Wikipedia

African women in engineering

african women in engineering

Female aircraft engineers, Kwara State, Nigeria

A duniya baki daya, mata ba su da wakilci a fannonin da suka shafi STEM; wannan rashin wakilcin ya zama ruwan dare musamman a Afirka inda mata ke wakiltar kasa da kashi 20% na ma'aikata a wadannan fannoni. Matan Afirka da ke aikin injiniya da fannonin da suka shafi STEM sun fi fuskantar wariya da rage darajarsu a ƙasashen Afirka.[1] Ba tare da la'akari da wannan rashin wakilci a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi STEM ba, akwai manyan injiniyoyi mata da yawa daga ko'ina cikin nahiyar. [2]Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙungiyoyi da dama a ciki da wajen Afirka suna aiki don rage ɓatanci tsakanin ma'aikata. [3]

Fitattun matan Afirka a fannin injiniya gyara sashe

Arewacin Afirka gyara sashe

 
Akissa Bahri

Tyseer Aboulnasr injiniyan lantarki ne na ƙasar Masar. Ta samu digirin farko a Jami’ar Alkahira sannan ta yi digirinta na biyu da kuma Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Queen's, Kingston, Kanada. Ta kasance shugabar tsangayar ilimin kimiyya a Jami'ar British Columbia School of Engineering, haka kuma shugabar tsangayar Injiniya a Jami'ar Ottawa.[4] [5]

Akissa Bahri injiniyan aikin gona ne dan kasar Tunusiya kuma a baya malami ne a cibiyar aikin gona ta kasar Tunisia. Ta yi karatu a National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse don samun digirin injiniyan injiniya, sannan ta sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Lund a Sweden a Injiniyan Albarkatun Ruwa.[3]

Najla Bouden kwararre ce ta kasar Tunisiya kuma firaministan kasar Tunisiya a yanzu. Ta samu Ph.D. a cikin injiniyan ƙasa daga École des Mines de Paris.[6] Shugabar ta nada firaministanta, kuma ta fara aiki ne a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2021, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama firayim minista a kasashen Larabawa.[6]

 
Najla Bouden

Zeinab Elobeid Yousif injiniyan jirgin saman Sudan ce.[7] Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan jiragen sama daga Jami'ar Kingston a 1995. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu wannan digiri. [8]

 
Zeinab Elobeid Yousif

Awatef Hamed injiniyan sararin samaniyar Masar ne. A halin yanzu ita mai bincike ce a Jami'ar Cincinnati, tana nazarin fasahar jet-engine. Dr. Hamed ita ce mace ta farko da ta shugabanci sashen kula da sararin samaniya na kwaleji. Ta fara ne a matsayin shugabar Makarantar Aerospace Systems na Jami'ar Cincinnati a 2001 bayan ta yi karatu a can kanta a 1968.[9] Ta samu karbuwa a duniya saboda binciken da ta yi na yin nazari kan filayen fanfo na turbine da zaizayar su sakamakon barbashin iska. Ta sami sama da dala miliyan 25 a cikin kudade tare da lambobin yabo na Masanin Bincike na Ohio a cikin 2008.[4]

Gabashin Afirka gyara sashe

 
Nasra Agil

Nasra Agil injiniyan farar hula ne dan Somaliya-Kanada. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniyan jama'a daga Jami'ar Ryerson, wanda ke nuna daya daga cikin na farko da aka rubuta na wata mace 'yar asalin Somaliya ta sami digiri a fannin injiniya a Kanada.[3]

Dr. Gertrude Mwangala Akapelwa Injiniya ne na IBM Systems. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin lissafi da ilimi a jami'ar Zambiya, da digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin gwamnati daga jami'ar Harvard, sannan ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilimi a jami'ar Liverpool. [10] Ta taimaka kafa kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Victoria Falls. [10]

Winnie Byanyima Injiniya ce ta jirgin saman Uganda. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniyan jiragen sama a jami'ar Manchester. Ta zama mace ta farko 'yar kasar Uganda da ta samu digiri a wannan fanni; Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan injiniya daga Jami'ar Cranfield. [11] A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin babban darekta na UNAIDS bayan an nada ta a 2019.

 
Winnie Byanyima

Natalie Payida Jabangwe injiniyar kwamfuta ce 'yar Zimbabwe. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniyan na'ura mai kwakwalwa daga jami'ar Middlesex da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci daga Imperial College London. [12] Wata Cibiyar Faransa ta ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin "Jagoran Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka 100 don Gobe" a cikin 2018. [13]

Germaine Kamayirese injiniyan lantarki ne na Ruwanda. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kigali kuma ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin sarrafa sadarwa daga KIST da Jami'ar Coventry. [14] A shekarar 2014 an nada ta a matsayin ministar samar da ababen more rayuwa ta makamashi, ruwa da tsaftar muhalli; ta gudanar da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli, samar da wutar lantarki, da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa na kasar Rwanda.

