Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli

Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da haɓaka tsarin muhalli shi ne tasirin abubuwa masu guba daban-daban daga muhalli akan haɓaka tayin. Kuma Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yiwuwar illar abubuwan maye na muhalli akan haɓakar mahaifa ko tayin, da kuma matsalolin ciki Muhallin. Dan Adam yana da ɗan saukin kamuwa da tasiri daga mummunan yanayi a cikin muhallin. Marasa ingantattun yanayin tayi yakan haifar da jinkiri iri-iri na cigaba, na zahiri da na badini, ga jariri mai girma. Ko da yake wasu sauye-sauye na faruwa ne a sakamakon yanayin kwayoyin halittar da suka shafi uba, da yawa ana kawo su kai tsaye daga gubar muhalli da uwa ke kamuwa da su.

Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli
Wikimedia duplicated page (en)

Environmental sensitization

Ilimi yana habbaka muhalli sosai.

Dabbobi daban-daban suna haifar da babban haɗari ga tayin yayin haɓakawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mata masu juna biyu a ƙasar Amurka suna dauke da sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da wasu da aka haramta tun shekarun 1970, a jikinsu. Masu bincike sun gano biphenyls polychlorinated, magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine, mahaɗan perfluorinated, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, mahadi amfani da matsayin harshen retardants, da kuma dichlorochlorine intriphen. jikin kashi 99 zuwa 100 na mata masu juna biyu da suka gwada. Daga cikin sauran estrogens muhalli, an gano Bisphenol A (BPA) a cikin kashi 96 na matan da aka bincika. Yawancin sinadarai sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri a cikin yara daga wasu nazarin kuma ana tunanin cewa bayyanar da sinadarai masu yawa na iya yin tasiri fiye da bayyanar da abu ɗaya kawai.

Tasiri

Ana iya siffanta abubuwan da ke damun muhalli daban-daban ta irin tasirin da Kuma suke da shi, kamar rashin daidaituwa na tsari, canjin girma, gazawar aiki, neoplasia na haihuwa, ko ma mutuwa ga tayin.

Haihuwa kafin haihuwa

Ɗaya cikin goma na jarirai na Amurka ana haifan su kafin haihuwa kuma kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari suna da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin haihuwa a ƙasa da makonni 37 na ciki, shi ne babban tushen mace-macen jarirai a duk lokacin ƙuruciya. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar muhalli kamar gubar, hayakin taba, da DDT an danganta su tare da ƙarin haɗari ga zubar da ciki nan da nan, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa kafin haihuwa.

Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin

Abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin haihuwa ana iya kiran su da teratogen s. Su ne wakilai na waje zuwa amfrayo ko tayin da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda zai haifar da haɗarin rashin lafiya, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, canza aiki, ƙarancin girma ko zubar ciki . An rarraba Teratogens zuwa manyan rukunai hudu:

• Magunguna da sunadarai. Baya ga sinadarai na muhalli, wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da na nishaɗi da magunguna a cikin ciki .
• Cututtukan da ake ɗauka a tsaye
• Radiation, kamar X-ray
• Sojojin injina, irin su oligohydramnios

Teratogens suna shafar tayin ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da:

• Tsangwama tare da haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, irin su kamuwa da cutar hoto da ionization
• Canza hanyoyin biosynthetic, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin lahani na chromosomal
• Haɓakar hulɗar salon salula ko nama, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ciwon sukari
• Abubuwan da ke waje
• Matsakaicin hulɗar kwayoyin halitta tare da teratogens muhalli

Ciwon ci gaban Neuro

Sakamakon Neuroplastic na gurɓatawa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment .

Yawancin lokuta na Autism suna da alaƙa da takamaiman wurare na yanki, yana nuna cewa wani abu a cikin mahallin yana haɓaka nau'in genotype mai haɗari don haifar da Autism a cikin mutane masu rauni. Sannan kuma Wadannan binciken game da autism suna da rigima, duk da haka, tare da masu bincike da yawa sun gaskanta cewa karuwar ƙididdiga a wasu yankuna shine sakamakon ƙarin ingantaccen bincike da hanyoyin bincike, kuma ba saboda kowane nau'i na muhalli ba .

