar ƙasa, tsire-tsire da dabbobi; ƙungiyar ta buga mujallar kowane wata, Demeter . [15] Bartsch ya kuma taimaka wajen bunkasa kungiyar tallace-tallace don samfuran biodynamic, Demeter, wanda har yanzu yana nan a yau. An sake sunan Kungiyar Bincike ta Imperial Association for Biodynamic Agriculture (Reichsverband für biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise) a cikin 1933. Gwamnatin Socialist ta rushe ta a shekarar 1941. A cikin 1931 ƙungiyar tana da mambobi 250 a Jamus, 109 a Switzerland, 104 a wasu ƙasashen Turai da 24 a waje da Turai. Gidajen gonaki mafi tsufa sune Wurzerhof a Austria da Marienhöhe a Jamus.[16]

A cikin 1938, an buga rubutun Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening, a cikin harsuna biyar - Turanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Italiyanci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci; wannan ya zama aikin daya dace a fagen shekaru da yawa.[15] A watan Yulin 1939, a gayyatar Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne, Pfeiffer ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya kuma ya gabatar da Makarantar bazara ta Betteshanger da Taron kan Noma na Biodynamic a gonar Northbourne a Kent.[17] An bayyana taron a matsayin 'haɗin da ya ɓace' tsakanin aikin gona na biodynamic da aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta saboda, a cikin shekara bayan Betteshanger, Northbourne ya buga takardar shaidarsa ta aikin gona na halitta, Duba Land, inda ya kirkiro kalmar 'aikin gona na kwayoyi' kuma ya yaba da hanyoyin Rudolf Steiner.[17] A cikin shekarun 1950, aikin Steiner ya ƙarfafa Hans Mueller don ƙirƙirar hanyar noma ta kwayoyin halitta a Switzerland; wannan daga baya ya cigaba ya zama mafi girman mai tabbatar da samfuran kwayoyin halitta.[18]:5

Cigaban ƙasa

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A yau ana yin biodynamics a cikin kasashe sama da 50 a duk duniya kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban, daga noma mai noma, noma ruwan inabi a Faransa, samar da auduga a Misira, zuwa kiwon siliki a China.[19]::141 Demeter International ita ce babbar hukumar takaddun shaida don gonaki da lambuna ta amfani da hanyoyin. A cikin 2020 Demeter International da Ƙungiyar Biodynamic ta Duniya sun shiga don zama Ƙungiyar Biodinamic - Demeter International.

