Taua
taua ƙungiya ce ta yaƙi a cikin al'adar Māori, 'yan asalin New Zealand . An samo ilimin zamani game da taua daga abubuwan da mishan suka lura da rubuce-rubuce a lokacin Musket Wars na farkon karni na 19 da kuma Yaƙe-yaƙe na New Zealand daga baya. Dalilin tattara taua na iya zama saboda dalilai na neman fansa (utu) [1] ko neman diyya don laifin da aka yi wa mutum, al'umma ko al'umma (muru). [2]
Taua |
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Rubuce-rubuce
gyara sasheA taua yawanci ya kunshi maza, kodayake akwai lokutan da mata suka yi yaƙi. Wani shugaban (rangatira) ne ke jagorantar jam'iyyar, kuma za ta kunshi kimanin mayaƙa 70. Wannan lambar ita ce ƙarfin "waka taua" (ƙwallon jirgin ruwa), duk da haka wani lokacin ana taua waka don ɗaukar mayaƙa 140, kuma ana kiran irin waɗannan jiragen "Te Hokwhitu a Tu". A lokacin tsawo na Musket Wars yawan mayaƙa ya tashi zuwa kusan 2,000 kuma ƙungiyar ta yi tafiya galibi da ƙafa a kusa da gabar tekun Arewacin tsibirin.
Mafi cikakken rubuce-rubucen rubuce-aikacen yawon shakatawa shine mishan Henry Williams. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon abin da ake kira Girls' War, wanda ya faru a bakin rairayin bakin teku a Kororāreka, Bay of Islands a watan Maris na shekara ta 1830 tsakanin arewa da kudancin hapū a cikin Ngāpuhi iwi. Hengi, wani shugaban Whangaroa, an harbe shi kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin dakatar da fada. Aikin neman fansa ya wuce ga Mango da Kakaha, 'ya'yan Hengi; sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa ya kamata a amince da mutuwar mahaifinsu ta hanyar muru (tafiye-tafiye na yaƙi don girmama mutuwar wani muhimmin shugaba), a kan kabilun kudu.[2]
Mango, Kakaha da Tītore (shugaban yaƙi na Ngāpuhi) ba su fara muru ba har zuwa Janairu 1832. [3] Sojojin sun yi nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe a Tsibirin Mercury da Tauranga, tare da muru ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 1832.[4] A watan Fabrairun 1833 Tītore ya tuntubi Tohunga, Tohitapu don ganin nasarar yaƙin yaƙi na biyu; sannan Tītore ta jagoranci jam'iyyar Te Rarawa, abokan Ngāpuhi, zuwa Tauranga.[5] Williams kuma ya bi balaguron na biyu.
Muru
gyara sasheMuru shine mummunan ko fansa na al'adun al'adun Māori na utu, wanda taua ke gudanarwa, wanda zai iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau. Ya kuma kasance a cikin al'adun Māori don taua ya gudanar da muru a kan hapu wanda ba shi da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar shugaban. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da muru ta hanyar tattaunawar kabilanci ko hapu game da abin da ya kamata a yi. Yawancin lokaci muru wani aiki ne na taua don daidaita aikin tashin hankali ko sata. A farkon kwanakin mazauna Turai an yi muru a kan mazauna da suka saba wa ƙa'idar Māori. Sau da yawa mazauna suna rikicewa ta hanyar sata ko ayyukan tashin hankali. Wani lokaci, musamman a arewa, sarakuna za su yi roƙo don ba da bayanin al'adu ga mazauna kuma su shirya biyan kuɗi mai dacewa na kayayyaki a matsayin diyya. A cikin al'ummar Māori an yarda cewa za a iya aiwatar da muru a kan baƙi. Wannan yana da bayyanar hare-hare na wucin gadi a kan jam'iyyun da ba su da laifi. Wannan ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye tare da dokar New Zealand inda kawai masu laifi za a iya azabtar da su. A cikin 1847 a Whanganui an harbe wani shugaban Māori ba zato ba tsammani a fuska a cikin jirgin ruwa. Ya yarda cewa raunin da ya ji ya yi hatsari ne. Wani likita ne ya kula da raunin da ya ji kuma mutumin ya warke amma wani taua ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar muru don hadarin ta hanyar kai farmaki ga wani manomi / mai zane na yankin. Ya tsere, amma taua ya kashe 'yan uwa hudu kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni biyu. Lokacin da Māori suka kama biyar daga cikin taua an gano taua suna da shekaru 14 da 19. Dukkanin, ban da ɗan shekara 14 an same su da laifin kisan kai kuma an rataye su. An kori dan shekara 14. [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span>]
Dabarun
gyara sasheTaua yawanci zai iyakance ayyukansu ga lokacin fada, tsakanin ƙarshen Nuwamba da farkon Afrilu, lokacin da abinci da kamun kifi suka kasance da yawa. A lokacin tsawo na yaƙe-yaƙe na bindigogi Taua sun kasance daga turangawaiwai har zuwa shekara guda. A shekara ta 1830 ba su dogara da amfanin gona na gargajiya kamar kūmara wanda kawai ya girma sosai a arewacin mafi yawan Arewacin tsibirin, Iwi yanzu ya girma da yawa na dankali mai sauƙi.
Sau da yawa taua za su kai hari da asuba a matsayin kwanto ko hari na mamaki. Saninsu na kusa game da yanayin halitta na New Zealand ya ba su damar bayyana da ɓacewa cikin sauri da hayaniya kuma sun sami nasarar kammala aikinsu. Kamar yadda Maori a lokacin suka himmatu sosai ga ra'ayin "utu" (ramako), manufar ita ce kashe dukkan mambobin ƙungiyar yaƙi ta abokan gaba kuma ba su bar wanda ya tsira ba. Akwai, duk da haka, lokutan da warring taua za su zo ga truce. Wannan zai kasance ta hanyar shirya auren kabilanci
Al'adu
gyara sashehaka muhimmiyar alama ce ga rayuwa da al'adun kowane taua. Sauran al'adu da al'adu sun haɗa da guje wa wasu abinci da ayyuka, keɓewa ga Tumatauenga, allahn yaƙi, da al'adun da za su sanya "tapu" a kusa da jarumi, kuma su ɗaga tapu lokacin da jarumi ya dawo gida. Al'ada ce a ci waɗanda aka ci nasara ko a ɗauki bayi waɗanda za a iya cinye su daga baya ko amfani da su azaman aikin bawa. An kuma ajiye shugabannin da aka ci nasara a matsayin ganima kuma an nuna su a kan palisades na gida.
Fim din Taua
gyara sasheTaua (aka War Party) wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na 2007 wanda Te Arepa Kahi ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.[6]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ ""Traditional Maori Concepts, Utu" Ministry of Justice website". Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 ""Traditional Maori Concepts, Muru" Ministry of Justice website". Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ↑ Rogers, Lawrence M. (editor)(1961) - The Early Journals of Henry Williams 1826 to 1840. Christchurch : Pegasus Press. online available at New Zealand Electronic Text Centre (NZETC)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century (Christchurch 1910) page 450. online at NZETC
- ↑ Taua (War Party)
Haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Māori da yaƙi: Haka, Taua, New Zealand a Tarihi