Wikipedia

Zanga-zangar ma'adinai

zanga-zangar ma'adinai ta Escobal jerin zanga-zambe ne na siyasa da ke adawa da ma'adinin Escobal, babban ma'adinan azurfa wanda kamfanin ma'adanai na Kanada Tahoe Resources ya kirkira a San Rafael Las Flores, Guatemala . Tun daga shekara ta 2009 kungiyoyi daban-daban na al'umma sun yi kira game da ma'adinin, suna mai da hankali kan haɗarin Lalacewar muhalli da haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasar na 'yan asalin Xinca.[1] Wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi amfani da dabarun zanga-zangar da ba su da tashin hankali kamar toshe dukiyar ma'adinai da jefa kuri'a a cikin raba gardama na gari, wanda ya gano cewa sama da kashi 95% na mazauna a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye sun yi adawa da ma'adinin Escobal.[1]

Zanga-zangar ma'adinai
Rikicin muhalli
Guatemalan protestors with megaphone standing in front of building and large red sign
Masu zanga-zangar a gaban Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Guatemala a cikin 2018

An gamu da zanga-zangar da tashin hankali daga dakarun jihohi da tsaron Escobal, gami da harbe-harbe, satar mutane, da kuma dokar kewaye da jama'a a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013 don murkushe adawar jama'a. Escobal ya buɗe a cikin 2014 kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru uku kafin kotun Guatemala ta dakatar da lasisin hakar ma'adinai na Tahoe saboda rashin tuntuɓar al'ummomin Xinca a yankin.[2] Rikici game da ma'adinai ya ci gaba, kamar yadda shari'ar aikata laifuka da farar hula game da hare-haren da aka kai wa masu zanga-zangar.[3]

Tarihi

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Bayyanar sararin samaniya na ma'adinin Escobal

Ma'adinin Escobal ma'adinin azurfa ne a cikin garin San Rafael Las Flores, a cikin Sashen Santa Rosa na Guatemala . An amince da lasisin amfani da shi a watan Afrilun 2013 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2014, yana ci gaba da shekaru uku.[2][3][4] Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a ba da lasisin amfani, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Guatemala ta ayyana ma'adinin a matsayin "ma'adinai na kasa" a kokarin kauce wa adawar al'umma.[5] Ita ce ma'adinin azurfa na biyu mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya samar da rikodin miliyan 21.3 na azurfa a cikin 2016. [1] [2][6]

Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada Tahoe Resources da reshen Guatemala Minera San Rafael ne suka haɓaka Escobal . Tahoe ta samo asali ne daga tsoffin shugabannin (kuma mallakar yawancin) kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na baya kamar Goldcorp da Glamis Gold waɗanda suka riga sun fuskanci adawa a yankin, wanda ya tsara martani na al'umma ga aikin Escobal. Hakanan an saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin ma'adinin, gami da wata ƙungiya ta doka da ta ƙunshi 'yan Guatemala ashirin da tara da kuma ƙungiyar masu mallakar ƙasa na gida Tahoe ta juya cikin masu hannun jari ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Soja

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Tun daga shekara ta 1998, yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya ga karuwar ma'adinai na kasashen waje da kuma karuwar Soja, na jihohi da masu zaman kansu.[3][6][7] Ko da tare da waɗannan canje-canje, ƙwararrun mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da tasiri sosai a kan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.[1] Rikicin a cikin sabis na hakar albarkatu ya zama al'ada, yana aiki a matsayin babban aikin Sojojin Guatemala da kuma babban tushe ga tattalin arzikin kasar.[5] Musamman manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai a yankin sun dogara sosai ga tsaro mai zaman kansa, tare da kowane hakar ma-adinai yana hayar akalla kamfanin tsaro guda ɗaya.[6] Don tsarawa da daidaita tsaro ga ma'adinin Escobal, Tahoe ya yi kwangila tare da Tsaro da Tsaro na Duniya, kamfani na Amurka wanda ke ƙwarewa a horar da soja, leken basira, da kuma leken asiri.[5] Don tsaro a ma'adinin kanta, a cikin 2011 sun hayar Alfa Uno, wani bangare na gida na kamfanin tsaro mai zaman kansa na Isra'ila Golan Group - wanda ke da suna na baya don cin zarafin 'Yancin ɗan adam.[1][5][7][8]