Magunguna masu guba da tasirin su

Abubuwan da aka gano suna da cutarwa musamman sun haɗa da gubar (wanda ake ajiyewa a cikin ƙasusuwan uwa), hayakin sigari, barasa, mercury (mai guba na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake cinyewa ta hanyar kifi), carbon dioxide, da ionizing radiation.

Barasa

Shan barasa a cikin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka sani da rikice-rikicen barasa na tayin . Mafi tsanani daga cikinsu shine ciwon barasa na tayin .

Shan taba

Bayyanar tayin ga hayaƙin taba mai ciki na iya fuskantar ɗimbin wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a, jijiya, da ta jiki. Mummunan illolin sun haɗa da haihuwa, rushewar wuri, rashin haihuwa, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na jiki (lalacewa da dai sauransu), raguwar aikin huhu, ƙara haɗarin mutuwar jarirai.

Mercury

Elemental Mercury da methylmercury nau'i ne na mercury guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɗarin guba na mercury a cikin ciki. Methylmercury, gurɓataccen abincin teku a duniya da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, Kuma an san shi yana haifar da mummunan tasirin tsarin juyayi, musamman yayin haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cin kifi shine babban tushen bayyanar mercury a cikin mutane kuma wasu kifaye na iya ƙunsar isassun mercury don cutar da haɓakar tsarin juyayi na tayi ko tayi, wani lokaci yana haifar da nakasar ilmantarwa. Mercury yana cikin nau'ikan kifi da yawa, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin wasu manyan kifin. Ɗayan da aka rubuta da kyau game da shigar da sinadarin mercury mai yaɗuwa da rikice-rikicen ci gaban tayin ya faru a cikin shekarata 1950s a Minamata Bay, Japan. Wani kamfanin masana'antu da ke kusa da shi ke amfani da shi wajen kera robobi, an fitar da methyl mercury a cikin ruwan Minamata Bay, inda jama'ar kauyen suka ci gaba da sha a kai a kai da suka yi amfani da kifin da ke zaune a bakin tekun a matsayin abincin abinci. Sannan Ba da daɗewa ba, yawancin mazaunan da ke cin naman da ke ɗauke da mercury sun fara fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga shan guba; duk da haka, mercury ya shafi mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin, wanda ya haifar da yawan zubar da ciki. Jarirai da suka tsira da suka kamu da cutar mercury a cikin utero suna da matsanancin nakasu na jiki da na hankali, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki daga fallasa cikin mahaifa a lokacin mahimman matakai na ci gaban jiki na tayi. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun shawarci mata masu juna biyu kada su ci takobi, shark, mackerel da tilefish da iyakance cin tuna tuna zuwa oza 6 ko ƙasa da mako guda.

Matsakaicin matakin mercury a jarirai a Gaza ana hasashen cewa ya samo asali ne daga makamin yaki.

Bayyanar Mercury a cikin ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga gaɓoɓi.

Jagoranci

Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,

Tsarin jijiyoyi masu tasowa na tayin yana da haɗari musamman ga gubar gubar. Kuma Ana lura da cutar cututtukan jijiyoyi a cikin yara na mata da aka fallasa sakamakon ikon gubar don ketare shingen mahaifa. Wani abin damuwa na musamman ga mata masu juna biyu shi ne yadda wasu daga cikin tarin dalmar kasusuwa ke fitowa a cikin jini yayin da suke da juna biyu. Yawancin karatu sun ba da shaida cewa ko da ƙarancin bayyanar da uwaye don jagoranci yana haifar da gazawar hankali da halayya a cikin yara.

Dioxin

Dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi suna dawwama a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci kuma suna da yawa, don haka duk mutane suna da adadin dioxins a cikin jiki. An danganta bayyanar da intrauterine zuwa dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi tare da sauye-sauye na ci gaba da dabara akan tayin. Sannan kuma Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaro daga baya a rayuwa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin aikin hanta, matakan hormone thyroid, matakan farin jini, da rage yawan aiki a cikin gwaje-gwajen koyo da hankali.

Gurbacewar iska

Gurbacewar iska na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga ciki wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin ƙima na haifuwa da wuri, ƙuntatawa girma, da matsalolin zuciya da huhu a cikin jariri.