  • A Amurka, aikin gona na biodynamic ya fara ne daga 1926.[20] Daga 1926 zuwa 1938, manoma 39 da masu lambu a Amurka sun bi ayyukan biodynamic.[20] An kafa kungiyar Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association a 1938 a matsayin kamfani na jihar New York.
  • A cikin Biritaniya, aikin gona na biodynamic ya fara ne daga 1927.[21] A cikin 1928 an kafa Gidauniyar Aikin Gona ta Anthroposophical a Ingila; wannan yanzu ana kiranta Ƙungiyar Aikin Gona ta Biodynamic.[15] A cikin 1939, an gudanar da taron farko na aikin gona na Burtaniya, Makarantar bazara ta Betteshanger da Taron kan Aikin Gona na Biodynamic, a gonar Lord Kent" id="mwiw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northbourne, Kent">Northbourne a Kent; Ehrenfried Pfeiffer shine jagorar mai gabatarwa.[17]
  • A Ostiraliya, manomi na farko na biodynamic shi ne Ernesto Genoni wanda a cikin 1928 ya shiga Cibiyar Gwaje-gwaje ta Manoma da Aljanna, wanda ɗan'uwansa Emilio Genoni ya biyo baya. [22][23] Ginin farko na Ernesto Genoni ya kasance a Dalmore, a Gippsland, Victoria, a cikin 1933.[24] A shekara mai zuwa, Ileen Macpherson da Ernesto Genoni sun kafa Demeter Biological Farm a Dandenong, Victoria, a cikin 1934 kuma an noma shi ta amfani da ka'idodin biodynamic sama da shekaru ashirin.[25] Bob Williams ya gabatar da lacca na farko na jama'a a Ostiraliya game da aikin gona a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1938 a gidan gine-ginen Walter Burley Griffin da Marion Mahony Griffin a Castlecrag, Sydney. [26] Tun daga shekarun 1950 aikin bincike ya ci gaba a Cibiyar Bincike ta Biodynamic (BDRI) a Powelltown, kusa da Melbourne a karkashin jagorancin Alex Podolinsky.[27][28] A cikin 1989 an kafa Biodynamic Agriculture Australia, a matsayin ƙungiyar da ba don riba ba.
  • A Faransa an kafa Ƙungiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IFOAM) a cikin 1972 tare da mambobi biyar da suka kafa, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Swedish Biodynamic Association .
  • Jami'ar Kassel tana da Sashen Aikin Gona daga 2006 zuwa Maris 2011.
  • An kafa Kwalejin Emerson (UK) a 1962 kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ralph Waldo Emerson, mawaki na Amurka kuma mai tsayi. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta gudanar da darussan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da falsafar da koyarwar Rudolf Steiner, gami da aikin gona na biodynamic.
  • A Kanada, a halin yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na biodynamic, The Society for Biodynamic Farming and Gardening a Ontario, The Biodynamic Agricultural Society of British Columbia da Association de Biodynamie du Québec waɗanda membobin Demeter Canada ne.

Hanyar aikin gona ta Biodynamic

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Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nau'ikan aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta, aikin gona na biodynamic yana amfani da ayyukan gudanarwa waɗanda aka nufa don "maidowa, kiyayewa da haɓaka jituwa ta muhalli".[29] Abubuwan tsakiya sun haɗa da bambancin amfanin gona, guje wa maganin sinadarai na ƙasa da abubuwan dake cikin gona gabaɗaya, samarwa da rarraba, da kuma la'akari da tasirin sama da na ƙasa akan kwayoyin halitta.[29] Kungiyar Demeter ta ba da shawarar cewa " (a) mafi ƙarancin kashi goma na jimlar gonar gona a gefe a matsayin adana halittu masu yawa. Wannan na iya haɗawa amma ba a iyakance shi ba ga gandun daji, filayen ruwa, da kuma shuka kwari da gangan. Ana buƙatar bambancin juyawa na amfanin gona da shuka na yau da kullun: ba za a iya dasa amfanin gona na shekara-shekara a cikin wannan filin ba don haka an haramta shuka shuka shuke-shuke-shekaru don haka ƙasa yana buƙatar kula da isasshen shuka shinge.[30]

Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Demeter ta bada shawarar cewa ƙirar mutum na ƙasar "ta manomi, kamar yadda aka ƙayyade ta yanayin shafin, yana ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin asali na aikin gona na biodynamic. Wannan ka'idar tana jaddada cewa mutane suna da alhakin ci gaban yanayin muhalli da zamantakewa wanda ya wuce manufofin tattalin arziki da ka'idodin ilimin muhalli mai bayyanawa. " [19]-142 Shuke-shuke, da kuma "Dukan yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma" suna samar da ma'amala ta musamman, wanda ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da lafiyar dabbobi iri-iri, koyaushe:::148-142 "Ma'aikacin gona yana neman ingantawa da tallafawa dakarun yanayi waɗanda ke haifar da amfanin gona mai lafiya, kuma ya ƙi ayyukan gudanar da gonar da ke lalata muhalli, ƙasa, shuka, dabba ko lafiyar ɗan adam....an ɗauki gonar a matsayin kwayoyin halitta, wani abu mai zaman kansa tare da kansa, " : 148 da aka ɗauka gaba ɗaya kuma yana riƙe da kansa. [31][29] "Ana magance cututtuka da kula da kwari ta hanyar bambancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke, mazaunin mai cin nama, daidaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma kula da haske da iska. Kula da ciyawa yana jaddada rigakafi, gami da lokacin dasa shuka, mulching, da ganowa da guje wa yaduwar nau'ikan ciyawa masu mamayewa. "[30]

