Takaddun itace
Kayan katako da takarda sun fito ne daga gandun daji da aka gudanarwa da alhakin - kamar yadda wani ma'auni ya bayyana. Tare da takardar shaidar gandun daji na bangare na uku, kungiyar saita ka'idoji mai zaman kanta (SSO) tana habaka ka'idoji don kula da gandun daji mai kyau, kuma kamfanonin binciken masu zaman kansu suna bada takaddun shaida ga ayyukan gandun daji waɗanda suka bi wadannan ka'idojoji.[1]
 Takaddun itace |
|---|
Abubuwan da ake bukata
gyara sasheShirye-shiryen Takaddun shaida na gandun daji yawanci suna bukatar ayyukan kula da gandun daji su dace da dokokin dake akwai. Sauran mahimman bukatu ko halaye na shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida na gandun daji sun hada da:
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida na gandun daji sun hada da:
- Kare halittu masu yawa, jinsunan dake cikin hadari da mazaunin namun daji; matakan girbi mai dorewa; kariya ga ingancin ruwa; da sake farfadowa cikin sauri (misali, sake dasa da sake dasa bishiyoyi).
- Binciken takaddun shaida na bangare na uku da aka yi ta hanyar hukumomin takaddun shaidar.
- Bayanan binciken takaddun shaida na jama'a.
- Kasancewar Mai ruwa da tsaki da yawa a cikin tsarin saita ka'idoji.
- Tsarin korafe-korafe da daukaka kara.[2]
Shirye-shiryen
gyara sasheThe PEFC is the largest certification framework in terms of forest area, with approximately two-thirds of the total certified area. The FSC program is the fastest growing. In 2021, PEFC issued a position statement[3] defending their use of private standards in response to the Destruction: Certified report from Greenpeace.[4]
Takardar shaidar gandun daji ta bangare na uku tafara ne a farkon shekarun 1990 ta hanyar FSC, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli, kamfanonin kayan gandun daji da abubuwan dake cikin zamantakewa. Tsarin gasa ya fito da sauri a duk fadin duniya. Wasu masu sharhi, ciki har da Jared Diamond, sun bada shawarar cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu yawa sun kafa su ne musamman da nufin rikitar da masu amfani da kananan matakan da aka tilasta amma ana kiransu da irin wannan.[5]
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na takardar shaidar gandun daji:
- Takardar shaidar kula da gandun daji, wanda ke kayyade idan ana kiyaye gandun daji daidai da saitin ka'idoji;
- sarkar takardar shaidar kulawa, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an gano kayan takardar shaidarsa ko kuma an raba su daga kayan da ba'a tabbatar da su ba ko kuma ba'a sarrafa su ba'a duk lokacin masana'antu kuma ana iya gano su daga gandun daji zuwa babban abokin ciniki.[6]
Amurka da Kanada
gyara sasheA Amurka da Kanada, akwai shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar gandun daji da yawa. Uku daga cikin wadannan shirye-shiryen PEFC ta amince da su. Su ne Tsarin Gona Itacen Amurka (ATFS), Tsarin Gudanar da dazuzzuka mai dorewa na Kungiyar Kanada (SFM) da kuma Tsarin Kula da dazuzzukan da ke dorewa (SFI). ATFS ya dace ne kawai a Amurka; Tsarin Kungiyar Ka'idojin Kanada SFM yadace ne laeng a Kanada. SFI ya dace da Amurka da Kanada. SFI itace mafi girman takardar shaidar gandun daji a duniya ta yanki.[7] Ana amfani da shirin FSC, a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka.[8][9]
Kungiyar Kasa ta Kasa a Amurka ta zartar da kuduri a cikin 2008 wanda ke tallafawa duk tsarin takaddun shaida na gandun daji da akayi amfani dashi a Amurka kuma sun fahimci darajar bambance-bambance: "... tsarin ATFS, FSC, da SFI sun hada da mahimman abubuwan amintacce kuma suna bada gudummawa mai kyau ga dorewar gandun daji.... Babu shirin takaddun shaidar da zata iya da'awar zama 'mafi kyau', kuma babu wani shirin takaddamarwa wanda ke inganta kansa a matsayin zabi na iya kula da amintaccen tsarin gandun daji mai rikitarwa. "[10]
Majalisar Ministocin gandun daji ta Kanada ta fitar da wata sanarwa a cikin shekara ta 2008 game da ka'idojin takaddun shaida na gandun daji a Kanada, wanda ya ce: "A Kanada, dokokin gandun daji na kowane iko, manufofi da bukatun gudanarwa sun kunshi tsarin da yafi dacewa wanda ke nuna abin da gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa (SFM) ke nufi a cikin wannan ikon mallakar gandun daji. Gwamnatoci a Kanada suna karbar ka'idoyin kula da gandun da gandun kasa na Kanada (FSA).[11]
Takaddun shaida na kula
gyara sasheSashin takardar shaidar kulawa yana bin diddigin kayan da aka tabbatar ta hanyar samarwa - daga gandun daji zuwa mabukaci, gami da duk matakan da suka biyo baya na sarrafawa, canji, masana'antu da rarrabawa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shaidar cewa kayan da aka tabbatar a cikin samfurin da aka tabbatar ya samo asali ne daga gandun daji da aka tabbatar.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bada rahoton cewa tsakanin Janairu 2009 da Mayu 2010, jimlar adadin takaddun shaida na PEFC da FSC da aka bayar a duk duniya sun karu da kashi 88% don jimlar takaddun shaidar 23,717 (wannan bai haɗa da takaddun takardar shaidar SFI ba). Akwai kungiyoyi sama da 600 da aka tabbatar dasu ga SFI Chain-of-Custody Standard, kuma ana sayar da samfuran SFI-certified a cikin kasashe sama da 120 a duniya.[12]
fadadawa a nan gaba
gyara sasheTakaddun shaida na gandun daji tsari ne na son rai. Kimanin kashi 10% na gandun daji na duniya a karkashin akalla shirin takaddun shaida guda daya. Abokan ciniki wadanda suka zabi siyan samfuran takaddun shaida suna tallafawa manajojin kasa, masu mallakar kasa da kamfanonin samfuran gandun daji wadanda sukayi alkawarin saduwa da ka'idodin takaddun shaidar gandun daji.