Haɗaɗɗen abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide duk suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar lalacewa lokacin da uwa mai jiran gado ta shaka. Ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa kafin haihuwa, rashin girma a cikin mahaifa, da rashin haihuwa duk an gano suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da tayin ga gurɓataccen iska. Ko da yake ana iya samun gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a ko'ina, akwai takamaiman hanyoyin da aka san su don sakin abubuwa masu guba kuma waɗanda ke son su kasance marasa guba idan ya yiwu su guje su. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar sarrafa sharar ruwa, injina na gurɓata ruwa, masana'antar kera motoci, matatun mai, da masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai.

Sarrafa gurbatar iska na iya zama da wahala. Alal misali, a Los Angeles, an kafa dokoki don sarrafa ƙazanta ta hanyar sanya ƙa'idodi game da hayaƙin masana'antu da abubuwan hawa. Kuma An yi gyare-gyare don biyan waɗannan ka'idoji. Duk da wannan cigaba, har yanzu yankin bai cika ka'idojin tarayya na ozone da particulate kwayoyin halitta ba. Kimanin haihuwa 150,000 na faruwa kowace shekara a Los Angeles. Don haka, duk wani tasiri da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin mahaifa yana da matukar damuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki.

Batsa (PM) ya ƙunshi cakuda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ya rage a cikin iska, kuma ya bambanta zama yanki. Waɗannan barbashi ƙanana ne, daga PM10 zuwa PM 2.5, waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin huhu cikin sauƙi. An nuna ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da m cututtukan zuciya-numfashi da mace-mace. Kuma An nuna haɓakar ci gaban cikin mahaifa yana shafar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau don haɓaka tayi kamar rashin ƙarfi ko jinkirin girma tayin, da haɓaka cututtukan tayin da mace-mace. Wani bincike daga 2012 ya gano cewa bayyanar da PM 2.5 ya bambanta da kabilanci / kabilanci, shekaru, da Kuma matsayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da wasu al'ummomi suna fuskantar sakamakon rashin lafiya mafi girma saboda gurbatar muhalli, musamman ma game da kwayoyin halitta .

Maganin kashe qwari

An ƙirƙiri magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman dalilin haifar da lahani (ga kwari, rodents, da sauran kwari), magungunan kashe qwari suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar illa ga ɗan tayi mai tasowa, idan an shigar da su cikin yanayin tayin. Kuma Nazarin ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, sun nuna a cikin nazarin jinin igiyar jarirai, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske ana shigar da irin wannan guba a cikin jikin jariri. Gabaɗaya, magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu da aka fi sani da su a cikin jinin igiya sune diethyltoluamide (DEET) da vinclozolin (maganin fungicides). Ko da yake ba a yawan ambaton gubar magungunan kashe qwari kamar yadda wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na gurɓataccen muhalli, kamar gurɓatacciyar iska, ƙazanta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci daga shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiya a kan hanya kusa da gurɓataccen yanki, ko cin abinci wanda zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. ba a yi wanka da kyau ba. A cikin shekarata 2007 kadai, an sami fam biliyan 1.1 na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari don samun sananne a matsayin sabon dalilin taka tsantsan ga masu son kiyaye lafiyarsu.

Wani bita na shekarata 2013 na nazarin 27 akan abubuwan haihuwa da farkon yara zuwa ga magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate ya sami duka amma ɗayan ya nuna sakamako mara kyau na neurodevelopmental. Kuma A cikin binciken guda goma da aka tantance bayyanar da haihuwa, "an sami raunin fahimi (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki) a cikin yara a cikin shekaru 7, ƙarancin hali (wanda ke da alaƙa da hankali) ana gani galibi a cikin yara, da ƙarancin motsi (masu haɓakawa), wanda aka gani galibi a cikin neonates."

An yi bita na yau da kullun game da tasirin ci gaban neurodevelopment na prenatal da postnatal organophosphate fallasa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shekarata 2014. Binciken ya gano cewa "Yawancin binciken da ke kimanta bayyanar da haihuwa ya lura da mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban tunani da kuma karuwar matsalolin kulawa a makarantun gaba da sakandare da yara."