Wannan lokacin ya ga rikice-rikice masu tsanani tsakanin kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada da al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni a duk faɗin duniya. Kashi arba'in cikin dari na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai a Latin Amurka suna zaune ne a Kanada, suna samar da ayyukan daban-daban sama da 1,500.[9] Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar ya gano cewa a farkon shekarun 2010 rikice-rikice game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na Kanada a Latin Amurka suna da alhakin kusan mutuwar 50 da raunin 300.[9]

Lalacewar muhalli

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Ma'adinai a Guatemala sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar lalacewar muhalli.[3] Ma'aikatar Muhalli da albarkatun kasa ta Guatemala (MARN) tana buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su gudanar da Binciken Muhalli da Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA) don ganowa da magance duk wani mummunan tasiri a yankin da ke kewaye da shi, amma akwai ƙananan kayan aikin doka don kulawa da tilasta aiki. Adadin amincewar ESIAs ya wuce 90%, kuma wani tushe a MARN ya ba da rahoton matsin lamba don amincewa da ESIAs da sauri ba tare da isasshen albarkatu don kimanta su ba.[1] Kamfanoni a ƙarshe suna ƙirƙirar nasu shirye-shiryen Hakkin Jama'a na Kamfanin ba tare da shigar da al'umma ba.[1]

Mutanen Xinca

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Yankin da ke kewaye da ma'adinin Escobal gida ne ga 'yan asalin Xinca, waɗanda aka amince da su a hukumance a matsayin bambancin kabilanci a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar 1995 kan Gaskiya da Hakkin' yan asalin ƙasar.[10] Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kafa ainihin haƙƙin Xinca, gami da ikon kula da yarensu da ayyukan ruhaniya, mallaki ƙasashensu, da kuma kare su daga nuna bambanci.[10] Akwai dogon tarihi na ƙaura da kisan kare dangi na 'yan asalin ƙasar Guatemala, da kuma ayyukan tarihi waɗanda suka gano kungiyoyin' yan asalin ƙasar bisa ga harshe da tufafi a hanyoyin da suka kasa gane' yan asalin a yankunan kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. [1] [3]

Ma'adinai babbar barazana ce ga 'yan asalin ƙasar a San Rafael Las Flores da kewayen yankin.[2] Kafin a iya haɓaka babban wurin hakar ma'adinai kamar ma'adinin Escobal a Guatemala, Yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilanci ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) 169 tana buƙatar tuntuɓar' yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a yankin [2] Gwamnatin Guatemala, duk da haka, ta kasance cikin keta waɗannan buƙatun, kuma ta kasa samun izini kyauta, kafin, da kuma sanar da izini daga al'ummomin asali kafin ta ba da izinin ayyukan su ci gaba.[1][2][3][7]

Musamman, an fara aikin ma'adinai na Escobal ba tare da tuntubar da ake buƙata ba tare da Xinca, kuma ya kasance mai ƙarancin bin bukatun ESIA.[2][7][10] An soki wannan a cikin wani rahoto da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar game da wariyar launin fata da keta haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar a Guatemala, wanda ya sami shaidar gazawar tuntuɓar Xinca, ƙin asalin su, da kuma aikata laifuka game da yunkurin su na zanga-zanga.[11] Minera San Rafael ta musanta wanzuwar Xinca, ta saki wuraren rediyo da ke da'awar "mutane na Xinca ba su wanzu ba". Sabanin haka, jimlar mutane 264,167 sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Xinca a ƙididdigar Guatemala ta 2018. [10][12]

