Nwanyeruwa
Nwanyeruwa, wacce aka fi sani da Madame Nwanyeruwa, wata ‘yar kabilar Ibo ce da ke zaune a cikin mulkin mallaka a Nijeriya, wacce ta yi fice a kan rawar da ta taka a Rikicin Matan Aba, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Mata.
 Nwanyeruwa | |
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| Rayuwa | |
| Sana'a |
Tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne saboda rashin son sanya harajin matan Najeriya a cikin matsin tattalin arziki na Babban Tsananin. Bayan artabu da wani jami’in Warrant na Ibo, Nwanyeruwa ta shirya mace ‘yar Najeriya 10,000 a wata zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka da hukumomin yankin. Duk da cewa zanga-zangar bata haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa ko yarda da bukatun Nwanyeruwa ba, amma hakan ya haifar da sanya mata cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya.
Matakan Nwanyeruwa sun sami yabo daga masana tarihi da yawa, waɗanda suka ambaci ayyukanta a matsayin muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin kishin ƙasa na Afirka.[1][2][3][4]
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheKoda yake ba'a san ranar haihuwar Nwanyeruwa ba, ba kuma asan inda aka haife ta ba, amma wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa, an haifi Nwanyeruwa ne a yankin kasaribo (yankin inyamurai), yankin da ya mamaye mafi yawan Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya.[5] Nwanyeruwa mace ce daga ƙabilar Oloko a Najeriya. Kamar yadda da hankula jinsi matsayin na Igbo al'ada aka juyawa kamar yadda tsayayya da su Yammacin al'ada, Nwanyeruwa gaske amsa kamar yadda da gaske dalĩli a cikin gida. Wani lokaci kafin 1929, Nwanyeruwa ta auri wani ɗan kabilar Ibo mai suna Ojim, wanda ya mutu wani lokaci kafin wannan shekarar.[6][7]
Matsayi a Yaƙin Mata
gyara sasheYaƙin Matan, wanda kuma ake kira Rikicin Matan Aba da Bature ya yi, ya samo asali ne sakamakon rikici tsakanin Nwanyeruwa da wani mutum, Mark Emereuwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen ƙididdigar mutanen da ke zaune a garin da Warrant ɗin ke iko da shi, Okugo. Nwanyeruwa dan asalin Ngwa ne, kuma anyi aure a garin Oloko. A Oloko, ƙidayar tana da alaƙa da haraji, kuma mata a yankin sun damu da wanda zai saka musu haraji, musamman a lokacin hauhawar hauhawar farashin jini a ƙarshen 1920s. Faduwar kuɗi ta 1929 ya hana mata damar kasuwanci da samarwa don haka suka nemi tabbaci daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka cewa ba za a buƙace su da biyan haraji ba. Saboda fuskantar tsayayyar buƙatunsu na siyasa, matan sun yanke shawarar cewa ba za su biya haraji ba kuma ba za a kimanta dukiyoyinsu ba.
A safiyar 18 ga Nuwamba, Emereuwa ta isa gidan Nwanyereuwa kuma ta tunkare ta, tunda mijinta Ojim ya riga ya mutu. Ya gaya wa gwauruwa cewa "ta ƙidaya akuya, tumaki da mutanenta." Tun da Nwanyeruwa ya fahimci wannan yana nufin, "Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan kuna da su don haka za mu iya biyan ku haraji bisa ga su", ta yi fushi. Ta amsa da cewa "Shin an kirga mahaifiyar takaba ?," ma'ana "cewa mata ba sa biyan haraji a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Ibo." Su biyun sun yi musayar kalamai masu zafi, sai Emeruwa ya kame Nwanyeruwa a wuya. [8] Nwanyeruwa ya tafi dandalin garin don tattauna abin da ya faru tare da wasu mata waɗanda suka kasance suna yin taro don tattauna batun sanya harajin mata. Sun yi imani za a sanya musu haraji, a kan asusun Nwanyeruwa, matan Oloko sun gayyaci wasu matan (ta hanyar aikawa da ganyen itacen dabino) daga wasu yankuna a Gundumar Bende, da kuma daga Umuahia da Ngwa . Sun tara mata kusan 10,000 wadanda suka yi zanga-zanga a ofishin Warrant Chief Okugo, suna neman ya yi murabus tare da kiran a yi shari’a.
Sakamakon zanga-zangar, an inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'umma sosai. A wasu yankuna, mata sun sami damar maye gurbin Warrant Chiefs. An kuma sanya mata don yin aiki a Kotunan Asalin. Bayan yakin mata, motsin mata ya kasance mai karfi a Ngwaland, abubuwa da yawa da suka faru a shekarun 1930, 40 zuwa 50 sun sami karbuwa ne daga yakin mata, gami da Zanga-zangar Haraji na 1938, Zanga-zangar Mai a shekarar 1940 a Owerri da Calabar Larduna da Tawayen Haraji a Aba da Onitsha a shekarar 1956.
Alfahari
gyara sasheNwanyeruwa, tare da sauran matan ƙauyen Oloko sun sa matan wasu ƙauyukan Najeriya sun fara nasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa suma. Matsayin Nwanyeruwa a yakin mata ya kasance daya daga cikin jerin ayyuka wadanda suka zama silar kawo sauyi na zamantakewar al'umma da siyasa a tarihin Najeriya, wanda ya taimaka ga yunkurin kishin kasa na Afirka a yankin da yunkurin neman 'yanci, wanda ya kai ga samun' yanci a shekarar 1960. . Ayyukanta sun nuna babbar alama a cikin kishin Afirka da haƙƙin mata a Afirka.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Riot or Rebellion? The Women's Market Rebellion of 1929". American Historical Association.
- ↑ "How Nwanyeruwa Ignited The Igbo Women's War Of 1929". Woman.ng. Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ↑ Korieh, Chima J. (February 2015). "Marc Matera, Misty L. Bastian, and Susan Kingsley Kent. The Women's War of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 374–375. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.1.374. ISSN 1937-5239.
- ↑ Van Allen, Judith (January 1972). ""Sitting on a Man": Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women". Canadian Journal of African Studies (in Faransanci). 6 (2): 165–181. doi:10.1080/00083968.1972.10803664. ISSN 0008-3968.
- ↑ "The Igbo People – Origins & History". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ↑ "The Igbo People – Origins & History". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ↑ Glover, Jonathan (1995). Women, Culture and development: A study of human capabilities. Oxford University. p. 449.
- ↑ The Testimony of Nwanyoji, March 14, 1930. In The Women's War of 1929 by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011.