Aikin noma na Biodynamic ya bambanta da nau'o'i da yawa na aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruhaniya, asiri, da kuma tsarin taurari. Yana da ra'ayi na ruhaniya, da kuma ra'ayinsa game da inganta bil'adama, tare da motsi na "aikin noma" a Japan.[18]: 5 Muhimman fasalulluka sun haɗa da amfani da turare na dabbobi don ci gaba da ci gaban shuke-shuke (sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki), kiyayewa da inganta Ingancin ƙasa, da lafiya da jin daɗin amfanin gona da dabbobi. Ana amfani da amfanin gona, turare mai kore da juyawa na amfanin gona sosai kuma gonaki don inganta bambancin rayuwar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da kuma inganta sake zagayowar halittu da aikin halittu na ƙasa.[29]

Gidajen gona na Biodynamic galibi suna da bangare na al'adu kuma suna ƙarfafa al'umma ta cikin gida, ta hanyar haɓaka tallace-tallace na cikin gida da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan gine-ginen al'umma a gona. Wasu gonakin biodynamic suna amfani da tsarin Aikin Gona dake tallafawa al'umma, wanda keda alaƙa da zamantakewar zamantakewa.

Idan aka kwatanta da aikin gona wanda ba na kwayoyin halitta ba, an gano ayyukan noma na BD sun fi jurewa da kalubalen muhalli, don inganta Yanayin halittu daban-daban, da kuma ingantaccen makamashi, abubuwan da Eric Lichtfouse ya bayyana kasancewa da karuwar muhimmancin fuskar Canjin yanayi, karancin makamashi da cigaban yawan jama'a.

A cikin "koyar aikin gona" Steiner ya bada umarni daban-daban guda tara don taimakawa wajen taki, kuma ya bayyana yadda za a shirya waɗannan. Steiner ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shiga tsakani da dakarun duniya a cikin ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka shirya an ƙidaya su 500 zuwa 508, inda ake amfani da biyu na farko don shirya filayen, kuma ana amfani da sauran bakwai don yin compost. Wani gwaji na dogon lokaci (gwaji na DOK) wanda ke kimanta tsarin noma na biodynamic idan aka kwatanta da tsarin noma na kwayoyin halitta da na al'ada, ya gano cewa duka aikin gona na kwayoyin da aikin gona na biodynamics sun haifar da ingantaccen kayan ƙasa, amma suna da ƙananan amfanin gona fiye da aikin gona.  [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Game da ci gaban mai da ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da hanzarta matakin farko na mai da ƙayoyi, an lura da wasu sakamako masu kyau: [32]

  • Yankin yana dauke da abubuwa da ke motsa cigaban shuke-shuke ciki har da cytokinins.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span>] 
  • Wasu cigaba a cikin abubuwan gina jiki na takin mai suna bayyane daga sinadaran da aka haɗa, amma ba lallai bane sakamakon ayyukan da kuma ainihin shirye-shiryen kamar yadda Steiner ya bayyana su.

Kodayake shirye-shiryen suna da dabi'un abinci mai gina jiki kai tsaye, masu aikin biodynamic na zamani sun yi imanin fa'idodinsu shine don tallafawa ikon sarrafa kai na biota da suka riga sun kasance a cikin ƙasa da takin mai.[33] Masu sukar aikin sun nuna cewa babu wata shaida ko ma'ana da ke haifar da ayyukan da kansu, wanda a maimakon haka ya dogara da Tunanin sihiri da kuma ka'idodin Steiner da kansa. Babu wata shaida cewa ayyukan biodynamic suna da wani fa'ida fiye da abubuwan gina jiki kai tsaye da suka kara a matsayin taki, wanda zai iya zama da karamin fa'ida daga sauran kayan gargajiya ko kayan kasuwanci.[34]