Zanga-zanga

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Mai zanga-zangar Escobal da ke riƙe da alamar adawa da hakar ma'adinai

Al'ummomin da ke kusa da ma'adinin Escobal suna nuna rashin amincewa da shi tun daga shekara ta 2009, tare da karuwar aiki tsakanin shekara ta 2011 da 2013. [7] zanga-zangar musamman ta karu a watan Yulin 2013 lokacin da yawancin mazauna yankin suka tsaya a kan aikin. Yunkurin adawa ya kunshi mutane da kungiyoyi masu yawa: 'yan asalin ƙasar da wadanda ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba, na addini da na duniya, wanda ya kunshi al'ummomi talatin, kananan hukumomi goma, da sassan uku a Guatemala. Wadannan sun hada da CDP, Kwamitin Kwaminisanci na Ci Gaban (COCODEs), Hukumar Diocese don Tsaron Yanayi (CODIDENA), Majalisar Xinca People of Guatemala (PAPXIGUA), Peaceful Resistance a Casillas, da kuma magajin gari uku. [1][2] An soki Escobal a kan kasa da kasa.[3] Duk da haka, ikon kungiyoyin adawa na zama ƙungiya mai haɗin kai na ƙasa an iyakance shi.[1][4]

Masu zanga-zangar sun kalubalanci ma'adinin bisa ga tasirin muhalli, barazanar da aka kawo wa lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi, da kuma halattaccen haƙƙin kamfanin na gina a ƙasar ba tare da shawarwari masu kyau ba.[3] Bukatu na dogon lokaci sun haɗa da mulkin muhalli, wakilci na dimokuradiyya mai ma'ana, da girmama haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa.[1]

Masu fafutuka sun yi amfani da dabaru masu yawa na zanga-zangar da ba ta da tashin hankali, gami da ba kawai zanga-zambe da zanga-zaye na jama'a ba, har ma da amfani da jikinsu don samar da toshewa wanda ke hana samun damar yin amfani da ababen more rayuwa da kuma rushe ayyukan ma'aikatan ma'adinai. Shingen musamman ya yi aiki don jawo hankali da tallafi daga wasu ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka, a cikin gida da waje.[1] Masu adawa sun kuma bi shari'a game da ma'adinin, wani lokacin tare da goyon bayan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya.[1]

An nuna zanga-zangar a matsayin masu zaman lafiya, tare da 'yan kaɗan. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an bayar da rahoton hare-hare kan tsaron ma'adinai, tare da masu shirya zanga-zangar sun musanta shiga. A ƙarshen 2012 an ƙone kantin sayar da kayayyaki da motar 'yan sanda. A watan Janairun 2013, rikice-rikice tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da masu hakar ma'adinai sun bar mutane uku da suka mutu kuma biyu sun ji rauni, ciki har da biyu daga cikin masu tsaron hakar ma-adinai. A halin yanzu, Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Guatemala ta gano cibiyar leken asiri da ke da alaƙa da tsaron Escobal da 'Yan sanda na kasa waɗanda suka sa ido kan adawa da ma'adinin kuma suka dasa masu gwagwarmayar ƙarya a cikin motsi, gami da wanda ke fuskantar shari'a don kashe jami'in'in 'yan sanda a lokacin binciken.

Tattaunawa

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Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi biyar da ke kusa da Escobal sun gudanar da shawarwari (referendums), inda sama da mazauna 50,000 suka halarci kuma sama da kashi 95% suka jefa kuri'a a adawa da ma'adinai.[13] A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, magajin gari na waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi sun ki sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai waɗanda gwamnatin Guatemala ta tsara.[1] A cikin wasu kananan hukumomi bakwai da suka ki gudanar da shawarwari na hukuma, an shirya kuri'u ta hanyar COCODEs, kuma jama'a sun kada kuri'a sosai a kan ma'adinai.[1][5][13]

An yi amfani da waɗannan kuri'un ba kawai a matsayin hanyoyin shari'a ba har ma a matsayin forums don tattara shahararrun juriya ga ma'adinai, sabon nau'in gwagwarmayar da ta canza yanayin ƙungiyoyin siyasa a Guatemala. Tattaunawar da aka yi a ko'ina sun ba da damar mutanen da ba su bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, ko kuma wadanda ba sa zaune kai tsaye kusa da ma'adinai, don bayyana adawarsu kuma su nemi damar shiga cikin dimokuradiyya.

