Wikipedia

Tafki

tafkin yana da nau'i da yawa na halitta, mai girma da tsayayyen ruwa a saman duniya. An samo shi a cikin kwandon ko kwandon da aka haɗa da ƙasa mai bushe.[1] Tafkuna suna kwance gaba ɗaya a ƙasa kuma sun rabu da teku, kodayake ana iya hada su da teku ta koguna, kamar Lake Ontario. Yawancin tabkuna ruwa ne mai laushi kuma suna da kusan dukkanin Ruwa mai laushi na duniya, amma wasu tabkuna ne masu gishiri tare da salinities har ma da na ruwan teku. Tafkuna sun bambanta sosai a saman da kuma yawan ruwa.

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Lac Gentau a cikin Kwarin Ossau na Pyrenees, Faransa
Tafkin Michigan a lokacin guguwa kusa da Ludington LighthouseHasumiyar Hasumiyar Ludington
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tafkuna yawanci sun fi girma kuma sun fi zurfi fiye da tafkuna, waɗanda kuma suna cike da ruwa a kasa, kodayake babu ma'anar hukuma ko ka'idodin kimiyya da ke rarrabe su biyu.[2] Tafkuna kuma sun bambanta da lagoons, wadanda su ne tafkunan Ruwa mai zurfi wadanda sandbars suka toshe a yankunan bakin teku ko manyan tabkuna. Yawancin tabkuna suna ciyar da su ta hanyar mabubbugar ruwa, kuma duka suna ciyarwa da kuma zubar da ruwa ta koguna da koguna, amma wasu tabkuna suna da endorheic ba tare da wani fitowa ba, yayin da tabkuna na dutsen wuta suna cika kai tsaye da ruwan sama kuma ba su da wani rafi.[3]

Ana samun tabkuna na halitta a yankunan tsaunuka (watau tabkuna na alpine), Craters na dutsen wuta, Yankunan rift da wuraren da ke ci gaba da glaciation. Sauran tabkuna ana samun su a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai raɗaɗi ko tare da hanyoyin koguna masu girma, inda tashar kogi ta faɗaɗa a kan kwandon da aka kafa ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa da wuraren da ke da ruwa. Wasu sassan duniya suna da tabkuna da yawa waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar rikice-rikice na ruwa da suka rage daga zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Duk tabkuna na wucin gadi ne na dogon lokaci, yayin da za su cika da sannu a hankali da turɓaya ko zubar daga kwandon da ke dauke da su.

An san tabkuna masu sarrafawa da wucin gadi a matsayin tafkuna, kuma galibi ana gina su don amfani da masana'antu ko aikin gona, don samar da wutar lantarki, don samarwa da ruwan sha na gida, don dalilai na muhalli ko nishaɗi, ko don sauran ayyukan ɗan adam.

Ma'anar, ma'ana, da amfani da "kogi"

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Kalmar tafkin ta fito ne daga lake Ingilishi na Tsakiya ('lake, tafki, hanyar ruwa'), daga Tsohon Ingilishi lacu ('tushen, tafki، rafi'), daga Proto-Jamusanci *lakō ('tushon, rami, saurin motsi mai gudana'), daga tushen Proto-Indo-Turai *leʹ- ('to leak, drain'). Cognates sun hada da Dutch laak ('lake, pond, rami'), Middle Low German lāke ('ruwa da aka haɗu a cikin kogi, tafki') kamar yadda a cikin: de:Wolfslake, de:Butterlake, Jamusanci Lache ('pool, tafki'), da Icelandic lækur ('slow flowing stream'). Har ila yau suna da alaƙa da kalmomin Ingilishi leak da leach .

Akwai rashin tabbas game da bayyana bambancin tsakanin tabkuna da tafkuna, kuma babu wani lokaci da ke da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya a fadin fannonin kimiyya ko iyakokin siyasa. Misali, limnologists sun bayyana tabkuna a matsayin jikin ruwa wanda shine kawai mafi girma na tafki, wanda zai iya samun aikin raƙuman ruwa a bakin teku ko kuma inda iska ta haifar da turbulence ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hada ginshiƙi na ruwa. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan ma'anar da ya ware tafkuna gaba daya kuma duk suna da wuyar auna. Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da ma'anar girman sauƙi don raba tafkuna da tabkuna. Ma'anar tafkin a cikin mafi ƙarancin girman ruwa daga hekta 2 (5 acres) ::331 [4] zuwa 8 hectares (20 acres). [5][6] Masanin ilimin muhalli na dabbobi Charles Elton ya ɗauki tabkuna a matsayin ruwa na hekta 40 (acre 99) ko fiye.[7] Ana amfani da kalmar tafkin don bayyana fasalin kamar Lake Eyre, wanda shine tafkin bushe mafi yawan lokaci amma yana iya cikawa a yanayin yanayi na ruwan sama mai yawa. A cikin amfani na yau da kullun, tabkuna da yawa suna ɗauke da sunayen da suka ƙare da kalmar tafkintafkin ƙananan sunayen da ke ƙare da tafki sune, a cikin gaskiyar fasaha, tafkuna. Ɗaya daga cikin litattafan ya kwatanta wannan batu da waɗannan: "A Newfoundland, alal misali, kusan kowane tafki ana kiransa tafki, yayin da a Wisconsin, kusan kowane tabki ana kiranta tafki. "

Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan ilimin ruwa ya ba da shawarar bayyana kalmar "lake" a matsayin ruwa tare da halaye biyar masu zuwa:

  1. Yana cike da wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya ɗaya ko fiye da kwandon da aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙuƙwalwa.
  2. Yana da ainihin matakin ruwa iri ɗaya a duk sassan (sai dai ga bambance-bambance na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda iska ta haifar, bambancin rufe kankara, manyan shigowa, da dai sauransu).
  3. Ba shi da shigar ruwa na yau da kullun;
  4. Wani bangare mai yawa na laka da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa an kama shi ta hanyar kwandon (don wannan ya faru suna buƙatar samun isasshen karamin shigarwa zuwa girman);
  5. Yankin da aka auna a matsakaicin matakin ruwa ya wuce ƙofar da aka zaɓa (alal misali, hekta ɗaya).

Baya ga ma'auni na 3, wasu an yarda da su ko kuma an bayyana su ta wasu wallafe-wallafen ilimin ruwa.[8]

Rarraba

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Siffar Tafkin Eyre da zurfin a matsayin taswirar gradient

Yawancin tabkuna a Duniya ruwa ne mai laushi, kuma mafi yawansu suna cikin Arewacin Hemisphere a mafi girman latitudes.[9] Kanada, tare da tsarin zubar da ruwa, yana da kimanin tabkuna 31,752 da suka fi kilomita 3 (1.2 sq a yankin.[10] Ba a san yawan tabkuna a Kanada ba amma an kiyasta ya zama akalla miliyan 2.[11]  Finland tana da tabkuna 168,000 na (5,400 sq a yankin, ko mafi girma, daga cikinsu 57,000 suna da girma (mita 10,000 murabba'i (110,000 sq ft) ko mafi girma). [12]

Yawancin tabkuna suna da akalla fitowar halitta guda ɗaya a cikin hanyar kogin ko rafi, wanda ke kula da matsakaicin matakin tafkin ta hanyar ba da izinin zubar da ruwa mai yawa.[3][13] Wasu tabkuna ba su da isar da ruwa kuma suna rasa ruwa ne kawai ta hanyar evaporation ko nutsewar karkashin kasa, ko duka biyun. Wadannan ana kiransu tabkuna masu tasowa.

Tafkuna da yawa na wucin gadi ne noma an gina su ne don samar da wutar lantarki, dalilai masu kyau, dalilai na nishaɗi, amfani da masana'antu, amfani da aikin gona, ko samar da Ruwa na gida.

Yawan tabkuna a Duniya ba a tantance su ba saboda yawancin tabkuna da tafkuna ƙananan ne kuma ba sa bayyana a kan taswira ko Hotunan tauraron dan adam.[14][15][16][17] Duk da wannan rashin tabbas, yawancin binciken sun yarda cewa ƙananan tafkuna sun fi yawa fiye da manyan tabkuna. Misali, wani binciken da aka ambata a ko'ina ya kiyasta cewa Duniya tana da tabkuna da tafkuna miliyan 304, kuma kashi 91% na waɗannan sune hekta 1 (2.5 acres) ko ƙasa da haka a yankin.[14]  Duk da yawan tafkuna, kusan dukkanin ruwan tafkin duniya ana samun su a cikin kasa da manyan tabkuna 100; wannan saboda girman tafkin yana da ma'auni tare da yankin tafkin.[18]

Akwai tabkuna na waje a kan wata Titan, wanda ke kewaye da duniyar Saturn.[19] Siffar tabkuna a kan Titan yayi kama da na duniya.[16][20][21] Tafkuna sun kasance a saman Mars, amma yanzu sun bushe tafkin tafki.[15][22]

Nau'o'in

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A shekara ta 1957, G. Evelyn Hutchinson ya wallafa wani littafi mai taken A Treatise on Limnology, [23] wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da rarraba dukkan manyan nau'ikan tafkin, asalin su, halaye na morphometric, da rarraba. [24] Hutchinson ya gabatar a cikin littafinsa cikakken bincike game da asalin tabkuna kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da aka yarda da shi a ko'ina cikin rarraba tabkuna bisa ga asalin su. Wannan rarrabuwa ta gane manyan nau'ikan tafkuna 11 waɗanda aka raba su zuwa nau'ikan 76. Manyan nau'ikan tafkin 11 sune: [25][26][24]  ===manazarta===