Takaddun shaida na gandun daji na bangare na uku kayan aiki ne mai amfani ga wadanda ke neman siyan takarda da kayan katako wadanda suka zo daga gandun daji wadanda aka sarrafa su da kyau kuma suna amfani da kayan da aka girbe bisa doka. Habakar da takaddun shaida na bangare na uku a cikin ayyukan sayen kayan gandun daji na iya zama tsakiya don manufofin sayen katako da takarda wadanda suka hada da dalilai kamar kariya ga kimar gandun daji mai hankali, zaɓin kayan aiki mai tunani da kuma ingantaccen amfani da samfuran.[13]
Binciken Kasuwancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009-2010 ya ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin da suka samar ko suka yi ciniki a cikin samfuran gandun daji masu inganci galibi suna da fa'idar kasuwa a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008-2009 saboda, a cikin kasuwar masu siye, masu siye na iya zama mafi Zababbu wajen zabar hanyoyin samar da su. Rahoton ya ambaci direbobi hudu da ake bukata don takaddun shaida:
- Takarda, bugawa, bugawa da marufi - alkawura don kara yawan amfani da tushen takarda masu alhakin manyan masu bugawa kamar Time Inc.[14] mai yiwuwa shine mafi mahimmancin abin dake haifar da cigaba a cikin gandun daji da takardar shaidar kula da kaya.
- Kasuwancin jama'a - gwamnatoci kamar Burtaniya da Netherlands sun karɓi manufofin sayen katako, gami da amincewa da shirye-shiryen FSC da PEFC. Misali shine Babban Ma'aikatar Kwarewa ta Burtaniya kan Katako (wanda Ma'aikatu, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara suka kafa kuma ProForest ke sarrafawa). [15]
- Ginin kore - ka'idoji don gine-ginen kore suna karfafawa da kuma bada lada ga amfani da samfuran katako.
- Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba - sabuwar doka da aka tsara don rage hadarin katako batare da izini ba wanda ya shiga sarkar samarwa kamar Dokar Lacey da aka gyara a Amurka ya haifar da karfi mai karfi don neman katako mai zaman kansa wanda zai iya magance damuwa game da katako ba.
Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya, tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Binciken Muhalli, ta fitar da takardar gaskiya da aka tsara don amsa wasu tambayoyin da ake yawan tambaya game da Dokar Lacey, wanda aka gyara a cikin 2008 don hana kasuwanci a cikin tsire-tsire da ba bisa ka'ida bada samfuran su - gami da katako, itace, da samfuran takarda. Takardar gaskiyar ta ce takardar shaidar gandun daji hanya ce mai kyau don nuna kulawa ta hanyar nuna gwamnati da abokan ciniki cewa kamfani ya dauki matakai masu mahimmanci don kawar da itace ko kayan shuka ba bisa ka'ida ba daga jerin kayan sa. Takaddun shaida baya saukaka masu shigo da kaya daga abinda ake bukata don gabatar da bayanan sanarwar shigo da kaya ga hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka.[16]
Dubi kuma
gyara sashe
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Metafore Forest Certification Resource Center". Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ↑ "National Association of State Foresters Policy Statement 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ↑ "PEFC response to the Greenpeace report, "Destruction: Certified"". pefc.org. PEFC. 11 March 2021.
- ↑ "Destruction: Certified". greenpeace.org. Greenpeace International. 10 March 2021.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Chain of Custody Certification | Forest Stewardship Council". fsc.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-30.
- ↑ 1. "SFI Inc. Launches New Standard, Leads Forest Certification Forward" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
- ↑ "Forest Stewardship Council Canada". Archived from the original on 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ↑ FSC United States
- ↑ "Forest Certification as it Contributes to Sustainable Forestry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ↑ "Canadian Council of Forest Ministers Statement on Forest Certification Standards in Canada" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-26. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ↑ Sustainable Forestry Initiative (24 May 2022). "SFI Chain-of-Custody Standard". forests.org. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ↑ "Metafore". Archived from the original on 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ↑ "Time Inc. Sustainability Report 2009-2010". p. 10. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ↑ "Central Point of Expertise on Timber". Archived from the original on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
- ↑ "World Resources Institute fact sheet Are You Ready for the Lacey Act?". Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
Hadin waje
gyara sashe- Cibiyar Bayar da Takaddun shaida ta daji An adana 2020-01-29 a
- Majalisar Kula da dazuzzuka
- Shirin Kula da dazuzzuka mai dorewa
- Gidan yanar gizon PEFC na kasa da kasa
- Takardar shaidar Dovetail Partners Forest: Rahoton Yanayi (2010)
- Bayan Alamar: Binciken muhalli da zamantakewa na tsarin takardar shaidar gandun daji na 2001. Fern
- Halakawa: Takardar shaidar Greenpeace International. 2021.