Makli Necropolis
Makli Necropolis (Urdu: مکلی کا شہرِ خموشاں; Sindhi: مڪلي جو مقام) na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren jana'izar a duniya, wanda ya bazu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 kusa da birnin Thatta, a lardin Sindh na kasar Pakistan. Wurin yana dauke da kaburbura kusan 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1[1] da aka gina a tsawon shekaru 400.[2] Makli Necropolis yana da manyan abubuwan tunawa da jana'iza na sarakuna, waliyyai Sufaye daban-daban, da manyan malamai. An rubuta wurin a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1981 a matsayin "fitacciyar shaida" ga wayewar Sindhi tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 18.[3]
 Makli Necropolis | ||||
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necropolis (en)  | ||||
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| Bayanai | ||||
| Bangare na |
Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta (en) | |||
| Suna a harshen gida | مکلی کا شہرِ خموشاں | |||
| Ƙasa | Pakistan | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Pakistan | |||
| Province of Pakistan (en) | Sindh (en) | |||
| Division of Pakistan (en) | Banbhore Division (en) | |||
| District of Pakistan (en) | Thatta District (en) | |||
| Birni | Thatta (en) | |||
Wuri
gyara sashe
Makli Necropolis yana cikin garin Makli, wanda ke kan tudu mai tazarar kilomita 6 daga birnin Thatta,[1] babban birnin kasar Sindh na kasa har zuwa karni na 17.[4] Tana da kusan kilomita 98 gabas da Karachi, kusa da kololuwar kogin Indus a kudu maso gabashin Sindh. Madaidaicin kudu na wurin yana da nisan mil 5 arewa da rugujewar Kallankot Fort na da.
Etymology
gyara sashe
Wurin, da tsaunukan da ke kusa, an ce sun samo sunan su ne daga wata tatsuniyar da wani alhaji ya tsaya a wurin, ya yi farin ciki da ruhi, inda ya ayyana wurin a matsayin Makkah. Sannan ance Walin Sufaye Sheikh Hamad Jamali ya sanyawa wurin suna “Makli” ko “Little Makkah” bayan ya ji labarin mahajjaci.[5]
Tarihi
gyara sasheWaliyyin Sufaye, mawaki kuma masani Shaikh Jamali ya kafa wurin taro na khanqah, ko Sufaye, a Makli kuma daga karshe aka binne shi a can.[5] Sarkin Samma na karni na 14, Jam Tamachi, ya girmama waliyyi kuma ya yi fatan a hada shi kusa da waliyyi, inda ya fara al'adar amfani da Makli a matsayin wurin jana'izar.
Wurin ya shahara a matsayin babban wurin jana'izar a lokacin mulkin daular Samma, wanda ya yi babban birninsu kusa da Thatta.[5]
Mafi mahimmancin kaburburan gine-gine a wurin sun kasance tun daga zamanin Mughal, tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1640 CE.[4]
Tsarin aiki
gyara sasheMakli Necropolis yana da murabba'in kilomita 10, yana da gidaje akalla 500,000 kaburbura.[2] Ya taso daga Pir Patho a kudancin tsaunin Makli, zuwa arewa cikin siffar lu'u-lu'u.[6] Gefen Gabas ɗinta an kafa shi ne ta ƙoramar tsaunin Makli. Ana samun manyan abubuwan tunawa da yawa a gefen kudu na wurin, kodayake ana samun kaburburan Samma a arewa.
Juyin Halitta
gyara sashe
Gine-ginen jana'izar na manyan abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa tasirin musulmi, Hindu, Farisa, Mughal, da Gujarati,[2] a cikin salon Lower Sindh wanda ya zama sananne da salon Chaukhandi, mai suna bayan kaburburan Chaukhandi kusa da Karachi. Salon Chaukhandi ya zo ne don haɗa shingen dutsen yashi waɗanda maƙeran dutse suka sassaƙa a hankali cikin ƙira mai ƙira.[7]
Kaburbura na farko sun nuna faifai uku zuwa shida na dutse da aka jera a saman juna zuwa siffar ƙaramin dala. Haɓaka gine-ginen jana'izar sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa ƙananan tarkace.
