Sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar
Sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar lamari ne da ke cigaba da faruwa a muhalli. Sake sare dazuzzuka [1] na haifar da noma ko kiwo amma kuma yana iya haifar da kwararowar hamada, lalata albarkatun ruwa, yashewar halittu da asarar muhallai, da asarar kasa.
 Sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Facet of (en) | Gandun daji |
| Ƙasa | Madagaskar |
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An lura cewa Madagascar ta yi hasarar kashi 80 ko 90 cikin 100 na murfin gandun daji na "na asali" ko "pre-mantaka", amma wannan da'awar yana da wuyar tabbatarwa kuma ba ta goyan bayan shaida.[2][3] Abin da ke da tabbas shi ne, zuwan mutane a Madagascar kimanin shekaru 2000+ da suka wuce ya fara aikin wuta, noma, katako da kiwo wanda ya rage gandun daji. Kuma Amfani da gandun daji na masana'antu a lokacin daular Merina da mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ba da gudummawa ga asarar gandun daji. Shaida daga daukar hoton iska da hangen nesa sun nuna cewa ta c. Shekarar 2000, kusan kashi 40% zuwa 50% na gandun dajin da ke cikin 1950 ya bace. [3] [4] Wuraren da ake saran dazuzzuka a halin yanzu sun hada da busassun dazuzzukan kudu maso yamma ana kuma maida su don noman masara da dazuzzukan damina a arewa maso gabas da ake amfani da su don samun itace mai zafi.[2][3] [5] [6]
Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar gandun daji sun hada da yanke-da-konawa ga kasar noma (wani aikin da aka sani a gida kamar tavy ) da kuma makiyaya, zabin katako na katako mai daraja ko kayan gini, tarin itacen mai (ciki har da samar da gawayi ) da, a wasu wurare., share gandun daji don hakar ma'adinai. [7]
Tarihin sare itatuwa a Madagascar
gyara sasheTarihin farko
gyara sasheSarke dazuzzuka da ake yi a Madagascar ta hanyar sa hannun dan adam ya fara yin tasiri a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunukanta tun a shekara ta 600 AD a lokacin da mazauna Indonesiya suka kafa filayen swidden. Kirkirar filayen swidden wata hanya ce ta noma wadda dan adam ke aiwatar da shi a duk fadin duniya sama da shekaru 12000 ta hanyar fasa-kade da konawa wanda ke share yanki a shirye-shiryen habaka amfanin gona. An ga karuwar yawan dazuzzuka a kusan AD 1000 tare da bullo da shanu daga Afirka, wanda ya tilasta wa mazauna tsibirin Malagasy fadada wuraren kiwo nasu. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna muhimmancin da wannan tasiri ya haifar tare da bacewar mafi yawan dajin Madagascar a shekara ta 1600 AD. Kokarin kare dazuzzukan Madagascar ne masu mulki suka bullo da shi wajen kafa ka'idojin muhalli, wanda aka fara gani a shekarar 1881 lokacin da Sarauniya Ranavalona ta biyu ta haramta amfani da fasahohin yanke-kona a harkar noma. Wannan yunkurin gurin da nufin kare makomar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan kasar, duk da haka, an Kuma kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 80 cikin dari na ainihin dazuzzukan Madagascar sun tafi tare da rabin wannan asarar da ta faru tun daga karshen shekarun 1950. [8]
Tarihi na baya-bayan nan
gyara sasheKididdigar na farko na sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar ba su da tabbas har sai an yi amfani da bayanan da aka dauka sama da shekaru 35 daga hadadden hotunan iska, wanda aka dauka a cikin shekarata 1950, da kuma kwanan nan bayanai daga hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka samu tun 1972 an yi amfani da su karara don ganin girman dajin da aka share a ciki. yankunan gabashin Madagascar. A shekara ta 1985, kashi 50 kawai na 7.6 Hectare miliyan da ya wanzu a cikin shekarata 1950 ya kasance daidai da matsakaicin adadin sare dazuzzuka na sama da hekta 111,000 a shekara [9] kuma a shekara ta 2005 kasar ta ga jimillar kadada 854,000 na gandun daji da aka yi asarar tun shekarar 1990. Tun bayan shaidar farko na mamayar mutane kasa da shekaru 2000 da suka wuce tsibirin yawan jama'ar Madagascar a shekarata 2002 ya karu zuwa kusan 12. mutane miliyan (McConnell, 2002). Gobarar noma, zaizayar kasa da gurbacewar kasa na ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar kasashen da zaman lafiyar muhalli ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban gandun daji kuma bisa ga bayanan baya-bayan nan da aka dauka a tsakanin shekarun 2001 – 2012 adadin asarar gandun daji a Madagascar ya ci gaba da karuwa. [8]
Dalilai
gyara sasheNoma
gyara sasheBabban dalilin sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar shine aikin sare-da-kone. Kuma A tarihi da kuma al'ada da aka sani da tavy, tsarin ya kunshi saita ciyayi bayan an sare shi, samar da kasa mai yuwuwa don noman shinkafa. Tare da kafa al'ummomin karkara wadanda ke gudanar da aikin noma, hectares na gandun daji sun bace ga aikin noma.