 
Mata tana magana a zanga-zangar adawa da Escobal

Takamaiman yawan jama'a

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Masu gwagwarmayar Xinca sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a zanga-zangar adawa da ma'adinai, ta amfani da motsi don sake tabbatar da asalin su da ikon cin gashin kansu na siyasa, nuna ikon mallakar ƙasarsu, da kuma gina cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa.[8][10] Manufofin da suka bayyana a cikin wannan motsi sun haɗa da ba kawai kare sararin samaniya ba, amma kafa wani shiri mai zurfi na mulkin kai ga mutanen Xinca.[1]

Mata ma sun rike matsayi na musamman, a mafi yawan yankuna suna aiki da matsayi na jagoranci ko kuma suna da mafi yawan motsi - kodayake galibi suna da damar samun karancin albarkatu fiye da maza, don haka ana hana bukatun su. Gabaɗaya suna shiga daidai tare da masu gwagwarmaya maza, suna shiga cikin dabarun, tafiya, toshewa, da kuma matakin shari'a.[1] Wasu mata masu zanga-zangar ma suna amfani da jikinsu a matsayin garkuwar don karewa daga tashin hankali daga sojojin gwamnati.[1] Mata da yawa a cikin motsi suna magana da kansu a matsayin "masu kare rayuwa," suna aiki don nuna barazanar da lalacewar muhalli daga hakar ma'adinai zai haifar wa lafiyar ɗan adam. [1] [14] Matan Xinca musamman sun jaddada hanyoyin da ikon mallakar ƙasa da ikon cin gashin kai na jiki ke haɗuwa, ta amfani da taken "Idan sun taɓa ƙasarmu sun taɓa jininmu, idan sun taɓa jarinmu sun taɓa ƙasarku".[14]

Rikicin da aka yi wa masu zanga-zangar

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Yin amfani da karfi a kan masu zanga-zangar ma'adinan Escobal ba ya kasance ba kakkautawa ko kuma na lokaci-lokaci. [3] [6] [7] [15] Maimakon haka, sakamakon haɗin kai da tsari ne a madadin 'yan sandan Guatemala, sojoji, tsaro masu zaman kansu na ma'adinan, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, ƙungiyoyin laifuka, da jiga-jigan tattalin arziƙin gargajiya don ƙaddamar da mummunan tashin hankali da aka yi niyya ga waɗanda ke adawa da ma'adinan, saboda tsayin daka da kuma manufar danne shi. [1] [5] [3] [6] [7] [11] [16] [15] Wannan tashin hankalin ya dauki nau'i na tsoratarwa, [1] [5] [7] barazanar kisa, [7] kama, [5] [7] daurin siyasa, [17] sacewa, [5] [17] jima'i. hari, [17] kashe-kashe, [5] [7] [16] [15] yunkurin kisa, [5] [7] [16] da harbe-harbe. [1] [5] [3] [7] An sauƙaƙe shi ta hanyar faɗaɗa faɗaɗa, [5] [3] [6] [15] yanayin kewaye, [5] [13] [16] [15] [17] odar kama, [17] sa ido kan farar hula, [18] [7] hankali da dabarun yaki da hankali, [1] [3] [18] da cin zarafin bil'adama da yawa. [3]

Kamfanin tsaro mai zaman kansa na Tahoe Golan Group ya binciki 'yan ƙasa da ke magana game da ma'adinin Escobal kuma ya ba da rahoton su ga' yan sanda don kamawa.[7] 'Yan sanda na Guatemala sun kama fiye da 90 al'umma a yayin wannan rikici, gami da kama mutane 32 a zanga-zangar zaman lafiya game da ma'adinin Escobal.[7] Akalla an kashe masu ba da shawara biyar game da ma'adinin.[7]