A karni na 15, an fara shigar da kayan ado na rosettes da alamu masu da'ira a cikin kaburbura. Ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙira da ƙira na Larabci tare da bayanan tarihin jikin da aka haɗa sannan suka fito. Manya-manyan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun haɗa da ginshiƙai da wasu ƙira da aka yi wahayi daga ilimin sararin samaniya.[7]
Tsarin pyramidal daga ƙarni na 16 yana nuna amfani da minarets ɗin da aka yi sama da kayan furanni a cikin wani salo na musamman ga kaburbura waɗanda suka fito daga daular Turkic Trakhan. Gine-gine daga karni na 17 a sashin Leilo Sheikh na makabartar sun ƙunshi manyan kaburbura da suka yi kama da gidajen ibada na Jain daga nesa,[7] tare da babban tasiri daga yankin Gujarat na kusa.
Da yawa daga cikin manyan kaburbura sun ƙunshi sassaka na dabbobi, mayaka, da makamai - al'adar da ba a saba gani ba ga abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar musulmi. Daga baya kaburbura a wurin wani lokaci ana yin su gaba ɗaya da tubali, tare da shingen yashi kawai.[1]
Manyan gine-gine mafi girma a cikin salon Chaukhandi na archetypal sun ƙunshi domed dutsen yashi na rawaya waɗanda aka yi wa fararen farare tare da ƙofofin katako, a cikin salon da ke nuna tasirin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Farisa. Girman kubba yana nuni da shaharar mutumin da aka binne, tare da ƙawata ƙasa da sifofin furen da aka sassaƙa.[7] Ƙarƙashin wasu kanofi yana nuna furannin magarya, alamar da aka fi haɗawa da addinin Hindu.[5]
Wasu kaburbura sun zo suna da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen shuɗi na Sindh.[7] Amfani da rumfunan jana'izar daga ƙarshe ya haɓaka sama da ƙananan Sindh, kuma ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen jana'izar a Gujarat maƙwabta.[8]
Mausolea na Sarauta
gyara sasheMausolea na sarauta mai ban sha'awa ya kasu kashi biyu manyan gungu: waɗanda daga zamanin Samma suka samar da nasu gungu, yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga lokutan Tarkhan, Arghun, da Mughals suna taruwa tare.
Samma cluster
gyara sasheKaburburan da suka fito daga Daular Samma sun taru a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 5 a arewacin ƙarshen necropolis. Samma su ne sarakunan Rajput, waɗanda suka kwace ikon Thatta a cikin 1335.[5] Kaburburan Samma suna da tasiri sosai da salon Gujarati, kuma sun haɗa da kayan ado na musulmi da na Hindu.
