Harsunan Arewacin Halmahera
Harsunan Arewa Halmahera (NH) dangi ne na harsuna da ake magana da su a arewaci da gabas na tsibirin Halmahera da wasu tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da Indonesia . Yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin yana mamaye da harsunan Kudancin Halmahera da ba su da alaƙa, waɗanda rukuni ne na Australiya . Wataƙila suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da harsunan Bird's Head na Yammacin Papua, amma wannan ba shi da tushe sosai.
| Harsunan Arewacin Halmahera | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
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| Glottolog | nort2923[1] |
Shahararren Harshen Arewa Halmaheran shine Ternate (masu magana na asali 50,000), wanda shine yaren yanki kuma wanda, tare da Tidore, yare ne na abokan hamayyar Ternate da Tidore sultanates, sanannen rawar da suke takawa a cikin cinikin kayan yaji .
Yawancin waɗannan harsuna suna da alaƙa da juna sosai, kuma an nuna matsayinsu na iyali. Yammacin Makian ya fice a matsayin keɓe. Har yanzu ba a san hanyoyin haɗin su na waje ba. Duk da yake asalinsu ya bambanta da yawancin harsunan Indonesiya, dukkansu suna nuna shaidar cudanya da dangin harshen Austronesiya.
Wasu daga cikin harsunan Arewa Halmahera suna da ƙayyadaddun tsarin halittarsu. Wasu kuma suna nuna tasiri mai zurfi na waje, bayan sun ƙaura zuwa ƙarin nahawu irin na Australiya sakamakon tsayin daka. [2]
Dangantakar kwayoyin halitta da yanki
gyara sasheAna magana a cikin tsibiran Maluku, harsunan Arewa Halmahera wasu harsunan Papuan ne na yamma (waɗansu dangin da ke gabashin Indonesia su ne Timor–Alor–Pantar ). Ana zaune a cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, iyalai biyu za a iya cewa su ne kawai ƙungiyoyin harsunan da ba na Melanesian ba waɗanda za a iya danganta su da dangin Papuan na Oceania . :151An yi tunanin an kawo harsunan yankin ne sakamakon ƙaura daga New Guinea, mai yiwuwa kafin isowar harsunan Australiya. :136 :216
Waɗannan harsunan wasu suna rarraba su don zama wani ɓangare na babban iyali na West Papuan, tare da harsunan Bird's Head na Western New Guinea, yayin da wasu ke la'akari da NH don samar da dangin harshe na musamman, ba tare da wata dangantaka mai mahimmanci a waje da yanki. :269Harsunan Arewa Halmahera da alama sun fi kusanci da harsunan Bird's, wanda ke nuni da yin hijira daga Kan Tsuntsaye na yamma zuwa arewacin Halmahera. :364Duk da haka, Ger Reesink ya lura cewa shaidun da ke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin "West Papuan" daban-daban sun yi tsayi sosai don samar da tabbataccen ƙarshe, yana ba da shawarar cewa za a ɗauke su yanki na yanki na iyalai na harshe marasa alaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu magana da harsunan NH, kamar Ternate people, Tidore, and Galela people al'umma, sun bambanta da jiki daga New Guinea, yayin da halayen Papuan sun fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen Austronesia na Kudancin Halmahera. [3] Robert Blust (2013) ya ɗauki wannan fasikanci a matsayin sakamakon maye gurbin harshe na tarihi. Ƙabilun yankin arewacin Halmahera suna da alakar wayewa da duniyar Islama da kuma al'ummar yammacin Indonesiya, wanda ke nuna rashin daidaito tsakanin al'adu da harshe. [4]
A farkon karni na 19, an riga an gane harsunan NH a matsayin rukuni mai banbanci (amma watakila Austronesia). Hendrik van der Veen ya nuna halinsu na ba Australiya a ƙarshe a cikin 1915. [2] :190An lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin NH da wasu iyalai na Papuan a Melanesia har zuwa 1900, kuma HKJ Cowan (1957 – 1965) ya gabatar da farkon sigar dangin Papuan ta Yamma (1957 – 1965), yana danganta NH tare da harsunan Bird's Head, da sauransu ( bisa ga shaidar lexical da morphemic). [2] :193Holton da Klamer (2018: 626) ba sa yarda da haɗin kai na sassa na West Papuan ba tare da wata shakka ba, amma lura cewa mafi ƙuntataccen tsari na "West Papuan", yana haɗa NH tare da Shugaban Bird na Yamma musamman (da Yapen / Yawa harsuna ), ya bayyana. don zama mai gamsarwa musamman.