Yawan jama'a yana karuwa
gyara sasheTun daga shekarun 1940, yawan jama'a a Madagascar ya karu da sauri, yana matsawa filin da ake da shi don gidaje da noma. An yanke dubunnan hekta na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan domin a samu karin yawan jama'a.
Itacen wuta
gyara sashe
Kasancewar kashi 40% na al'ummar karkarar Madagascar suna rayuwa cikin talauci kuma ba su da isasshen wutar lantarki, Kuma dole ne su koma amfani da itace don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun. Yana cinye kusan 100 kilogiram na itacen wuta kowane wata, gidajen Madagascan suna amfani da wannan makamashi don dafa abinci, dumama gida da haske
katako
gyara sashe
Yankin Masoala, dake gabashin Madagascar, ya kunshi katakon katako mai daraja. Galibi ebony da itacen fure, dazuzzukan dazuzzukan sun lalace domin biyan buqata mai yawa a kasuwannin duniya. [7]
Ba bisa ka'ida ba
gyara sasheAn dau shekaru aru-aru ana fama da saran saren itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Madagascar kuma tsananin talauci da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati ne ke yaduwa. Sau da yawa daukar nau'i na Zaben katako, cinikin ya kasance yana haifar da babban bukatun duniya na tsada, katako mai kyau kamar itacen fure da ebony . [10] A tarihi, gwamnatin Malagasy ce ta kayyade aikin sare itatuwa da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, duk da cewa an haramta sare itatuwan da ba kasafai ake yin su ba a wuraren da aka kayyade a shekarar 2000. Tun daga wannan lokacin, umarni na gwamnati da bayanan kula sun yi ta musayar ra'ayi tsakanin ba da izini da hana fitar da itace masu daraja. Sannan kuma Babban dalilin da ya sa aka ba da izinin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare shine don ceto itace mai mahimmanci daga lalacewar guguwa, ko da yake wannan dalili ya zo cikin zurfin bincike. Wannan samar da itacen marmari na Malagasy da sauran itatuwa masu daraja ya haifar da kasuwa na tashin farashi da faduwa, Kuma wanda hakan ya baiwa ‘yan kasuwa ko ‘yan kasuwa damar tara itacen da aka samu ba bisa ka’ida ba a lokacin haramcin lokaci-lokaci sannan kuma ya mamaye kasuwa idan aka bude tagogin kasuwanci kuma farashin yayi tsada. [11]
Tasirin muhalli
gyara sasheHalittar halittu
gyara sasheTun lokacin da ya bambanta daga Afirka sama da 88 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, sannan kuma Madagascar ta zama tsibiri mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa. Ciki har da tsire-tsire sama da 13000 da kashin baya 700, [12] kusan kashi 90% na nau'in nau'in Madagascar suna da yawa kuma ba a samun su a wani wuri a duniya. Koyaya, tare da saran gandun daji da ke lalata mahimman wuraren zama da albarkatun abinci, sama da nau'ikan 8000 ana rarraba su a matsayin masu rauni ko kuma wadanda ke cikin hadari kuma wasu, gami da nau'ikan lemur 15, sun bace a zahiri. Hade tare da kebewa yanki don haka kara hadarin lalacewa, [13] sare dazuzzuka zai ci gaba da yin tasiri ga flora da namun daji na Madagascar, kara kimar bacewa.