Kafin Afrilu 2013

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A cikin 2012, shugaban Guatemala Otto Pérez Molina ya ba da umarnin kirkirar sabbin sansanonin soja guda biyar musamman a yankunan da suka kasance masu tsayayya da hakar ma'adinai.[6] Musamman, an sanya wani matsayi na soja a cikin al'ummar Xinca ta Santa Maria Xalapán a Jalapa don kiyaye shi a karkashin sa ido.

A wannan shekarar masu zanga-zangar sun ba da rahoton cewa, yayin da suke nuna rashin amincewa da gina ma'adinai na layin wutar lantarki, daga baya "membobin kamfanin masu zaman kansu da ke dauke da kayan yaki da tarzoma, karnuka masu kai hari, masu jefa iskar gas, da bindigogin roba, tare da mambobin 'yan sanda na kasa, sannan daga baya suka biyo bayan helikofta na sojoji da ke tashi sama, suna amfani da dabarun tsoratar lokacin yaƙi.[6]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, shugabannin hudu a majalisar dokokin Xinca wadanda suka nuna rashin amincewa da ma'adinin sun sace su kuma an kashe daya.

Harbi na Afrilu 2013

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Hoton kyamarar tsaro na masu gadi suna harbi a kan masu zanga-zangar a waje da Escobal

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2013, shugaban tsaro na Escobal Alberto Rotondo ya umarci tawagarsa da su kai hari kan wani rukuni na fararen hula ashirin da masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da ke tsaye a gaban ma'adinin.[3][8] Masu gadi sun harbe taron, inda suka ji wa akalla mutane shida rauni.[3][7] Kamfanin tsaro mai zaman kansa na Tahoe Golan Group ne ya kai harin, musamman ma kamfanin sa na gida Alfa Uno.[1][5][7][8]

Bayan harin an yada bayanan karya game da abin da ya faru: Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Guatemala ta yi ikirarin cewa ba a yi amfani da bindigogi a kan jama'a ba, kuma tashar talabijin mai goyon bayan ma'adinai ta yi ikirari cewa masu zanga-zangar sun kai hari kan ma'adanai marasa makamai.

Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Guatemala ta yi amfani da wayar Rotondo a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike daban, kuma an saki rikodin sadarwa tsakanin Rotondo da mai ba da shawara kan alaƙar jama'a, da sauran ma'aikata.[3] Wadannan rikodin suna nuna shi yana ba da umarnin harbi ga masu zanga-zangar da kuma lalata shaidu, tare da layi kamar "dole ne mu fitar da waɗannan dabbobi masu banƙyama daga hanya, "karnuka masu banƙasa ba su fahimci cewa hakar ma'adinai tana haifar da ayyuka ba, " kuma "kawai mu kashe 'ya'yan bitches!" [18]

Yanayin kewaye

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A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2013, Shugaba Pérez ya ayyana dokar kewaye ta kwanaki 30 a cikin kananan hukumomi hudu kusa da Escobal - Casillas, Jalapa, Mataquescuintla, da San Rafael Las Flores - don murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da ma'adinai.[13][15] Wannan sanarwar ta zo ne kawai kwana biyu bayan magajin gari na uku daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun ki sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar son rai tare da Tahoe Resources. Pérez da farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kewaye shi ne don yaƙi da aikata laifuka, amma watanni bayan haka ya yarda, tare da Ministan Makamashi da Ma'adinai da Ministan Cikin Gida, cewa koyaushe an yi niyyar sarrafa adawa da ma'adinin Escobal.[1]