Kabarin Sarki Jam Nizamuddin II, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1510, wani tsari ne mai ban sha'awa na murabba'in mita 11.4 a kowane gefe. An gina shi da dutsen yashi kuma an yi masa ado da fure-fure da kayan ado na geometric. Siffar kuboid na kabarin na iya samun wahayi daga Ka'aba da ke Makkah. Ba a taɓa gina kubbarsa ba, don haka ya bar cikin fallasa ga abubuwa.[6] Gidan tarihin yana da wani katon jharoka ko baranda da aka sassaƙa irin na Gujarati, da ƙaramin kololuwa a samansa, wanda ya sa kabarin ya yi kama da haikali. A waje yana da nau'ikan kayan ado guda 14 waɗanda ke da ayoyin Alqur'ani da alamomin Hindu,[5] kodayake bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, duk kayan ado suna ɗaukar sifar tsarin geometric, ban da frieze da ke nuna agwagwa na gida.[6]
Kabarin dan riƙon Jam Nizamuddin, Darya Khan, yayi kama da sansanin Rajasthani, kuma an gina shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1521 an haifi Darya Khan a matsayin bawa, amma ya yi fice a matsayin janar bayan ya fatattaki sojojin Arghun a yaƙi. An ba shi lakabin "Jarumi na Sindh," kuma daga karshe aka nada shi Madrul Muham, ko Firayim Minista.[5]
Arghun, Trakhan, da tari na Mughal
gyara sashe
Kabarin Isa Khan Tarkhan I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1554 zuwa 1565, yana wakiltar tashi daga gine-ginen jana'izar na Sammas. Kabarin yana da wani sabon salo mai salo na cenotaph, kuma an shimfida shi da siffa mai siffar rectangular tare da bangon ciki gaba daya an lullube shi da ayoyin kur'ani. Har ila yau kabarin yana da wurin da aka keɓe don kaburburan matansa na sarauta 5.[6]
Mausoleum na Isa Khan Hussain II Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1651) yana da ginin bene mai hawa biyu mai dauke da kofofi da baranda. An ce an gina kabarin a zamanin Isa. Bayan kammalawa, tatsuniya ta bayyana cewa Isa ya ba da umarnin a datse hannayen masu sana’ar don kada su sake yin wani abin tunawa da zai yi hamayya da nasa.[5]
Kabarin Jan Beg Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1600), wani tsari ne na bulo wanda aka lulluɓe shi da shuɗi da fale-falen turquoise. Kaburbura ko kaburbura (chattri maqbara ko kabarin laima) wani nau'in fasalin gine-gine ne na Indo-Musulunci, da kuma kaburbura.
Lokacin Mughul yana wakiltar kaburbura da yawa a gefen kudu na necropolis, ciki har da mausoleum na Mirza Jani da Mirza Ghazi Baig, na Nawab Shurfa Khan, shingen Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek da na Mirza Jan Baba da kuma ban sha'awa. kabarin Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan ƙarami.
Kiyayewa
gyara sasheMakli Necropolis an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1981. Tsaftar tsarin wurin ya shafi sitaci, mamayewa, rashin kula da wuraren, barna, da sharar gida.[2] Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 ta kara dagula tabarbarewar wurin.[9]
Hotuna
gyara sashe-
Makli graveyard -
Makli Necropolis -
Babban ra'ayi game da shafin -
Wasu gumakan suna ƙunshe da shinge tare da rufin da aka tallafa wa dutsen dutsen da aka sassaka -
Wasu mausolea, irin na Dean Shurfa Khan suna da tasirin gine-gine mai ƙarfi daga Asiya ta Tsakiya -
Kabarin Jam Nizamuddin II yana da jharoka wanda ke nuna tasirin Gujarati -
Kabarin Isa Khan Hussain II na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi a wurin -
Kaburbura da yawa sun lalace sosai -
Alkur’ani zane-zane a wani kabari da aka yi wa wani Sufi tsarkaka a cikin necropolis -
Kabarin Daya Khan Rahu -
Ra'ayin kabarin Jam Mubarak Khan -
Ra'ayin Nizam al-Din Tomb tare da palon polygon
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Makli Hill". ArchNet. Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2011
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Furnival, WJ (1904). Leadless Decorative Tiles, Faience, and Mosaic: Comprising Notes and Excerpts on the History, Materials, Manufacture & Use of Ornamental Flooring Tiles, Ceramic Mosaic, and Decorative Tiles and Faience, with Complete Series of Recipes for Tile-bodies, and for Leadless Glazes and Art-tile Enamels, Volume 1. W. J. Furnival. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Qureshi, Urooj (8 August 2014). "In Pakistan, imposing tombs that few have seen". BBC Travel. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Makli Necropolis". Asian Historical Architecture. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Malik, Iftikhar (2006). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313331268. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2001). The Islamic Architectural Heritage of Pakistan: Funerary Memorial Architecture. Royal Book Company. ISBN 978-9694072623. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ Damage Assessment Mission to the Necropolis of Makli, Heritage Foundation, supported by the Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development, Karachi (2011).