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Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya

Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya (TEK), yana bayyana ilimin mutanen asalin gari da sauran ilimin gargajiya na albarkatun kasa. A matsayin fannin nazari a cikin ilimin ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka, Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana nufin "ɗaɗɗen ilimin ilimi, imani, da aiki, haɓakawa ta hanyar tarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya kuma ana ba da su ta cikin tsararraki ta hanyar waƙoƙin gargajiya, labarai da imani. Ya shafi alakar rayayyun halittu (ciki har da mutum) da kungiyoyin su na al’ada da muhallinsu.”[1] Yana da kyau a lura cewa ilimin asali ba ra'ayi ba ne na duniya a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, amma ana magana da shi ga tsarin al'adu ko ayyuka na ilimi waɗanda suka dogara ga "wuri.[2] Ana amfani da irin wannan ilimin a cikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a madadin tushen bayanan muhalli a lokuta inda babu ƙaramin bayanan kimiyya da aka yi rikodin,[3] ko kuma yana iya nufin hanyoyin kimiyyar Yammacin Turai na sarrafa muhalli.

Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya
academic discipline (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na indigenous studies (en) Fassara da Kimiyyar muhalli
Quotation or excerpt (en) Fassara In Sacred Ecology, Fikret Berkes defines traditional ecological knowledge as “the study of traditional ecological knowledge begins with the study of species identifications and classification (ethnobiology) and proceeds to considerations of peoples’ understandings of ecological processes and their relationships with the environment (human ecology).” To Berkes, traditional ecological knowledge implies three main components: local-based knowledge of the environment, practices such as agriculture, and beliefs defining people’s interactions with nature. Fikret Berkes, 1999. Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. 6.

Aiwatar da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a fagen kula da muhalli da kimiyya har yanzu yana da rigima, kamar yadda hanyoyin samun da kuma tattara ilimi-ko da yake sau da yawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike da gwaje-gwaje - ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira da tabbatar da ilimin muhalli na kimiyya daga hangen nesa na yamma.[4] [5] Hukumomin gwamnati da ba na kabilanci ba, irin su US EPA, sun kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin kai tare da wasu gwamnatocin kabilanci don haɗa Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin tsare-tsaren muhalli da bin diddigin sauyin yanayi.

Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi.[6] Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya.

Ana amfani da ilimin gargajiya don kula da albarkatun kasa wadanda ake bukata don rayuwa.[7] Yayin da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ita kanta, da kuma al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar baka, na iya zama cikin barazana saboda saurin sauyin yanayi ko lalacewar muhalli,[8] TEK yana nuna mahimmanci don fahimtar tasirin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli.

Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli.[9]

Ci gaban fannin ilimin gyara sashe

An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada.[10] Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam.[11]

A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli.[10] Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun."[11] Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun."[12] Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji.

Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya gyara sashe

 
Kwatanta TEK da Kimiyyar Yamma

Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka:

Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya gyara sashe

Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu." [13]

Binciken gaskiya gyara sashe

Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya.[14] Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK." [15]

Tsarin gudanarwa gyara sashe

Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. [16] Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida.

Amfani na baya da na yanzu gyara sashe

Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, [17] kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma.

Da'a da dabi'u gyara sashe

Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su - yanayin dangantakar mutum.

Al'adu da asali gyara sashe

 
Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya akai-akai yana da alaƙa da ilimin da ke kewaye da tsirrai da ganye.

Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. [18] Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa" [19]

Ilimin sararin samaniya gyara sashe

Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa.

A cikin A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi[20] na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne."

Gudanar da yanayin muhalli gyara sashe

 
Misalin wannan shine gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba wa ’yan asalin ƙasar ƙasar don aiwatar da al’adarsu ta yadda ake sarrafa gobara. Hakan ya sa yankunan sun bambanta ta fuskar halitta kuma sun rage barazanar gobarar daji da tsananin su.

Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba ( al'adar al'adu ), amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki.