Lemurs wani nau'in nau'i ne na primates zuwa tsibirin Madagascar . Suna aiki azaman pollinators, masu tarwatsa iri, da ganima a cikin muhallinsu. Yawancin lemurs ana rarraba su a matsayin wadanda ke cikin hadari saboda ayyukan dan adam, Kuma gami da sare bishiyoyi. [14] Wannan saran gandun daji ya haifar da nau'ikan daji daban-daban a Madagascar: dazuzzukan farko ko na dindindin, dazuzzukan na biyu ko na tsaka-tsaki, dazuzzukan mosaic, da kasar noma. [14] Ba a sare dazuzzukan na farko ba kuma sun fi yawa. Wadannan gandun daji suna da mafi yawan lemurs. [15] Dazuzzuka na biyu sun dan kaskanta, amma wasu nau'ikan lemur suna da yawa a wadannan yankuna. [15] Gandun daji na Mosaic sun wargaje kuma saran gandun daji suna fama da su sosai. Kuma Wasu nau'in lemurs ba za su iya rayuwa a cikin wadannan dazuzzuka ba, [14] yayin da wasu za su iya. [16] Rayuwa a cikin wadannan gandun daji na mosaic ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, kamar abinci. [15] Bincike ya nuna cewa omnivores da folivores na iya jure wa wadannan wuraren zama daban-daban tunda abincinsu ya hada da tushen abinci iri-iri. [15] Misali, kumaan samo microcebus, omnivore, yana zaune a cikin wadannan dazuzzuka kuma yana amfani da yawan kwari a nan. [16] Duk da haka, lemurs wadanda ke da abinci na musamman, irin su frugivores, sun fi damuwa da tashin hankali. [15] Ana samun wadannan lemu sau da yawa a cikin gandun daji na farko. [16]
Bincike a cikin gandun daji na Masoala, dajin mafi girma da aka karewa a Madagascar, ya nuna cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaka tsakanin ma'anar tsayin bishiyar da yawan lemur. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan kasa na farko, wadanda ke da bishiyoyi mafi tsayi da mafi yawan rufi, suna da mafi girman adadin lemur. [16] Lepilemur scotterum, avahi mooreorum, [16] da eulemur albifrons an fi samun su a cikin mafi girma a cikin wadannan wurare. [15] Sauran nau'o'in, sannan kamar avahi laniger, allocebus, da microcebus, an same su a cikin daidaitattun yawa a cikin firamare, sakandare, da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan. [15]
Wani binciken dajin Antserananomby da ke yammacin Madagascar a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970 ya nuna cewa yana da mafi yawan yawan jama'a ga kowane nau'in lemur da ke zaune a wurin. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa an share yawancin dazuzzukan don amfanin gona kuma yawan lemuran ya ragu sosai. [17] Rage girman gandun daji an nuna yana da mummunan tasiri kai tsaye akan bambancin lemur.
Kasa da ruwa
gyara sashe
Kamar yawancin wuraren da ake saran gandun daji, Madagascar na fuskantar zaizayar kasa, wanda hakan na iya yin illa ga tsarin kogi da tafkuna. Dangane da tafkin Alaotra da ke yankin Ambatondrazaka, a gabashin kasar, sare itatuwan da ake yi a tsaunukan da ke sama ya haifar da zaizayar kasa sosai, lamarin da ya haifar da dazuka a tafkin. Sakamakon haka, kuma a zahiri tafkin Alaotra ya ragu da girma da kusan 30% a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Haka kuma, ingancin ruwan tafkin ya samu matsala, wanda hakan ya rage amfanin noman shinkafa makwabta. Kasa kuma na iya zama marar haihuwa bayan ciyayi. Lokacin da tsire-tsire suka mutu ko suka zubar da ganye, ƙananan kwayoyin cuta a cikin kasa suna lalata dattin ganye yayin da suke cinye shi, suna karya shi zuwa mahimman abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci ga cigaban shuka a nan gaba. Idan an cire wannan kwayar halitta, ba za a sake yin amfani da kayan abinci mai gina jiki ba, kuma rage yawan amfanin kasa da rage girmar shuka.
Yanayin yanayi da yanayi
gyara sasheSake sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar, da ma sauran sassan duniya, na iya yin tasiri kan yanayi. Lokacin da aka share gandun daji, an bar dakin da ke kasa da rana fiye da baya. Kuma Wannan kara hasken rana yana rage danshi na kasa kuma yana kara yawan evapotranspiration a cikin shuke-shuke, a karshen yana dehydrating su kuma yana hana girma. A matakin duniya, an kuma san sare dazuzzuka na yin tasiri kan matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi ta hanyar;
- Ayyukan yanka-da-konawa: Ana amfani da su da farko don kirkirar kasar Najeriya noma, ya hada da sare dazuzzuka da tarkace kona daga baya.
- Rushewar photosynthesis: Tsire-tsire suna shan iskar carbon dioxide, da ruwa, don samar da kwayoyin halittarsu da oxygen. Idan babu shuke-shuke, carbon dioxide ba a sha.
Tare da hasarar mahimman nitsewar carbon da cigaba da yanke-da-kona sare gandun daji ne matakan carbon dioxide zai ci gaba da karuwa a cikin yanayi, wanda a karshen zai ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi.
Tasirin tattalin arziki
gyara sasheTasirin tattalin arziki na sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar ya yi daidai da lalacewar muhallinta da albarkatunta. Misalai sun wanzu a ciki;
Noma
gyara sashe
Yayin da babban dalilin sare gandun daji, noma kuma na iya zama daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Kuma Ba tare da ciyayi don daidaita kasa ba, damar zaizayar kasa yana ƙaruwa, yana aika kusan tan 400/ha na laka cikin magudanan ruwa kowace shekara. [18] Sakamakon haka, ingancin ruwa yana raguwa kuma tare da karancin hawan keke na abinci mai gina jiki saboda karancin kwayoyin cuta, aikin shuka yana raguwa, gami da amfanin gona mai mahimmanci na shinkafa;
Magani
gyara sasheA matsayin samfur na nau'ikan halittunta, Madagascar tana da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa, tare da 2,300 suna da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance cututtuka da yawa, Kuma daga cututtukan gama gari zuwa cututtukan daji. Idan aka ci gaba da saran gandun daji, masana'antar harhada magunguna za su yi asarar wani muhimmin albarkatu, daga ƙarshe wahala ta ragu a riba.