Yanayin kewaye ya haifar da yankuna na soja na dokar soja inda aka hana haƙƙin tsarin mulki sosai, gami da haƙƙin zanga-zanga da taron jama'a da haƙƙin 'yancin motsi.[15][13] Gwamnatin Guatemala ta aika da sojoji da 'yan sanda sama da 3,000 zuwa kananan hukumomi huɗu, da kuma tankuna da motoci masu dauke da makamai da ke dauke da bindigogi.[1] Sun mamaye garuruwa, sun kafa shingen, kuma an ba su izinin yin Bincike da kwacewa-kwace ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba.[1] Majalisar dokokin Guatemala ba ta ba da izinin yanayin kewaye ba.[1]

A lokacin wannan yanayin, tsaron Escobal ya ba masu gabatar da kara takardun da suka ambaci mutane shida a bayan zanga-zangar, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da kama su da ɗaure su. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tsaro ta haɗa kai da gwamnati a ƙoƙarin lalata sunan firistocin Katolika waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da aikin.[1]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Brannum, Kate (2019). "Guatemala 2018: Facing A Constitutional Crossroad". Revista de ciencia política (Santiago). 39 (2): 265–284. doi:10.4067/s0718-090x2019000200265. ISSN 0718-090X. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Weisbart, Caren (2018-10-09). "Diplomacy at a Canadian Mine Site in Guatemala". Critical Criminology. 26 (4): 473–489. doi:10.1007/s10612-018-9422-y. ISSN 1205-8629. S2CID 149560410. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Deonandan, Kalowatie; Ortiz Loaiza, Paola (2016-11-29). "Mining, Taxes, and Development in Guatemala: The State and the Marlin Mine". Latin American Policy. 7 (2): 288–310. doi:10.1111/lamp.12099. ISSN 2041-7365. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Deonandan, Kalowatie; Bell, Colleen (2019-04-03). "Discipline and Punish: Gendered Dimensions of Violence in Extractive Development". Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. 31 (1): 24–57. doi:10.3138/cjwl.31.1.03. ISSN 0832-8781. S2CID 150828620. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 Aguilar-Støen, Mariel; Bull, Benedicte (2016-11-11). "Protestas contra la minería en Guatemala. ¿Qué papel juegan las élites en los conflictos?". Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos. 42 (1): 15. doi:10.15517/aeca.v42i1.26932. ISSN 2215-4175. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Bartilow, Horace (2019-01-21). "Corporate power, US drug enforcement and the repression of indigenous peoples in Latin America". Third World Quarterly. 40 (2): 355–372. doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1552075. ISSN 0143-6597. S2CID 159190114. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :11
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Copeland, Nicholas (2018-06-10). "Linking the defence of territory to food sovereignty: Peasant environmentalisms and extractive neoliberalism in Guatemala". Journal of Agrarian Change. 19 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1111/joac.12274. ISSN 1471-0358. S2CID 158720837. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Poesche, Jurgen (2019-09-12). "Business Ethics and Sovereignty in Settler Colonial States". International Indigenous Policy Journal. 10 (3). doi:10.18584/iipj.2019.10.3.8251. ISSN 1916-5781. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ "Resultados Censo 2018" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatemala.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Knowlton, Autumn (2016-05-12). "Q'eqchi' Mayas and the Myth of "Postconflict" Guatemala". Latin American Perspectives. 44 (4): 139–151. doi:10.1177/0094582x16650179. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 147833412. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Leinius, Johanna (2020-09-16). "Articulating Body, Territory, and the Defence of Life: The Politics of Strategic Equivalencing between Women in Anti‐Mining Movements and the Feminist Movement in Peru". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 40 (2): 204–219. doi:10.1111/blar.13112. ISSN 0261-3050.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Aguilar-Støen, Mariel (2016-01-02). "Beyond Transnational Corporations, Food and Biofuels: The Role of Extractivism and Agribusiness in Land Grabbing in Central America". Forum for Development Studies. 43 (1): 155–175. doi:10.1080/08039410.2015.1134641. ISSN 0803-9410. S2CID 130809319. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :16
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :15
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
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