Stuburi na Biafra
Bight of Biafra, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Bight of Bonny, wani yanki ne da ke gabar tekun yammacin tsakiyar Afirka, a gabashin gabar tekun Guinea . [1]
Yanayin ƙasa
gyara sasheBight na Bonny, tsakanin Cape Formosa da Cape Lopez, shi ne mafi gabashin yankin Gulf of Guinea; ya ƙunshi tsibiran Bioko [Equatorial Guinea], Sao Tomé da Principe. Sunan Biafra - kamar yadda ya nuna kasar - ya fadi a cikin karni na 19.
Taswirar 1710 ta nuna cewa yankin da aka sani da "Biafar" yana cikin Kamaru na yanzu.
Bight of Bonny ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas daga Kogin Delta na Nijar a arewa har sai ya kai Cape Lopez a Gabon.[2] Baya ga Kogin Neja, wasu koguna da suka isa bayin sune Kogin Cross, Kogin Calabar, Ndian, Wouri, Sanaga, Kogin Nyong, Ntem, Mbia, Mbini, Muni da Kogin Komo.
Manyan tsibiran da ke cikin Bay sune Bioko da Principe; wasu muhimman tsibiran sune Ilhéu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Elobey Grande da Elobey Chico. Kasashen da ke yankin Biafra sun hada da Kamaru, yankin gabashin Najeriya, Equatorial Guinea (Tsibirin Bioko da Rio Muni), da Gabon. [3]
Tarihi
gyara sasheBight of Biafra ya kai kimanin kashi 10.7% na duk bayi da aka kai su Amurka tsakanin 1519-1700. [ana buƙatar hujja]Tsakanin 1701-1800, ya kai kimanin 14.97%.[4] Bayin da aka saya daga kasuwanni a kan Bight na Biafra sun hada da Bamileke, Efik / Ibibio, Ibo, Tikar, Bakossi, Fang, Massa, Bubi da sauransu da yawa. [4][2] Wadannan 'yan Afirka da aka kama sun isa abin da zai zama Amurka kuma an sayar da su a Virginia, wanda ke da kashi 60% na dukkan bayi a gabar gabashin. Virginia da yankunan da ke kewaye da ita suna da bayi 30,000.[5] Yawancin lokaci, bayi sun kasance masu rahusa lokacin da aka saya a Kamaru saboda sun fi son mutuwa maimakon karɓar bautar.[6]
A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, Bonny ya fito a matsayin babbar tashar kasuwancin bayi a kan Bight of Biafra wanda ya wuce tashar jiragen ruwa na farko a Elem Kalabari (wanda aka fi sani da New Calabar) da Old Calabar. Wadannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda 3 tare sun dauki sama da kashi 90% na cinikin bayi da ke fitowa daga Fafutukar Biafra.
Jerin lokaci
gyara sasheTsakanin 1525 da 1859, Birtaniya sun kai sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na bayi da aka fitar da su daga Bight of Biafra zuwa Sabon Duniya.
A cikin 1777, Portugal ta canza ikon Fernando Po da Annobón zuwa Suzerainty na Spain don haka gabatar da Spain cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka na farko na Bight of Biafra
A shekara ta 1807, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa, kuma an tura sojojin ruwa na Royal don hana bayi daga Amurka, Faransa, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Afirka ta Yamma da Larabawa yin kasuwancinsu.[7]
A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1849, Biritaniya ta kafa tasirin soji a fagen Yakin Biafra ta hanyar gina sansanin sojan ruwa da karamin ofishin jakadanci a tsibirin Fernando Po, karkashin ikon Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Bight na Benin: [8]
A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1861, Bight Biafra da Bight na Benin (karkashin nata na jakadan Burtaniya) suka zama karamin ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya, kuma a karkashin karamin ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya.
- Mayu 1852-1853: Louis Fraser 1853-Afrilu
- 1859: Benjamin Campbell
- Afrilu 1859-1860: George Brand
- 1860-Janairu 1861: Henry Hand
- Janairu-Mayu 1861: Henry Grant Foote
- Mayu-6 Agusta 1861: William McCoskry (mai aiki)
- 1861-Disamba 1864: Richard Francis Burton
- Disamba 1864-1873: Charles Livingstone
- 1873-1878: George Hartley 1878-13
- Satumba 1879: David Hopkins 13
- Satumba 1879-5 Yuni 1885: Edward Hyde Hewett.
A shekarar 1967 ne yankin Gabashin Najeriya ya balle daga kasar Najeriya ya kuma karbe sunan gabar tekun kasar, wato ‘Bight of Biafra’, inda ya zama sabuwar jamhuriyar Biafra mai cin gashin kanta. Wannan ‘yancin kai bai dade ba yayin da sabuwar jihar ta yi rashin yakin basasar Najeriya da ya biyo baya. A cikin 1975, bisa doka, gwamnatin Najeriya ta canza sunan Bight of Biafra zuwa Bight of Bonny.
Hotuna
gyara sashe-
A shekarar 1841 -
Kwamandan gaɓar tekun Biafra da na Benin, 1896
Masu sayar da bayi
gyara sashe- Daniel Backhouse
- George Case
- Jirgin ruwa na William
- William Davenport
- John Shaw
- Samuel Shaw
Bayanan da aka ambata
gyara sashe- ↑ "Bight of Biafra | Map, Location, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Biafra, Bight of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ↑ "Biafra, Bight of | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ↑ Frey, Sylvia R. (1983). "Between Slavery and Freedom: Virginia Blacks in the American Revolution". The Journal of Southern History. 49 (3): 375–398. doi:10.2307/2208101. ISSN 0022-4642.
- ↑ Nwokeji, G. Ugo; Eltis, David (2002). "Characteristics of Captives Leaving the Cameroons for the Americas, 1822-37". The Journal of African History. 43 (2): 191–210. ISSN 0021-8537.
- ↑ "African Slave Owners". BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ↑ "Southern Nigeria Administrators".