Shirye-shiryen filin

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Shirye-shiryen filin, don motsawa samar da humus:

  • 500: Haɗin humus da aka shirya ta hanyar cika ƙaho na saniya da turare na saniya da binne shi a ƙasa (40-60 cm a ƙasa) a cikin kaka.  An barshi ya lalace a lokacin hunturu kuma an dawo dashi don amfani dashi azaman taki a cikin bazara mai zuwa.
  • 501: An murkushe Quartz mai laushi a cikin ƙaho na saniya kuma an binne shi a ƙasa a lokacin bazara kuma an fitar da shi a cikin kaka. Ana iya haɗa shi da 500 amma yawanci ana shirya shi da kansa. Ana yayyafa cakuda a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a kan amfanin gona a lokacin rigar, a matsayin abin da ake tsammani anti-fungal.

Shirye-shiryen mai cike da kaya

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Shirye-shiryen mai Steiner ya bada shawarar amfani da ganye waɗanda ake amfani dasu akai-akai a wasu magungunan kiwon lafiya. Yawancin irin wannan ganye da Steiner ya ambata ana amfani da su a cikin ayyukan kwayoyin halitta don yin taki, turare mai kore, ko a cikin composting. Shirye-shiryen da Steiner ya tattauna sune:

  • 502: Fure-fure na Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) da aka saka a cikin fitsari daga jan dabba (Cervus elaphus), an sanya shi a rana a lokacin rani, an binne shi a ƙasa a lokacin hunturu, kuma an dawo da shi a cikin bazara.
  • 503: Fure na Shamomile (Matricaria recutita) an saka shi cikin ƙananan hanji na shanu, an binne shi a cikin ƙasa mai wadataccen humus a cikin kaka, kuma an dawo dashi a cikin bazara.
  • 504: Tsire-tsire masu tsayi (Urtica dioica) a cikin cikakken fure da aka cika tare a karkashin kasa kewaye da dukkan bangarorin da peat na shekara guda.
  • 505: Ginin Oak (Quercus robur) an yanka shi a cikin ƙananan ɓangarori, an sanya shi a cikin kwanyar dabba mai gida, kewaye da peat, kuma an binne shi a ƙasa a wani wuri kusa da ruwan sama.
  • 506: Fure-fure na Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) da aka saka a cikin mesentery na wata saniya, an binne su a ƙasa a lokacin hunturu, kuma an dawo da su a cikin bazara.
  • 507: An cire furanni na Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) cikin ruwa.
  • 508: Horsetail (Equisetum).

Kalandar shuka

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Hanyar ta yi la'akari da cewa akwai tasirin wata da astrological a kan ƙasa da ci gaban shuka - alal misali, zaɓar shuka, noma ko girbi amfanin gona daban-daban bisa ga duka lokacin wata da tauraron zodiacal da wata ke wucewa, kuma dangane da ko amfanin gona shine tushen, ganye, furen, ko 'ya'yan itace na shuka. Wannan bangare na biodynamics an kira shi "astrological" da "pseudoscientific" a cikin yanayi.[35]

Samar da tsaba

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Aikin noma na Biodynamic ya mayar da hankali kan bude pollination na tsaba (tare da manoma don haka gabaɗaya suna shuka nasu iri) da kuma ci gaban nau'ikan da suka dace da gida.[36]

Takaddun shaida na Biodynamic

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Tsarin takardar shaidar Demeter biodynamic da aka kafa a 1924 shine tsarin takardar shaidodi na farko da lakabi don samar da kwayoyin halitta.[18]: 5 Ya zuwa 2018, don karɓar takaddun shaida a matsayin biodynamic, gonar dole ne ta cika ka'idoji masu zuwa: jagororin agronomic, gudanar da greenhouse, abubuwan dake cikin tsari, jagororin dabbobi, da kuma sarrafawa da hanyoyin sarrafawa bayan girbi.[37]