A cikin shakarar 2017, wani bincike ya duba yiwuwar illar magungunan kashe qwari na noma a cikin haifuwa sama da 500,000 a yankin noma na California kuma ya kwatanta bincikensu da sakamakon haihuwa a wasu yankunan California da ba su da ƙarancin noma. Gabaɗaya, sun gano cewa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari ya karu da sakamakon haihuwa da kashi 5-9%, amma a cikin waɗancan iyaye mata ne kawai aka fallasa ga mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari.

Benzenes

An danganta bayyanar da benzene a cikin iyaye mata da lahani na kwakwalwar tayin musamman nakasar bututun jijiya. A cikin binciken daya, bayyanar BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki yana nuna karara mara kyau tare da diamita na kwakwalwar biparietal tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 32 na ciki. Sannan kumaMata masu yawan kamuwa da toluene sun ninka sau uku zuwa biyar na yawan zubar da ciki na wadanda ba su da yawa, kuma matan da ke fama da cutar benzene na sana'a an nuna suna da karuwar zubar da ciki. An danganta bayyanar da sana'ar uba ga toluene da formaldehyde da zubar da ciki a cikin abokan aikinsu. Ci gaban al'ada yana da iko sosai ta hanyar hormones, kuma rushewar sinadarai na mutum zai iya canza yanayin ci gaba na dindindin. Ambient ozone yana da alaƙa da mummunan haɗuwa da ƙwayar maniyyi a cikin maza, sinadarai masu alaƙa da ayyukan UOG (misali, benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol da ozone) suna da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin maniyyi, musamman rage yawan adadin maniyyi.

Wani bincike na shekarata 2011 ya sami dangantaka tsakanin Neural Tube Defects da kuma bayyanar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar benzene, wani fili da ke hade da hakar iskar gas. Kuma Binciken ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a wuraren kidayar jama'a na Texas tare da matakan benzene mafi girma sun fi samun 'ya'ya masu lahani na jijiyoyi, irin su spina bifida, fiye da iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan matakan benzene .

Sauran

• Hakanan an gano zafi da hayaniya suna da tasirin gaske akan ci gaba.
• Carbon dioxide - Rage isar da iskar oxygen zuwa kwakwalwa, raunin hankali
• Ionizing radiation - zubar da ciki, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa na jiki, ciwon daji na yara
• Bayyanar muhalli ga perchlorate a cikin matan da ke da hypothyroidism yana haifar da babban haɗari na ƙananan IQ a cikin yaro.

Gujewa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki

Kwalejin Nurse-Ungozoma ta Amurka tana ba da shawarar matakan kiyayewa masu zuwa don rage girman kamuwa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki:

• Nisantar kayan fenti kamar kayan gilashi mai tabo, fenti mai da yumbu, a maimakon haka ta amfani da launi na ruwa ko acrylic paints da glazes.
• Duba ingancin ruwan famfo ko ruwan kwalba da canza yanayin shan ruwa idan ya cancanta.
• Idan zaune a gidan da aka gina kafin shekarar 1978, duba ko an yi amfani da fentin gubar. Idan kuwa haka ne, ba za a taba fentin da ke rugujewa ko bawon ba, sai kwararre ya cire fentin sannan a nisantar wurin yayin da ake cire fentin ko yashi.
• Don rage kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari ; wanke duk abin da ake nomawa sosai, bare fata daga 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ko siyan kayan lambu idan zai yiwu.
• Guje wa duk wani kayan tsaftacewa mai lakabin "mai guba" ko kowane samfur tare da gargadi akan lakabin, kuma a maimakon haka gwada samfuran halitta, soda burodi, vinegar da/ko ruwa don tsaftacewa.

Haɓaka iskar gas

A cikin nazarin yankunan karkara na Colorado na ci gaban iskar gas, wurin zama na uwa a cikin radius mai nisan mil 10 na rijiyoyin iskar gas an gano yana da alaƙa mai kyau ga yaduwar cututtukan zuciya (CHDs) da lahani na jijiyoyi (NTDs). Tare da wannan binciken, an sami ƙaramin ƙungiya tsakanin matsakaicin nauyin haihuwa da yawa da kusanci ga rijiyoyin iskar gas. Kuma Fitar da mahaifa ta hanyar rijiyoyin iskar gas na iya zuwa ta hanyar benzene, kaushi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), da sauran gurɓataccen iska kamar toluene, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide.