  1. ↑ "Lake". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 18 May 2023.
  2. ↑ "Lake". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 June 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Lindmark, E.; Byström, P. (2021). "The Fractal Scaling Relationship for River Inlets to Lakes". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 48 (9): e2021GL093366. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4893366S. doi:10.1029/2021GL093366. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 235508504 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Moss, Brian; Johnes, Penny; Phillips, Geoffrey (1996). "The monitoring of ecological quality and the classification of standing waters in temperate regions". Biological Reviews. 71 (2): 301–339. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1996.tb00750.x. S2CID 83831589.
  5. ↑ "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)". ramsar.org. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. 22 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  6. ↑ Williams, Penny; Whitfield, Mericia; Biggs, Jeremy; Bray, Simon; Fox, Gill; Nicolet, Pascale; Sear, David (2004). "Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 115 (2): 329–341. Bibcode:2004BCons.115..329W. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00153-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  7. ↑ Elton, Charles Sutherland; Miller, Richard S. (1954). "The Ecological Survey of Animal Communities: With a Practical System of Classifying Habitats by Structural Characters". The Journal of Ecology. 42 (2): 460–496. Bibcode:1954JEcol..42..460E. doi:10.2307/2256872. JSTOR 2256872.
  8. ↑ "Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2004". International Journal of Ecohydrology et Hydrobiology. Index Copernicus: 381. 2004. ISSN 1642-3593.
  9. ↑ Verpoorter, Charles; Kutser, Tiit; Seekell, David A.; Tranvik, Lars J. (2014). "A global inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 41 (18): 6396–6402. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.6396V. doi:10.1002/2014GL060641. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 129573857. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  10. ↑ "The Atlas of Canada: Lakes". atlas.nrcan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. 2009-08-12. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
  11. ↑ "The Atlas of Canada: Physical Components of Watersheds". atlas.nrcan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. 2009-03-04. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  12. ↑ "Suomi, 57 000 – 168 000 järven maa". maanmittauslaitos.fi. National Land Survey of Finland. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  13. ↑ Mark, David M. (1983). "On the Composition of Drainage Networks Containing Lakes: Statistical Distribution of Lake In-Degrees". Geographical Analysis (in Turanci). 15 (2): 97–106. Bibcode:1983GeoAn..15...97M. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x. ISSN 1538-4632.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Downing, J.A.; Prairie, Y. T.; Cole, J.J.; Duarte, C.M.; Tranvik, L.J.; Striegl, R.G.; McDowell, W.H.; Kortelainen, P.; Caraco, N.F.; Melack, J.M. (2006). "The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments". Limnology and Oceanography. 51 (5): 2388–2397. Bibcode:2006LimOc..51.2388D. doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388. ISSN 0024-3590.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Seekell, David A.; Pace, Michael L. (2011). "Does the Pareto distribution adequately describe the size-distribution of lakes?". Limnology and Oceanography (in Turanci). 56 (1): 350–356. Bibcode:2011LimOc..56..350S. doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350. ISSN 1939-5590. S2CID 14160949.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cael, B. B.; Seekell, D. A. (2016-07-08). "The size-distribution of Earth's lakes". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 6 (1): 29633. Bibcode:2016NatSR...629633C. doi:10.1038/srep29633. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4937396. PMID 27388607.
  17. ↑ McDonald, Cory P.; Rover, Jennifer A.; Stets, Edward G.; Striegl, Robert G. (2012). "The regional abundance and size distribution of lakes and reservoirs in the United States and implications for estimates of global lake extent". Limnology and Oceanography (in Turanci). 57 (2): 597–606. Bibcode:2012LimOc..57..597M. doi:10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597. ISSN 1939-5590.
  18. ↑ Cael, B. B.; Heathcote, A. J.; Seekell, D. A. (2017). "The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 44 (1): 209–218. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44..209C. doi:10.1002/2016GL071378. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 132520745. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  19. ↑ Stofan, Ellen R.; Elachi, C.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Stiles, B.; Mitchell, K. L.; Ostro, S.; Soderblom, L.; Wood, C.; Zebker, Howard; Wall, S.; Janssen, M.; Kirk, R.; Lopes, R.; Paganelli, F. (January 2007). "The lakes of Titan". Nature. 445 (7123): 61–64. Bibcode:2007Natur.445...61S. doi:10.1038/nature05438. PMID 17203056. S2CID 4370622.
  20. ↑ Sharma, Priyanka; Byrne, Shane (2010-10-01). "Constraints on Titan's topography through fractal analysis of shorelines". Icarus (in Turanci). 209 (2): 723–737. Bibcode:2010Icar..209..723S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.023. ISSN 0019-1035.
  21. ↑ Sharma, Priyanka; Byrne, Shane (2011). "Comparison of Titan's north polar lakes with terrestrial analogs". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 38 (24): n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3824203S. doi:10.1029/2011GL049577. ISSN 1944-8007.
  22. ↑ Fassett, Caleb I.; Head, James W. (2008-11-01). "Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: Distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology". Icarus (in Turanci). 198 (1): 37–56. Bibcode:2008Icar..198...37F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016. ISSN 0019-1035.
  23. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 (Reginald W. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cohen2003a
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HåkansonOthers1983a
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