 
Nzambi Matee

Frannie Léautier injiniyan farar hula ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya ne. Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniyan jama'a a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam, da digiri na biyu a fannin sufuri, da kuma Ph.D. Ya karanta Civil Engineering daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts. [15] Daga farkon shekarun 90s zuwa karshen 2000, ta yi aiki a bankin duniya inda take kula da Cibiyar Bankin Duniya a cikin shekaru shida da suka wuce. [16]

Nzambi Matee injiniya ta Kenya. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta . [17] [17] cikin 2017 ta bar aikinta a matsayin mai nazarin bayanai kuma ta kafa Gjenge Makers, wanda ke mai da hankali kan juya da wuya don sake amfani da filastik zuwa tubali da suka fi ƙarfin kankare.

 
Ndèye Tické Ndiaye Diop

Afirka ta Tsakiya gyara sashe

Therese Izay-Kirongozi injiniyan masana'antu ce 'yar Kongo. Ta yi karatu a Higher Institute of Applied Techniques. [18] An fi saninta da wanda ya kirkiri robobin zirga-zirgar mutane da ke taimaka wa tsarin zirga-zirga a Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. [18]

Dr. Ngalula Mubenga injiniyan lantarki dan kasar Congo ne. Ta samu digirinta na farko da na biyu da na uku a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Toledo. [19] A shekarar 2017 ne shugaban Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ya nada ta a matsayin mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar, Société Nationale d'Électricité . [19]

Mbu Waindim wata 'yar kasar Kamaru ce da ta samu takardar shedar ci gaba a kwalejin Saker Baptist. Daga nan ta ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya da kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 2012. [20] Bayan haka, ta sami digiri na biyu da kuma Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya kuma ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Kamaru da ta yi hakan. [20] Ta yi aiki a NASA da kuma Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka. [20]

 
Aissata Issoufou

Kudancin Afirka gyara sashe

Veliswa Boya daya ce daga cikin injiniyoyin girgije na farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga masu haɓakawa da kuma dangantakar masu haɓakawa a yankin Saharar Afirka a Sabis na Yanar Gizo na Amazon. [21] Tana aiki tare da kai hari ga masu haɓakawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara - don taimakawa yankin haɓaka injiniyoyi da yawa. [21] Asalin Boyay ya samo asali ne daga bangarori daban-daban kamar aikin injiniya, gine-gine, tuntuba, da nazari. Ta rubuta matakin haɗin gwiwarta na farko (Solution Architect) kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Associate Level Developer a karo na biyu. [21] Ta sami damar lokacin da Bankin Standard ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da AWS, yana ba Boya damar taimakawa tare da duk abin da girgije, gami da dabarun, shirin ƙaura, da ƙirar gine-ginen girgije. [21]

Bavelile Hlongwa ya yi aikin injiniyan sinadarai a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya zama mataimakin ministan albarkatun ma'adinai da makamashi a shekarar 2019. Baya ga aikin injiniyanta, ta kasance mai taka-tsan-tsan a fagen siyasa a matsayinta na mamba a majalisar dokokin Afirka. [22] Ta zama mamba a majalisar dokokin kasar Afrika ta kudu a shekarar 2019 kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta har zuwa rasuwarta a wannan shekarar.

 
Funke Opeke

Hilary Kahn (1943-2007). Haihuwa kuma ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu amma ta koma Newcastle, Ingila don fara karatun jami'a, da farko a cikin manyan makarantu amma ta kammala karatun digiri a 1965 a fannin kwamfuta, daga Jami'ar Newcastle . Ta koyi aiki da kwamfutoci na KDF 9 da ALGOL sannan ta yi aiki a Jami’ar Manchester a fannin COBOL da fasahar kere-kere da na’ura mai kwakwalwa ta kwamfuta da injiniyanci, wanda ta ci gaba da yi har tsawon rayuwarta, wanda hakan ya sa ta tsunduma cikin zanen Manchester. MU5 tsarin kwamfuta.

