Howqua
Wu Bingjian (Chananci: 伍秉鑑; 1769 – 4 September 1843) [1], yana kasuwanci da suna "Houqua" [2]kuma an fi sanin shi a Turai da suna "Howqua" ko "Howqua II", [a] [3]ɗan kasuwa ne na Hong a cikin masana'antu goma sha uku (Thirteen Factories), shugaban Ewo (hong) kuma shugaban Canton Cohong. Ya taba zama wanda yafi kowa arziki a duniya.[4][5][6][7]
 Howqua | |
|---|---|
_-_50.3792_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | 伍秉鑑 |
| Haihuwa |
Fujian (en)  , 1769 |
| ƙasa |
Qing dynasty (en) |
| Mutuwa | Guangzhou, 4 Satumba 1843 |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | Howqua Ⅰ |
| Yara |
view
|
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | Ɗan kasuwa |
Tarihin Rayuwa
gyara sasheHokkien daga zuriyar mahaifinsa da zuriyarsa daga Quanzhou, Wu an san shi a yankunan Turai da suna Howqua, kamar yadda mahaifinsa, Wu Guorong, wanda ya kafa kasuwancin iyali ko hong. Sunan "Howqua" romanization ne, a cikin harshensa na Hokkien, na sunan kasuwancin da ya yi ciniki a ƙarƙashinsa, "浩官" (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-koaⁿ)[8]. Ya samu arziƙin kasuwanci tsakanin Sin da daular Burtaniya a tsakiyar karni na 19 a lokacin yakin Opium na farko. Watakila mutumin da ya fi kowa arziki a kasar Sin a karni na goma sha tara, Howqua shi ne babban jami'in dillalan hong a Canton, daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da aka ba da izinin yin cinikin siliki da lankwasa da baki. A cikin wata gobara ta 1822 wadda ta kone da yawa daga cikin gungun, [9]azurfar da ta narke da ake zargin ta yi wani ɗan rafi kusan mil biyu a tsayi.[10][11]
Bayan Yaƙin Opium, dangin Howqua da layin kasuwanci sun ragu da sauri. A cikin 1891, gidan kasuwancin Amurka wanda ke kula da zuba jari na duniya na Howqua, Russell & Company, ya rushe. Zuriyar Howqua yanzu sun zama gama gari[12]. Abin da ya kasance babban katafaren gida mai kyau ga dangin Howqua yanzu ba shi da wata alama a wata unguwa matalauta a yankin Honam.[13]
Wadanda suka kafa manyan kamfanoni a lokacin da suka hada da James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell da Abiel Abbot Low duk suna da kusanci da Howqua. Hotunan Howqua da aka sanye a cikin rigunansa har yanzu suna rataye a gidajen Salem da Newport da 'yan kasuwar Amurka suka gina suna godiya da taimakonsa.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hunt, Freeman; Dana, William B. (1844). The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. Volume 10. p. 459.
- ↑ Wong, JDO (2016). Global Trade in the Nineteenth Century: The House of Houqua and the Canton System. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781107150669.
- ↑ Grant 2014, p. 128
- ↑ The Rich And How They Got That Way By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0-8129-3267-6
- ↑ 中國評論新聞網". Chinareviewnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ↑ 晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心". News.sina.com.tw. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October2018.
- ↑ The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time—from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates—Made Their Fortunes. 2 October 2018. ASIN 0812932676.
- ↑ Parkes, Douglas (2022-04-29). "Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2023-06-30
- ↑ 3". 觸藩始末 (The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners). 1885
- ↑ 中國評論新聞網". Chinareviewnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ↑ 晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心". News.sina.com.tw. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October2018.
- ↑ Parkes, Douglas (April 29, 2022). "Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ↑ Absolute History (22 November 2023). "How The Opium Trade Destroyed China's Greatest Empire". YouTube. Retrieved 2 February 2024