Maido da ingancin muhalli gyara sashe

Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin.[21] Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli.[22]

Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka gyara sashe

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin hukumomin tarayya na farko da suka samar da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da ke bayanin yadda za ta hada kai da gwamnatocin kabilu da kuma amincewa da muradun kabilanci wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta "don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli."[23] A cikin fahimtar alaƙar ƙabilanci da mahalli, EPA ta nemi haɓaka shirye-shiryen muhalli waɗanda ke haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin "kimiyyar muhalli, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara."[24]

Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama.[25] Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya.[10]

A cikin Nuwamban 2000, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 13175, wanda ke buƙatar sassan tarayya da hukumomin tarayya su tuntuɓi gwamnatocin ƙabilun Indiya don haɓaka manufofin da za su sami tasirin kabilanci.[26] Tasirin kabilanci ana bayyana ta EPA da cewa yana da "tasirin kai tsaye ga ɗaya ko fiye da kabilun Indiya, akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya, ko kuma akan rabon iko da nauyi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya."[27] A matsayin hukumar tarayya ta gwamnatin Amurka, an buƙaci EPA ta kafa ƙa'idodin tsarin tuntuɓar. A matsayin martaninta na farko, hukumar ta samar da wasu ka’idoji da za su ba da damar yin sadarwa mai ma’ana da daidaitawa tsakanin hukumar da jami’an kabilanci kafin hukumar ta dauki matakai ko aiwatar da shawarwarin da ka iya shafan kabilu. Ka'idojin sun kuma tsara lambobin tuntuɓar EPA don haɓaka daidaito da daidaita tsarin tuntuɓar, da kafa kulawar gudanarwa da bayar da rahoto don tabbatar da gaskiya da gaskiya.

Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida.[28]

Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam.

Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta.

Duk da irin wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, har yanzu akwai shingaye don ci gaba a cikin Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA. Misali, daya cikas shine yanayin hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya. Hanyoyin Rayuwa na Gargajiya na kabilanci ana ba da su ta hanyar labari, daga zamani zuwa zamani, tsara zuwa tsara, yayin da kimiyyar yammacin duniya ta dogara da rubutacciyar kalma, sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi da ilimi. Ƙoƙarin tattara masana kimiyya na yammacin duniya da mutanen ƙabilanci su ma sun sami cikas ta hanyar fahimtar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka cewa ana sanya nazarin kimiyya a cikin "baƙar akwatin" na misalta wanda ke hana shigar da kabilanci. Ko da kuwa, EPA ta fahimci ikon ilimin ɗan asalin don haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya da samar da sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda za su iya amfanar yanayi da lafiyar ɗan adam.

Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. [29]

A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai # 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." ). Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi . Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba. [30]

Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya gyara sashe

A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji ..., wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba":[31]

Canjin yanayi gyara sashe

 
Jama'ar asali da Canjin Yanayi: Taswirar gaskiya game da tasirin lafiyar canjin yanayi a kan 'yan asalin

Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka.[32] Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi.

Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro.

Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi.[33]

Yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙara zafi, gobarar daji ta zama mai yiwuwa. Wata al'umma ta asali a Ostiraliya kwanan nan an ba su ƙasa kuma suna dawo da al'adarsu ta al'ada na sarrafa konewa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bambancin halittu da kuma rage tsananin gobarar daji.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun.

Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen Alaska na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa.

Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar.

Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi.

Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska gyara sashe

A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba.