A Pennsylvania, rijiyoyin da ke samar da iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba sun ƙaru daga sifili a shekarata 2005 zuwa 3689 a 2013. Wani bincike na shekarar 2016 na iyaye mata 9384 da 10946 neonates a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Geisinger a Pennsylvania ya gano bayyanar da yanayin zama na haihuwa zuwa ayyukan haɓakar iskar gas wanda ba a saba da shi ba yana da alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa da likita mai rikodin ciki mai haɗari. A kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, an gano kusancin uwaye da hako iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba yana da alaƙa da rage nauyin haihuwa. Kuma Ba a san ko wace hanya za a bi ta ba: iska, ƙasa ko ruwa za a iya danganta ga ƙungiyar. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da manyan karatu akan wannan batu.

Endocrine disruptors sune mahadi waɗanda zasu iya rushe ci gaban al'ada da matakan hormone na al'ada a cikin mutane. Magungunan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa (EDCs) na iya yin hulɗa tare da masu karɓar hormone, da kuma canza yawan adadin hormone a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da amsawar hormone ba daidai ba a cikin jiki da kuma rushe aikin enzyme na yau da kullun. An san hakar mai da iskar gas don ba da gudummawa ga EDCs a cikin mahalli, galibi saboda yawan haɗarin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan hakar. Kuma Baya ga gurɓataccen ruwa, hakar mai da iskar gas kuma yana haifar da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska, ƙirƙirar wata hanyar fallasa ga waɗannan masu rushewar endocrine. Wannan matsala sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, sabili da haka, ana la'akari da girman tasirin gaske. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da bincike Archived 2017-05-06 at the Wayback Machine don tantance buƙatar sashin endocrin zuwa kimantawar kiwon lafiya don hakowa da hako mai da iskar gas a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Tare da babban yuwuwar sakin sinadarai na mai da iskar gas tare da hakar, musamman sinadarai waɗanda aka nuna don tarwatsa samar da hormone na al'ada da aiki, marubutan sun jaddada buƙatar wani ɓangaren da ke tattare da aikin endocrin da lafiya gabaɗaya tare da kima na kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda wannan kuma yana tasiri ga muhalli.

Matsayin mahaifa

Matsayin lafiyayyen mahaifa wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne wanda ke haifar da shinge ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu abubuwan xenobiotic . Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙira shamaki mara kyau tunda dole ne ya jigilar abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Jirgin wuri na iya zama ta hanyar rarrabawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da narkewar lipid ko ta jigilar abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da/ko cajin lantarki. Ana iya jigilar wasu sinadarai masu guba da gaske. Matsakaicin adadin abin da tayin ya karɓa yana ƙayyade yawan adadin abin da aka ɗauka a cikin mahaifa da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da kuma kawar da abu. Kamar yadda tayin yana da rashin girma metabolism, ba zai iya lalata abubuwa da kyau sosai; kuma yayin da mahaifar mahaifa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen musayar abubuwa tsakanin uwa da tayin, ba tare da an ce duk wani abu mai guba da mahaifiyar ta kamu da shi ba ana kai wa tayin, inda za su iya shafar ci gaba. Carbon-dioxide, gubar, ethanol (giya), da hayakin sigari musamman duk abubuwa ne da ke da yuwuwar canja wurin wuri.

Gano yuwuwar haɗari don haɓaka tayi yana buƙatar tushen bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 2004, Brent ya ba da shawarar saitin ma'auni don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa wanda kuma ya shafi gubar haɓakawa gabaɗaya . Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune:

• Nazarin cututtukan cututtukan da aka gudanar da su akai-akai suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin tasirin musamman da fallasa abubuwan.
• Hanyoyin bayanai suna goyan bayan dangantaka tsakanin canza matakan fallasa da takamaiman tasiri.
• Nazarin dabba yana ba da shaida na alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar abubuwa da tasiri na musamman.

Duba kuma

• Magunguna a cikin ciki

•  
•  
•  
•  
•