Kalmar Biodynamic alama ce ta kasuwanci da ƙungiyar Demeter ta manoma masu amfani da biodynamic ke riƙe da ita don manufar kiyaye ka'idodin samarwa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin noma da sarrafa kayan abinci. Alamar kasuwanci anyi niyya ne don kare mabukaci da masu samar da kayan biodynamic. Demeter International kungiya ce ta kasashe membobin; kowace ƙasa tana da ƙungiyar Demeter nata wacce ake buƙata don saduwa da ƙa'idodin samar da ƙasa da ƙasa (amma kuma tana iya wuce su). An kafa kungiyar Demeter ta asali a 1928; an kafa kungiyar Demiter ta Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 kuma ta tabbatar da gonarta ta farko a 1982. A Faransa, Biodyvin yana tabbatar da ruwan inabi na biodynamic. A Misira, SEKEM ta kirkiro kungiyar Biodynamic ta Masar (EBDA), ƙungiyar da ke bada horo ga manoma don zama masu takardar shaidar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, fiye da gidajen giya 200 a duk duniya an tabbatar da su a matsayin biodynamic; wasu gidajen giya dayawa suna amfani da hanyoyin biodynamic zuwa mafi girma ko ƙarami.

Tasiri

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Bincike game da aikin gona na biodynamic ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar wahalar ware bangarorin biodynamic na musamman yayin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na kwatankwacin.[38] Sakamakon haka, babu wani abu mai karfi wanda ke ba da shaidar wani takamaiman sakamako.[39]

Tunda aikin gona na biodynamic wani nau'i ne na aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta, ana iya ɗauka don raba halayensa, gami da "ƙananan ƙasa da aka damu kuma ta haka ne al'ummomin ƙasa daban-daban dake da alaƙa sosai".[40]

Wani bita na 2009/2011 ya gano cewa filayen da aka noma dasu: [40]

  • yana da ƙarancin amfanin gona fiye da gonaki na al'ada, amma ya sami ingancin samarwa dangane da adadin makamashi da aka yi amfani da shi.
  • yana da yawan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da biomass fiye da gonaki na al'ada.

Dukkanin dalilai sunyi kama da sakamakon a cikin gonakin da aka noma.

Karɓar baƙi

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A cikin editan jarida na shekara ta 2002, Peter Treue, mai binciken noma a Jami'ar Kiel, ya bayyana yanayin biodynamics a matsayin pseudoscience kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ana iya samun irin wannan ko daidaitattun sakamako ta amfani da ka'idodin noma na kwayoyin halitta. Ya rubuta cewa wasu shirye-shiryen biodynamic sun fi kama da alchemy ko sihiri kamar geomancy.

A cikin bincike na 1994, Holger Kirchmann, mai binciken ƙasa tare da Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona ta Sweden, ya kammala cewa umarnin Steiner na sihiri ne kuma mai dogmatic, kuma bazai iya bada gudummawa ga cigaban madadin ko aikin gona mai ɗorewa ba. A cewar Kirchmann, yawancin maganganun Steiner baza'a iya tabbatar dasu ba saboda baza'a bada cikakkun ra'ayoyin kimiyya daga bayaninsa ba. Kirchmann ya tabbatar da cewa lokacin da aka gwada hanyoyin aikin gona ta hanyar kimiyya, sakamakon basu da tabbaci.[41] Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wani bayyani na shekara ta 2004 game da aikin gona na biodynamic, Linda Chalker-Scott, mai bincike a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, ya nuna cewa biodynamics a matsayin pseudoscience, yana rubuta cewa Steiner bai yi amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya don tsara ka'idarsa ta biodynamics ba, kuma cewa ƙarin dabaru na aikin gona na kwayoyin halitta ya "taɗa tattaunawar" game da asalin ra'ayin Steiner. Dangane da ƙananan gwajin kimiyya na biodynamics, Chalker-Scott ya kammala "babu wata shaida" cewa shirye-shiryen homeopathic suna inganta ƙasa.[42]

