Yaren afenmai
Afenmai (Afemai), Yekhee, ko Iyekhe, harshen Edoid ne da mutanen Afenmai ake magana dashi a Jihar Edo, Najeriya . Ba duk masu magana da yare ne suka san sunan Yekhee ba; wasu suna amfani da sunan gunduman Etsako .
A baya sunan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ke amfani dashi shine Kukuruku, wanda ake zaton bayan kukan yaki "ku-ku-ruku", yanzu ana daukar sa a matsayin wulakanci.
Afenmai ba a saba gani ba a cikin rahotannin yana da muryar da ba ta da murya a matsayin "tsayi" daidai da "lalacin" murya ta famfo /ɾ/</link> (kwatanta [aɾ̞̊u]</link> 'hat' da [aɾu]</link> 'louse' [1] ), ko da yake shi ne sauran kwatancin an siffanta shi kawai a matsayin mai ɓarna kuma an yi nazari a matsayin "lalashi" daidai da "tsayi" mara murya /t/</link> . [2]
Etsako, yaren Edo da kansa, yana da nasa yarukan waɗanda aka raba su zuwa yaren Iyekhe da Agbelọ, tare da yaren Iyekhe wanda akafi yin magana dashi.
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheWasulan sune /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/</link> . Dogayen wasulan da yawan diphthong a cikin harshe an samo su ne daga jerin gajerun wasulan, galibinin su daga elision na zaɓi na /l/</link> .
Afenmai yana da tsarin rikitaccen tsarin sauye-sauye na morphotonemic dangane da sautunan murya guda biyu, babba da kasa. A matakin saman akwai sautuna daban-daban guda biyar: babba, ƙasa, faɗuwa, tashi da tsakiya. Sautin tsakiya shine sakamakon saukar babban sautin bayan ƙaramin sautin. Sautunan kwane-kwane (fadowa da tashi) ko dai suna faruwa ne akan dogayen wasula ko diphthongs, daga jeri mai tsayi + ƙasa ko ƙasa + sama, ko kuma akan gajerun wasulan da aka samar daga ƙanƙantar irin wannan dogon wasali ko diphthong. Sautunan tashi ba sabon abu bane, saboda ana iya maye gurbinsu da babba, ƙasa ko tsakiyar. [2]
Consonants na yaren Ekpheli sune:
| BL | LD | D | Av | PA | Ve | LV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m m | n | (ɲ) | ||||
| bp | t (ː) d | kː ɡː | k͡pː k͡p ɡ͡bː ɡ͡b | |||
| ts dz | (tʃ dʒ) | |||||
| fv (ː) | θ | s | (ʃ) | x zo | ||
| ʋ | l | j | w | |||
| Ɗa |
An yi nazarin baƙaƙen da aka yi wa alama da dadewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da 'tense' ko 'fortis' kuma an haɗa su tare da abokan hulɗar 'lak' ko 'lenis', kodayake babu wani tushe na phonological don haɗa baƙaƙen 'dogayen' tare, ko don Haɗa su da baƙaƙe na 'gajerun'. Matsalolin da aka bayyana sune /k͡pː ɡ͡bː mː/</link> , wanda ya ninka girman /k͡p ɡ͡b m/</link> amma in ba haka ba iri ɗaya ne a cikin spectrogram. /kː ɡː/</link> Hakanan suna da tsayin /x ɣ/ sau biyu/x ɣ/</link> . Duk da haka, alveolar /t/</link> ya dan fi tsayi fiye da hakori /θ/</link> , kuma yayin /v/</link> ya fi /ʋ/</link> , wanda za'a sa ran ga ɓacin rai idan aka kwatanta da kusanta. [2]
Baƙaƙen postalveolar su ne allophone na alveolars kafin /i/</link> da wani wasali, inda /i/</link> in ba haka ba zai zama [j]</link> , kamar yadda yake cikin /siesie/ [ʃeʃe]</link> 'zama karama'. Bugu da kari, /ts/</link> na zaɓi ya zama [tʃ]</link> kafin guda /i/</link> , kamar yadda yake cikin /itsi/</link> 'alade' ( [itsi] ~ [itʃi]</link> ). Sauran baƙaƙen alveolar ba su da wannan bambance-bambancen, sai dai idan an samar da yanayi mai tsawo a cikin kalma mai fa'ida: /odzi/</link> 'kaguwa' ( [odzi]</link> a cikin hanyar ambato) > /odzi oɣie/</link> 'kaguwar sarki' ( [odʒoɣje]</link> ). (Sautunan da aka rubuta tare da ⟨ ʃ ʒ ɲ ⟩ na iya kasancewa kusa da [ɕ ʑ nʲ]</link> .)
Baya ga /p ts dz θ/</link> , waɗannan baƙaƙe sun bayyana a duk yarukan Afenmai da Elimelek ya bincika (1976). /p/</link> ba ya cikin yaren Uzairue, ana maye gurbinsa da /f/</link> , kuma yana da wuya a yawancin sauran yaruka. /ts dz/</link> suna fricativized zuwa /s z/</link> a cikin yarukan Aviele da Kudancin Uneme. /θ/</link> an koma zuwa /ɹ̝̊/</link> a yawancin sauran yarukan, kamar a cikin [aθu ~ aɹ̝̊u]</link> ' hula'. [2]
Rubutun Rubutu
gyara sasheABC CH DE E FG GB GH GW IJK KH KP KPH KW LM MH N NW NY O Ọ PRS SH T TH TS UV VH WY Z.
Kalmomi
gyara sasheKalmomin Etsako sun haɗa da:
| Etsako | Turanci |
|---|---|
| Mu! | Sannu da aikatawa |
| Abe! /Duba! | Hello (Yaya yake?) |
| Ya somi/O chi | Yana da kyau. (Martani) |
| Na gaba | Barka da safiya |
| Na ẹlẹ | (Martani) |
| Agbelọ | Barka da safiya |
| Agbe | (Martani) |
| Menene ze? | Da fatan kuna lafiya. |
| Eli | Ee |
| Kuna jin? | Shin kun yi barci lafiya? |
| A kwai | Muna godiya |
| Moo ota / Oviẹna / Togi | Barka da rana |
| Moo ogode / Obugala | Barka da yamma |
| O ki akọ / O kila akhuɛ | Barka da dare (har gobe) |
| Ku ku | Barka da warhaka |
| O ki idegbe | Har sai daga baya |
| Läkhia / Guè khia | Tafi lafiya. |
| R'elo ku egbe | A kula. |
Kalmomin Etsako gama gari suna nuna bambance-bambancen yare tsakanin Iyekhe da Agbelo:
| Turanci | Iyek | Agbelo |
|---|---|---|
| ina zuwa | nace | Ina bale |
| Ina ku ke? | Obo ku ya? | Obo ku? |
| Ina za ku? | Obo ku? | Obo ku ya? |
| Me kuke so? | Me ku ke? | Me kake so? |
| Wannan dan uwana ne | Iyɔkpa mɛ ki ọna | Inyɔguo m kh' ọna |
| Ina jin yunwa | Osami ò gbe mɛ | Okiami o aa gbe mɛ |