Kungiyar harsunanTEK gyara sashe

Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK gyara sashe

A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na California sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. "[34]

Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.”[35]

Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK gyara sashe

A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance Tekun Atlantika ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa (Ottawa) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.”[36]

A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi / muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai, damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin shinkafa na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.”[37]

Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK gyara sashe

A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau".[38]

Duba kuma gyara sashe

  • Agroecology
  • Braiding Sweetgrass
  • Samfurin gandun daji ba na katako ba
  • Ilimin gargajiya
  • Afirka Insect TEK

Manazarta gyara sashe

Bayanan kula gyara sashe

  1. ↑ Berkes, F. (1993). "Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action". BioScience. 52 (5): 432. JSTOR 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0432:WTEKIB]2.0.CO;2
  2. ↑ Madden, Brooke (June 2, 2015). "Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education". Teacher and Teacher Education. 51: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005 – via Elsevier ScienceDirect.
  3. ↑ Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. Northern Perspectives, 20(1):9-12
  4. ↑ McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. American Indian Quarterly, 28(3 & 4), 385-410
  5. ↑ Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. Conservation Ecology, 8(1): 1
  6. ↑ Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.
  7. ↑ AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009
  8. ↑ Henriksen, John (2007). HIGHLY VULNERABLE INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, INTER ALIA, OF THE ARCTIC, SMALL ISLAND STATES AND HIGH ALTITUDES, CONCERNING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACCELERATED THREATS, SUCH AS POLLUTION, DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION, TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES WITH A FOCUS OF CAUSES AND SOLUTION. Montreal: UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity. p. 30.
  9. ↑ "What is Traditional Knowledge".
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Berkes, Fikret (1993). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective" (PDF).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Berkes, Fikret. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge" (PDF).
  12. ↑ "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future" (PDF). March 20, 1987.
  13. ↑ Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.
  14. ↑ Houde, Nicolas (2007-12-20). "The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements" (PDF). Ecology and Society. 12 (2). doi:10.5751/ES-02270-120234. ISSN 1708-3087
  15. ↑ Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management
  16. ↑ Berkes 1988, Gunn et all. 1988
  17. ↑ Usher 2000
  18. ↑ Houde 2007
  19. ↑ Lewis and Sheppard 2005
  20. ↑ Kawagley, A. Oscar (2006). A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN 1-57766-384-5. OCLC 64668378.
  21. ↑ Douterlungne, David; Levy‐Tacher, Samuel I.; Golicher, Duncan J.; Dañobeytia, Francisco Román (2010). "Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern". Restoration Ecology. 18(3): 322–329. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x. ISSN 1526-100X.
  22. ↑ Hall, Monique Mae; Wehi, Priscilla M.; Whaanga, Hēmi; Walker, Erana T.; Koia, Jonni Hazeline; Wallace, Kiri Joy (2021). "Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration". Restoration Ecology. 29 (1): e13305. doi:10.1111/rec.13305. ISSN 1526-100X. S2CID 228960211.
  23. ↑ "EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy)". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
  24. ↑ Woolford, James (January 17, 2017). "Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge" (PDF).
  25. ↑ "Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making" (PDF). June 2011.
  26. ↑ "Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  27. ↑ "Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
  28. ↑ "Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/. July 24, 2014.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Policy
  31. ↑ Hoover, Elizabeth (2012). "Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice". Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (12): 1645–1649. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205422. JSTOR 23323091. PMC 3548285. PMID 22899635.
  32. ↑ "Moffa, Anthony. "Traditional Ecological Rulemaking" (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  33. ↑ Bennet, T.M. Bull; et al. (2014). "National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources". Global Change. US Global Change Research Program. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  34. ↑ Marks-Block, Tony; Lake, Frank K.; Curran, Lisa M. (2019-10-15). "Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest". Forest Ecology and Management. 450: 117517. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517. ISSN 0378-1127. S2CID 201207806.
  35. ↑ Norgaard, Kari; Tripp, William (March 2019). Karuk Climate Adaptation Plan (PDF). Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources (Report).
  36. ↑ Kalman, Bobbie; Walker, Niki (2003). Life in an Anishinabe Camp. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7787-0373-0.
  37. ↑ Whyte, Kyle. Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now. kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu. pp. 209–211.
  38. ↑ Guernsey, J.; Keeler, Kyle; Julius, J. (July 30, 2021). "How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation". ResearchGate.

Ci gaba da karatu gyara sashe

  • Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013) . Braiding Sweetgrass: Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Koyarwar Tsirrai (Bugu na Milkweed)  .

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara sashe

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