A cikin littafin Michael Shermer mai suna The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, Dan Dugan ya ce ya kamata a aiwatar da shirye-shiryen biodynamic an tsara su ne kawai bisa ga "bayani nasa" na Steiner.[43] Mai shakka Brian Dunning ya rubuta "hanya mafi kyau don tunanin 'aikin noma na biodynamic' zai zama kamar sihiri da aka jefa a kan dukan gona. Biodynamics yana ganin dukan gona a matsayin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, tare da wani abu da suke kira ƙarfin rayuwa".

Florian Leiber, Nikolai Fuchs da Hartmut Spieß, masu bincike a Goetheanum, sun kare ka'idodin biodynamics kuma sun bada shawarar cewa sukar aikin gona na biodynamic wanda ya musanta amincin kimiyya "ba daidai bane da gaskiyar... kamar yadda basa lura da manyan fannoni na gudanar da biodynamic da bincike". Manoma na Biodynamic suna "alhakin haɓaka cigaba da tattaunawa tsakanin kimiyyar biodynamic da kimiyyar halitta sensu stricto", duk da mahimman bambance-bambance a cikin paradigms, ra'ayoyin duniya, da tsarin darajar.[19]:147

Masanin falsafar kimiyya Michael Ruse ya rubuta cewa mabiyan aikin gona na biodynamic sun fi jin daɗin rarrabewar kimiyya wanda ya fito daga tushen pseudoscientific, yana nuna duka a cikin al'amuransa na esoteric da kuma ra'ayi cewa suna cikin gaba na ra'ayi mai yawa na adawa da kimiyya wanda ya girma a adawa da hanyoyin zamani kamar gyaran kwayar halitta.

Ka'idar Steiner tayi kama da na masanin kimiyyar noma Richard Krzymowski, wanda ke koyarwa a Breslau tun 1922. Masanin kimiyyar muhalli Frank M. Rauch ya ambata a 1995, game da sake bugawa na wani littafi daga Raoul Heinrich Francé, wani tushe mai yiwuwa Steiner ya yi amfani da shi.[44]

A cewar wata takarda ta kimiyya ta Holger Kirchmann a cikin 2021, ba a san auras da dakarun da Steiner ya ambata ga kimiyya ba. Baza'a iya gwada sanarwa (tunanin) na "dakarun rayuwa" da ke shafar amfanin gona ba, kuma saboda haka baza'a iya karya shi ba. Koyaya, lokacin da ra'ayi ba zai iya karkatarwa ba, wannan alama ce ta pseudoscience.[45]

Wata ƙungiyar bincike daga lambun Botanical da Ma'aikatar Nazarin Kimiyya da Jama'a ta Kwalejin Horar da Malamai na Jami'ar Valencia sunyi gargadi a cikin 2021 game da haɗarin pseudoscience dangane da tatsuniyoyi ko imani game da tasirin wata akan aikin gona. Binciken wannan binciken kimiyya na takardu sama da 100 (ciki har da labaran kimiyya, takardu da litattafan ilimi mafi girma) an buga su a cikin mujallar Agronomy . [46] Sun gano cewa babu abin dogaro, tabbacin kimiyya game da duk wata dangantaka tsakanin matakan wata da ilimin lissafi na shuke-shuke a cikin kowane litattafan da suka shafi kimiyyar shuke-huke ko labaran mujallar da aka sake dubawa dake tabbatar da ayyukan noma da wata ta tsara. Har ila yau, shaidu daga fagen kimiyyar lissafi basu goyi bayan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dakarun wata da martani na shuke-shuke ba. Sabili da haka, shahararrun ayyukan noma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da matakan wata ba su da goyon bayan kimiyya.[47]