Ecotourism
gyara sasheMadagaskar tana da nau'ikan), kashi 90% na da nau'ikan da kashi 90% ke da su. Tare da saran gandun daji yana lalata wuraren zama da kuma haifar da barkewa, kasar Madagascar za ta yi yuwuwar rasa babban kadari na yawon bude ido, kawar da kwakkwaran saka hannun jari a ayyukan ecourism (kamar wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shakatawa, da wuraren shakatawa na kasa), don haka rage guraben aikin yi na dindindin ga al'ummomin gida.
Kokarin sake dazuzzuka
gyara sasheDuk da yanayin sare dazuzzuka, murfin bishiyar yana ƙaruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar, kodayake yawancin nau'ikan da aka gabatar (wanda ba na asali ba) kamar Eucalyptus (nau'i daban-daban), pine ( Pinus kesiya, Pinus patula ,) wattle silver ( Acacia dealbata ), itacen oak na silky ( Grevillea banksii ), da paperbark/niaouli ("Melaleuca quinquenervia"). Wasu daga cikin wadannan bishiyoyin dazuzzuka da manoma ne suke shuka su; sannan wasu kuma sun zama masu mamaye nasu. An nuna sake dazuzzuka ta hanyar eucalypts, pines, da wattles, alal misali, a tsaunukan tsakiya.
Kokarin sake dazuzzuka tare da nau'ikan halittu, musamman a hanyoyin dajin, sun sami nasara iri daya. Rio Tinto, kungiyar ma'adinai ta gudanar da wasu kokarin sake dazuzzuka. Wannan kokarin ya haɗa da kafa wuraren gandun daji guda 2 kusa da Fort Dauphin. Kuma Ana kiran wuraren gandun daji na Rio Tinto QMM's nurseries. Gidajen gandun daji suna dasa nau'ikan bishiyoyi 600 daga Madagascar. [19] [20] Duk da haka, a cikin shekarata 2003, Rio Tinto ya kuma sanar da shirye-shirye na ilmenite (wanda ake amfani da shi don yin man goge baki da fenti) a kudancin Madagascar. Wadannan tsare-tsare sun hada da samar da sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa, hanyoyi, da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Galibin ma’aikatan bakin haure za a dauki su aiki, duk da yawan rashin aikin yi a yankin. Kuma Wannan rashin aikin yi da talauci ne ke haifar da samar da gawayi, wanda shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da sare itatuwa a yankin.
Duba wasu abubuwan
gyara sashe- Yanke sare dazuzzuka
- Muhalli na Madagascar
- Namun daji na Madagascar
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Saving the Wildlife of Madagascar", Time, September 25, 2008.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McConnell, William; Kull, Christian (2014). "Protecting lemurs: Madagascar's forests". Science. 344 (6182): 358. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..358M. doi:10.1126/science.344.6182.358-a. PMID 24763569.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 McConnell, William; Kull, Christian (2014). Ivan R. Scales (ed.). "Deforestation in Madagascar: debates over the island's forest cover and challenges of measuring forest change" (PDF). Conservation and Environmental Management in Madagascar. London: Routledge-Earthscan: 67–104.
- ↑ Deforestation causes species extinction in Madagascar
- ↑ Campbell, Gwyn (2013). "Forest Depletion in Imperial Madagascar, c.1790–1861". Contest for Land in Madagascar: Environment, Ancestors and Development, Edited by S. Evers, G. Campbell & M. Lambek (Leiden: Brill).: 63–96.
- ↑ Jarosz, Lucy (1993). "Defining and explaining tropical deforestation: shifting cultivation and population growth in colonial Madagascar (1896-1940)". Economic Geography. 69 (4): 366–379. doi:10.2307/143595. JSTOR 143595. PMID 12318844.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Zhu, Annah (2017). "Rosewood Occidentalism and Orientalism in Madagascar". Geoforum.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMadagascar - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedReferenceA - ↑ Zhu, Annah (2020). "China's Rosewood Boom: A Cultural Fix to Capital Overaccumulation". Annals of the American Association of Geographers.
- ↑ Anonymous (2018). "Rosewood democracy in the political forests of Madagascar". Political Geography.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedElements of Ecology - ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsearch.proquest.com - ↑ IUCN report on Rio Tinto mines in Madagascar[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Indian Ocean With Simon Reeve documentary