The family has a demonstrable Austronesian stratum,:41 with the ancestral language having received lexical influence from an unnamed Philippine language (or languages).:652 There are also borrowings of probable Central Maluku origin, as well as Oceanic ones;:195 in particular, Voorhoeve (1982) has noted a set of lexical similarities between NH and the Central Papuan languages of the south coast of Papua New Guinea. In addition, Ternate, Tidore, West Makian, and Sahu have adopted many elements of Austronesian grammar;[5] however, other languages of the family are rather conservative, having preserved the SOV word order, the use of postpositions, as well as the use of object and subject prefixes.[6][2]:192 The presence of archaic typological features sharply distinguishes these languages from other West Papuan languages, which generally have a left-headed syntactic structure.:364
Rabewar ciki
gyara sasheIyalin yare ne daban-daban, tare da layukan da ba su da kyau tsakanin yaruka daban-daban. Yayin da mawallafa daban-daban sukan yi sabani game da adadin yarukan da aka gano, akwai yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya game da ƙungiyoyin cikin gida na iyali. :577
Rarraba da aka yi amfani da shi anan shine na Voorhoeve 1988. [2] Yammacin Makian ya bambanta saboda tsananin tasirin Australiya. An taɓa rarraba shi azaman yaren Australiya . Yakamata a bambanta shi da Gabashin Makian (Taba), yaren Austronesian mara alaƙa. :577
Akwai matakin fahimtar juna tsakanin harsunan Galela–Tobelo, kuma Voorhoeve 1988 ya ɗauke su yare na wani yare da ya kira Arewa maso Gabas Halmaheran, kodayake yawancin masu magana suna ɗaukar su a matsayin yare daban-daban. Wataƙila an fi la'akari da su cikin harsuna daban-daban, kamar yadda gwajin fahimtar juna ya nuna yana karkata ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya na harsuna da yawa.
Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Ternate da Tidore azaman harsuna daban-daban, kodayake akwai ƙarancin ƙauracewa abin da ke ciki, kuma rarrabuwar ta bayyana tana dogara ne akan filaye na zamantakewa. Voorhoeve ya haɗa waɗannan kalmomin tare a matsayin nau'in harshe na "Ternate-Tidore", yayin da Miriam van Staden ya rarraba su a matsayin harsuna daban-daban. :577Sauran harsunan Arewa Halmahera, kamar Galela da Tobelo, sun sami gagarumin tasiri daga Ternate, gadon tarihi na mamayar daular Sultanate a cikin Moluccas . Ana iya samun kalmomin lamuni masu yawa a cikin Sahu.
Kwatancen ƙamus
gyara sasheWaɗannan kalmomin ƙamus na asali sun fito ne daga bayanan Trans-New Guinea:
Proto-harshen
gyara sasheProto-North Halmahera baƙaƙe sune (bayan Voorhoeve 1994: 68, wanda aka ambata a cikin Holton da Klamer 2018: 584):
Proto-North Halmahera sananne ne don samun tsayuwar retroflex mai sauti *, saboda ba a samun baƙaƙen retroflex a cikin harsunan Papuan .
An jera gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Arewa Halmahera a Holton da Klamer (2018: 620-621). Yawancin siffofin a Holton da Klamer an samo su ne daga Wada (1980).
- proto-Arewa Halmahera sake ginawa (Holton & Klamer 2018)
Nassoshi
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2923
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Voorhoeve, Clemens L. 1988. The languages of the northern Halmaheran stock. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics, no. 26., 181-209. (Pacific Linguistics A-76). Canberra: Australian National University.
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