Dubi kuma

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  • Ilimin ilimin halittu
  • Alan Chadwick
  • Aikin noma na biointensive
  • Permaculture
  • The Real Dirt on Farmer John - shirin a kan gonar al'ada wanda ya canza zuwa aikin gona dake tallafawa al'ummaAikin noma dake tallafawa al'umma
  • Aikin noma na daji

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Lejano, Raul P.; Ingram, Mrill; Ingram, Helen M. (2013). "Chapter 6: Narratives of Nature and Science in Alternative Farming Networks". Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks. MIT Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780262519571.
  2. ↑ Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924". European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  3. ↑ Vogt G (2007). Lockeretz W (ed.). Chapter 1: The Origins of Organic Farming. Organic Farming: An International History. CABI Publishing. pp. 9–30. ISBN 9780851998336.
  4. ↑ Paul Kristiansen and Charles Mansfield, "Overview of organic agriculture", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
  5. ↑ Ikerd, John (2010). "Sustainability, Rural". In Leslie A. Duram (ed.). Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO. pp. 347–49. ISBN 978-0313359637.
  6. ↑ Abbott, L. K.; Murphy, Daniel V. (2007). Soil Biological Fertility: A Key to Sustainable Land Use in Agriculture. Springer. p. 233. ISBN 978-1402066184.
  7. ↑ "Demeter Monitor 2022/2023 (page 6)" (PDF) (in Holanci). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  8. ↑ Reeve, Jennifer R.; Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; Reganold, John P.; York, Alan L.; McGourty, Glenn; McCloskey, Leo P. (December 1, 2005). "Soil and Winegrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 56 (4): 367–76. doi:10.5344/ajev.2005.56.4.367. ISSN 0002-9254. OCLC 60652537. S2CID 55723731.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924". European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.
  10. ↑ Traditional agriculture employed organic practices in the absence of any alternative.
  11. ↑ Paull, John (2013) "Koberwitz (Kobierzyce); In the footsteps of Rudolf Steiner'", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 109 (Autumn), pp. 7–11.
  12. ↑ Paull, John (2013) "Breslau (Wrocław): In the footsteps of Rudolf Steiner", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 110: 10–15.
  13. ↑ Paull, John (2011). "The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's agriculture course and the founding of biodynamic agriculture". Journal of Social Research & Policy. 2 (1): 19–29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Paull, John (2013) A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia. In: Bruno Mascitelli, and Antonio Lobo (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain. Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, ch.3, pp. 37–61.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Paull, John (2011). "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938". Journal of Organic Systems. 6 (1): 27–41. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Paull 2011" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Herbert Koepf and Bodo von Plato "Die biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise im 20.Jahrhundert", Dornach, 2001
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Paull, John (2011) "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming", Journal of Organic Systems, 6(2):13–26.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Paul Kristiansen and Charles Mansfield, "Overview of organic agriculture", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Florian Leiber, Nikolai Fuchs and Hartmut Spieß, "Biodynamic agriculture today", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Paull, John (2019) The Pioneers of Biodynamics in USA: The Early Milestones of Organic Agriculture in the United States, American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 6(2):89–94.
  21. ↑ Paull, John (2019) The Pioneers of Biodynamics in Great Britain: From Anthroposophic Farming to Organic Agriculture (1924–1940), Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 5(4): 138–145.
  22. ↑ Paull, John (2015) "Ernesto Genoni: Artist, Pacifist, Anthroposophist", Uriel Lecture, Christian Community, Hawthorn, pp. 1–67.
  23. ↑ Paull, John (2014) "Ernesto Genoni: Australia's pioneer of biodynamic agriculture", Journal of Organics, 1(1):57–81.
  24. ↑ Paull, John (2019) Dalmore Farm: Victoria's first biodynamic farming venture (1933–1934), Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 131: 26–31.
