Abdul Hamid II
Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( Ottoman Turkish </link> ; Turkish: II. Abdülhamid Abdulhamid</link> ; 21 ga Satumba 1842 – 10 Fabrairu 1918) Shi ne sarkin Daular Usmaniyya daga 1876 zuwa 1909, kuma shi ne sarki na karshe da ya ba da iko mai inganci kan halin da ake ciki. Lokacin da ya yi mulki a daular Usmaniyya ana kiransa da Zamanin Hamidiya. Ya lura da wani lokaci na raguwa, tare da tawaye (musamman a cikin Balkans ), kuma ya jagoranci yakin da ba a yi nasara ba tare da Daular Rasha (1877-78) wanda ya biyo bayan yakin da aka yi da Masarautar Girka a 1897, ko da yake nasarar Ottoman ta kasance mai fushi. tsoma bakin kasashen yammacin turai.
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Dangane da yarjejeniyar da aka yi da Matasan Ottoman na Republican, ya ƙaddamar da tsarin mulkin Daular Ottoman na farko kuma kaɗai, alamar tunanin ci gaba wanda ke nuna mulkinsa na farko. Amma a cikin 1878, yana ambaton rashin jituwa da Majalisar Ottoman, ya dakatar da tsarin mulki da majalisar. Zamantakewar daular Usmaniyya ta ci gaba a zamanin mulkinsa, ciki har da sake fasalin tsarin mulki, da fadada hanyar dogo na Rumelia da na Anatolia, da gina layin dogo na Baghdad da na Hejaz . Bugu da kari, an kafa tsarin rajistar yawan jama'a da kula da 'yan jarida, tare da makarantar shari'a ta zamani ta farko a cikin 1898. Mafi nisa na gyare-gyaren sun kasance a cikin ilimi: yawancin makarantu na sana'a an kafa su don fannonin da suka hada da shari'a, fasaha, sana'a, injiniyan farar hula, likitan dabbobi, kwastan, noma, da kuma ilimin harshe. Ko da yake Abdul Hamid II ya rufe Jami'ar Istanbul a 1881, an sake buɗe shi a cikin 1900, kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantun sakandare, firamare, da na soja ta mamaye duk daular. Kamfanonin Jamus sun taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da tsarin telegraph na Masarautar. Wannan zamanantar da daular ya kashe ikon mallakar tattalin arzikinta, yayin da kudadensa ya kasance karkashin ikon manyan kasashe ta hanyar Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Ottoman .
A lokacin mulkin Abdul Hamid, Daular Usmaniyya ta shahara da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniyawa da Assuriyawa a 1894-96. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa a kan rayuwar Abdul Hamid a lokacin mulkinsa. Daga cikin yunƙurin kisan gillar da aka yi masa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shi ne yunkurin kisa na Yıldız na 1905 da Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Armeniya ta yi. Haka nan kuma manya-manyan bangaren hazikan Ottoman sun yi kakkausar suka da adawa da shi saboda yadda ya yi amfani da ‘yan sandan sirri wajen rufe baki da ‘yan adawa da kungiyar matasan Turkawa . A shekara ta 1908, wata kungiyar matasa ta Turkawa masu fafutukar neman sauyi a asirce da aka fi sani da komitin hadin kai da ci gaba ta tilasta wa Abdul Hamid II kiran majalisar dokoki tare da maido da kundin tsarin mulki a juyin Matashin Turkawa . Abdul Hamid yayi yunƙurin sake tabbatar da haƙƙinsa a shekara guda bayan haka, wanda ya haifar da tuhume-tuhumen da sojojin ƙungiyar suka yi a lamarin 31 ga Maris a 1909. Sakamakon zaluncin da ya yi, an yi masa lakabi da "Red Sultan" a Yamma.
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors
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- List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
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- Abdul the Damned