An haifi Naadiya Moosajee a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1984 kuma ta samu digirin farko a fannin Injiniya na Civil Engineering da digiri na biyu a fannin sufurin jiragen sama daga Jami'ar Cape Town. Daga baya ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci. [23] A farkon aikinta, an ɗauke ta hayar don daidaita sufuri don VIP da membobin Media don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010. [24] Matasa Action Network ta nada ta a matsayin 'yar'uwar jagoranci ta duniya kuma ta shafe shekaru masu zuwa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Dabarun Pegasys da Ci gaba. [24] A cikin 2016, ta haɗu da WomHub, kamfani mai haɓakawa wanda ke tallafawa mata masu tasowa masu girma a cikin STEM ta hanyar labs ɗin tunanin su, sararin aiki tare, da asusu. WomHub yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin fasahar fasaha ta gaba ta haɓaka AI da Tsaron Cyber. [24] A wannan shekarar, ta ba da gudummawar kuɗin Turkish Treasures, wanda ke da manyan gidajen cin abinci na Turkiyya a Cape Town. [24] Hakanan, a cikin 2016, ta fara rawar ta a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a matsayin Global Shaper. [24]

Donna Auguste ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ne, mai ba da taimako, kuma masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ita ce ta kafa Freshwater Software a cikin 1996, kamfani da ke ba da kayan aikin da ke taimaka musu haɓaka kasancewarsu akan Intanet (citation). Ita ce shugabar kamfanin har sai da ta sayar da Freshwater a shekarar 2000. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar California a Berkeley kuma ta sami digiri na farko a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ta zama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ta farko a cikin shirin PhD a Jami’ar Carnegie Mellon. Auguste yana da ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta yana da sana'o'in fasaha da yawa, da kuma ayyukan agaji. Ta kafa gidauniyar Leave a Little Room, wacce ke ba da gidaje, wutar lantarki, da alluran rigakafi ga iyalai masu karamin karfi a duniya.

Western Africa gyara sashe

 
Lucy Quist

An haifi Mila Aziablé a Togo kuma ita ce minista mafi karancin shekaru a sabuwar gwamnati. An karɓe ta zuwa Jami'ar Lomé, jami'ar injiniya ta ƙasa. [25] An ba ta guraben karo karatu don ƙwararrun karatunta, wanda ya sa ta yi karatu a École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Metz . A nan ta sami digiri a fannin injiniyanci. Daga baya ta ci gaba da karatu a Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris kuma ta karanci injiniyan gas. [25] A cikin 2018, ta fara karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Paris kuma ta sami digiri na biyu akan manufofin ci gaba da gudanarwa. [25]

Ndèye Tické Ndiaye Diop injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Senegal. Bayanan aikin injiniyanta ya dogara ne akan fasahar da ake amfani da su a cikin kamun kifi. Hakan ya ba ta damar fara aiki a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi ta kuma ci gaba da zama shugabar hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta kasar Senegal. [26] A halin yanzu ita ce ministar tattalin arzikin dijital da sadarwa a Senegal kuma mai magana da yawun gwamnati. [26] Diop kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Icone a cikin 2016 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayin ƙwararriyar mace a Senegal. [26]

Aïssata Issoufou Mahamadou, uwargidan shugaban kasar Nijar, injiniya ce ta Najeriya kuma mai tallafawa harkokin kiwon lafiya. Tana daya daga cikin matan Najeriya na farko da suka fara neman aikin injiniyan kimiyya. [27] Ta sami digiri a fannin binciken ma'adinai da haɓakawa a Makarantar Ilimin Geology ta ƙasa sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Abdou Moumouni[27].(((lady, is a Nigerian chemical engineer and backer of healthcare.[28] She is one of the first Nigerian women to chase the scientific engineering field.[28] She gained a degree in mineral exploration and development from the National School of Geology and obtained her master's in chemistry from Abdou Moumouni University. [28] ))

 
Mary Spio

Ayorkor Korsah wani farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da na'ura mai kwakwalwa a jami'ar Ashesi . Ta samu digirin farko a fannin injiniya da na'ura mai kwakwalwa daga Kwalejin Dartmouth da Ph.D. a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi da bayanan wucin gadi daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . [29] Ita ce wacce ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta Robotics Network (AFRON) wacce ke ba da kalubalen "$10 Robot Design". Tare da mambobi daga ƙasashe 25 a faɗin Afirka, manufar AFRON ita ce haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da suka shafi ilimin mutum-mutumi da bincike a nahiyar.