  25. ↑ Paull, John (2017) Ileen Macpherson: Life and tragedy of a pioneer of biodynamic farming at Demeter Farm and a benefactor of Anthroposophy in Australia, Journal of Organics, 4(1):29–56.
  26. ↑ Paull, John (2012) "Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Architects of Anthroposophy", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 106: 20–30.
  27. ↑ "Demeter Bio-Dynamic". www.demeter.org.au.
  28. ↑ ""A Brief History of Bio-dynamics – an Australian Perspective" Biodynamic Growing No 1 Dec 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2011.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Lotter, Donald W. (2003). "Organic Agriculture". Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 21 (4): 59–128. doi:10.1300/J064v21n04_06. ISSN 1044-0046. S2CID 216090323. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lotter" defined multiple times with different content
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Demeter, USA, Farm Standard
  31. ↑ Alsos, G. A., Carter, S., and Ljunggren, E. (2011), The Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Rural Development Cheltenham, GB:Edward Elgar Publishing
  32. ↑ Reeve, Jennifer R.; Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; Reganold, John P.; York, Alan L.; McGourty, Glenn; McCloskey, Leo P. (December 1, 2005). "Soil and Winegrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 56 (4): 367–76. doi:10.5344/ajev.2005.56.4.367. ISSN 0002-9254. OCLC 60652537. S2CID 55723731.
  33. ↑ Raupp, J. and U.J. König. (1996). "Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depending upon yield levels". Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 13, pp. 175–88.
  34. ↑ Chalker-Scott, Linda (December 2013). "The Science Behind Biodynamic Preparations: A Literature Review". HortTechnology. 23 (6): 814–819. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.23.6.814. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  35. ↑ Novella, Steven (19 June 2017). "Biodynamic Farming and Other Nonsense". NeuroLogica Blog. The New England Skeptical Society. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  36. ↑ Nemoto, K.; Nishikawa, Y. (2007). "Seed supply system for alternative agriculture: Case study of biodynamic agriculture in Germany". Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. Shinshu University, Japan. 43 (1–2): 73–81.
  37. ↑ Magali Delmas, Vered Doctori-Blass, Kara Shuster, "Ceago Vinegarden: How green is your wine?: Environmental differentiation strategy through Eco-labels". Case Study, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, p.9
  38. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named vogt
  39. ↑ Nene, Y. L. (15 July 2017). "A Critical Discussion on the Methods Currently Recommended to Support Organic Crop Farming in India" (PDF). Asian Agri-History. 21 (4): 265–283.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Turinek, M.; Grobelnik-Mlakar, S.; Bavec, M.; Bavec, F. (2009). "Biodynamic agriculture research progress and priorities". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 24 (2): 146–54. doi:10.1017/S174217050900252X. S2CID 154750013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BARPP" defined multiple times with different content
  41. ↑ Kirchmann, Holger (1994). "Biological dynamic farming – an occult form of alternative agriculture?". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 7 (2): 173–87. doi:10.1007/BF02349036. S2CID 153540221.
  42. ↑ Chalker-Scott, Linda (2004). "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture" (PDF). Master Gardener Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017.
  43. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  44. ↑ Frank M. Rauch (1995). "Lebendige Erde". Zur Neuauflage: Francé Das Leben im Boden und Das Edaphon, Report about the new edition. Edition Siebeneicher.
  45. ↑ Kirchmann, Holger (2021). "Revisiting the original reasons for excluding inorganic fertilizers in organic farming—Why the ban is not consistent with our current scientific understanding". Outlook on Agriculture. 50 (2): 107–115. doi:10.1177/00307270211020025. S2CID 236203111 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  46. ↑ "New study contradicts pseudoscientific beliefs about the influence of the moon on agriculture". 19 February 2021.
  47. ↑ Mayoral, Olga (2020). "What Has Been Thought and Taught on the Lunar Influence on Plants in Agriculture? Perspective from Physics and Biology". Agronomy. 10 (7): 955. doi:10.3390/agronomy10070955. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

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