Funke Opeke wata injiniya ce haifaffiyar Najeriya wacce ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da Jami'ar Columbia, bi da bi. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta yi aiki da Verizon Communications a sashin fasahar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa. [30] Babban gudunmawar injiniyan Opeke ga Najeriya shine kafa Kamfanin USB na OneMain wanda ke ba da sabis na sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa. [30] OneMain Cable ya gina kebul na buɗewa na farko mai zaman kansa wanda ya kai 7,000 km wanda ya hada Portugal zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar sadarwa a wasu kamfanoni na yammacin Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya. [30]

Lucy Quist injiniyan lantarki ce ta Ghana-Birtaniya kuma shugabar kasuwanci. Ta yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Gabashin London da digiri na farko a fannin Lantarki da Injiniyan Lantarki sannan ta yi karatun MBA a Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires da ke Faransa. [31] A tsawon rayuwarta, Quist ta yi aiki a Kamfanin Motoci na Ford, da Royal Bank of Scotland, da Millicom International Cellular, Vodafone, da Airtel Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ta ba da gudummawa ga kafa Quist Blue Diamond, Cibiyar Harkokin Mata ta Zartarwa, da FreshPay, sabis na biyan kuɗi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. [31] Quist a halin yanzu shine Manajan Darakta a Morgan Stanley kuma kwanan nan ya fitar da wani littafi mai suna "The Bold New Normal: Creating The Africa Inda Kowa Ya Ci Gaba (2019) ". [31] [32] Wasu daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu sun hada da suna cikin jerin sunayen mata masu karfin iko na BBC, da ta 8 mafi tasiri a fannin jama'a (Ghana Social Media Rankings), Manyan Shugabannin Mata 50 a Ghana (WomanRising), Mutum na 58 mafi Tasiri a Ghana, da Kyautar Gana mafi tasiri a Ghana. (2016). [31]

Mary Spio injiniyar sararin samaniyar Ghana ce kuma 'yar kasuwa. Bayan an haife ta kuma ta girma a Ghana, Spio ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Syracuse da ke New York, sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia . A duk tsawon aikinta, ta yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka, ta yi aikin NASA, ta ba da gudummawar sabbin abubuwa ga kamfanoni kamar Microsoft Xbox, kuma ta zama shugabar tsarin tauraron dan adam a Boeing. Ta kuma kafa nata kamfanin CEEK Virtual Reality tare da manufar sa Virtual Reality ta sami dama. [33] Spio kuma shahararriyar marubuciya ce tare da wallafe-wallafe kamar "Ba Kimiyyar Roka Ba: Halaye 7 masu Canjin Wasan Don Samun Nasarar da Ba a taɓa Gani ba". [33]

 
Regions of Africa
 
Women engineering graduate students at St.Joseph College of Engineering and Technology in Tanzania

Ƙungiyoyin sana'a gyara sashe

Organization Country
African Women in Science and Engineering Archived 2018-02-11 at the Wayback Machine (AWSE) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Association of Professional Women Engineers of Nigeria (APWEN) Archived 2018-01-29 at the Wayback Machine Nigeria
Association of South African Women in Science and Engineering South Africa
Women in Engineering (WomEng) South Africa
WomHub South Africa
African Union Development Agency (AURA-NEPAD) South Africa

Nassoshi gyara sashe

  1. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  2. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci10030105
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "AWSE". Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bakry, Omar (2021-08-04). "4 Egyptian Women Who are Breaking All Gender Stereotypes as Engineers". El-Shai (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  5. ↑ "The Canadian Academy of Engineering / L'Académie canadienne du génie" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/29/tunisias-president-names-najla-bouden-as-countrys-first-female-pm
  7. ↑ ﺷﻀﻮﺍﻥ, ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ. "انتقلت الى الرفيق الاعلى بالعاصمة البريطانية لندن ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺷﻀﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻃﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ -". www.nadus.de. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  8. ↑ ﺷﻀﻮﺍﻥ, ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ. "انتقلت الى الرفيق الاعلى بالعاصمة البريطانية لندن ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺷﻀﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻃﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ -". www.nadus.de. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  9. ↑ https://magazine.uc.edu/:8443https//magazine.uc.edu/issues/1011/hamed.html
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  13. ↑ Institut Choiseul (July 2019). "Choiseul 100 Africa: The Economic Leaders for Tomorrow (2018)" (PDF). Institut Choiseul for International Politics and Geoeconomics. Paris, France. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  16. ↑ Jenny Lei Ravelo (24 October 2017), Who is on the shortlist for Global Fund's new executive director? Devex.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :15
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :16
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :17
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :18
  22. ↑ PROFILE Ms Bavelile Hlongwa, www.energy.gov.za. Retrieved on 14 September 2019.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :19
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Moosajee, Naadiya. "Naadiya Moosajee: Social Entrepreneur, Engineer, Designer. Co-Founder & CEO WomEng". LinkedIn. Retrieved 07 April 2022.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :11
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :21
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Bernice King Greets Niger's First Lady at King Center | The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change". 2015-04-29. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :26
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :14
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :22
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :23
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :24
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