Harshen Tommo So
Tommo So yare ne da ake magana a gabashin Yankin Mopti na Mali . [2] sanya shi a ƙarƙashin dangin yaren Dogon, wani yanki na dangin yarin Nijar-Congo.
| Harshen Tommo So | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
dto |
| Glottolog |
tomm1242[1] |
Akwai kusan masu magana da Tommo So 60,000. [2] cikin harsunan Dogon goma sha biyu, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawanci. An rarraba shi a matsayin harshe na 6a (mai ƙarfi) a ƙarƙashin rarrabawar matsayin harshe ta Ethnologue's - ana amfani da harshe don sadarwa fuska da fuska ta dukan tsararraki kuma halin da ake ciki yana da ɗorewa. Yara har yanzu suna samun Tommo Don haka a matsayin yarensu na farko. [2]Bambara da Faransanci (harshen Mali da harshen ƙasa) harsuna ne na biyu na yau da kullun ga masu magana da Tommo So, tare da tsohon ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin waɗanda suka kwashe lokaci a wasu yankuna na Mali, kuma ana amfani da ƙarshen don sadarwa a cikin aji ko tare da baƙi.
Fasahar sauti
gyara sasheSautin sautin
gyara sasheTommo So ya ƙunshi sautin sautin 17. Akwai wasula guda bakwai na asali da ke da tsayi huɗu da kuma wasula uku.
i
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u
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e
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o
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ɛ
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ɔ
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a
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Baya ga sautunan asali 7, kayan sautunan Tommo So sun haɗa da takwarorinsu masu tsawo da sautunan sautunan nasa 3. Tsayar da wasula a cikin kalmomi ba ya shafar tsawon su - wasula masu tsawo suna da kimanin 138ms tsawo, kuma gajerun wasula suna da kusan 67 ms tsawo. Sauti[2]="mwTw">n nasalized /iːn/ da /uːn/ suna cikin harshen amma suna faruwa akai-akai kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma ba a dauke su phonemic.
Short
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Long
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Nasalized
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i
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ii
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e
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ee
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ɛ
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ɛɛ
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ɛɛn
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a
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aa
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aan
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ɔ
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ɔɔ
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ɔɔn
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o
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oo
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u
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uu
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Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
gyara sasheTommo So ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyi 17. Akwai wurare 5 da hanyoyi 6 na magana. [2]Tsawon ma'anar ya bambanta - alal misali, [dɛ̀uké] da [dɛ̀nɛ́] ana ɗaukar su kalmomi daban-daban - na farko yana nufin 'duba', kuma na biyu yana nufin 'yi amfani da rana'.
| Biyuwa | Alveolar | Alveolo-Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p
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b
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t
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d
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k
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g
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| Hanci | m
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n
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ɲ
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ŋ
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| Fricative | s
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h
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| Rashin lafiya | dʑ
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| Kusanci | w
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j
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| Tap | ɾ
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| Kimanin gefen | l
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Lissafin ƙayyadaddun sun haɗa da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadardun ƙayyadyadaddun ƙayƙwalwar ƙayyadiddun ƙayayyadaddunar ƙayyadamsun ƙayyar ƙayyadayirata. Akwai wasu 'yan sautunan da ke faruwa a cikin magana mai laushi (kamar [ʔ] da [tɕ]). [2], waɗannan sautunan suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin ideophones, kuma ba a ɗauke su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin Tommo So.
Tsarin sautin
gyara sasheAkwai nau'ikan syllable guda takwas a cikin Tommo Don haka: (C) V, (C) vː (C) VR, (C), VC, N, NCV, NCVː, da CVV. N yana wakiltar ma'anar hanci, kuma R yana wakiltar sautin. Dole ne a bi syllable na VC ta hanyar farawa iri ɗaya da wannan coda. Wasu misalai [2] waɗannan tsarin syllable an bayar da su a ƙasa.
| Tsarin | Misali | Fassara |
|---|---|---|
| V | ɛ́ kasance mai zuwa. | 'Gauya' |
| Vː | A nan ne | 'gida' |
| CV | Yanayi.Snow | 'yaro' |
| CVː | Na'a | 'Kwari' |
| VR | ya kasance | 'madara' |
| CVR | An kafa shi ne | 'Rana' |
| CVC | Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi | 'tsire-tsire masu bushe' |
| N | ɲ́. | 'Ku ci' |
| NCV | a.ndá | 'mai jin kunya' |
| NCVː | GambaYa zama mai girma | 'wasu' |
| CVV | Ya yi amfani da shi | 'ya zo' |
Sauti
gyara sasheSauti yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙamus da kuma ilimin harshe. Tommo [2] ya ƙunshi sautuna biyu, high (H) da low (L). [1] [2] da nazarin kalmomin da aka rubuta, rarraba da sanya sautunan H da L suna da alama ana sarrafa su ta hanyar saitin alamu waɗanda ba a iya hango su ba ga sunaye, lambobi, da adjectives, da kuma hangowa ga aikatau.
Sautin kalmomi
gyara sasheKusan dukkanin sassan suna da sautin H ko L, kuma kowane tushe dole ne ya ƙunshi akalla sautin H ɗaya. Kodayake sautunan sun bambanta, akwai ƙananan nau'i-nau'i waɗanda ke da bambancin sauti kawai. An lissafa wasu misalai a ƙasa.
| /H/ sautin | /LH/ sautin | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| náá | 'mahaifiyar' | Na'a | 'Kwari' |
| Ya kasance a ciki | 'Yau' | Iyaye | 'Zale' |
| A nan ne ma'anar | 'Babban' | Ikon kai | 'Watan' |
| Daimma | 'ƙauye' | da'a | 'Hotuna' |
| Isisé | 'buhu' | Ba a sani ba | 'Rukunin' |
Sautin nahawu
gyara sasheTommo Don haka, kamar sauran yarukan Dogon, yana amfani da murfin sauti. Sautunan tushe suna overwritten [2] hanyar sautin da aka riga aka ƙaddara dangane da mahallin da tushe ya bayyana. Ana maye gurbin sautunan kalmomi bisa ga yanayin juyawa, kuma kawai yana shafar maɓallin kalma. A matsayin misali, manyan sassan da suka tabbatar da rashin cikakke shine {HL}, kuma rashin cikakkeccen rashin cikakke shi ne {L}. Tabbatar [2] sassan da suka dace ba su canza sautuna ba, kuma mummunar kuskuren su shine {L} . Idan aka ba da sunan [jɔ̀bɔ́] ('gudu') na / LH / sautin aji, haɗuwa zai haifar da masu zuwa.
| Babban sashi | Sashe na dangi | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rashin Cikakken | Tabbatacce {HL} | jɔ́bɔ̀-dɛ̀
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jɔ̀bɔ́-dɛ
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| Rashin amincewa {L} | jɔ̀b-éélè
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jɔ̀b-éélè
|
Ana maye gurbin sautunan kalmomi bisa ga dangantakar da ke tsakanin kalmomi a cikin kalma, kuma yana iya shafar kalmomi da yawa. Ko[2] kalmomin magana suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadamsun ƙayƙwalwa sun dogara da abu a cikin kalmar da aka mallaka ko a'a.
Yanayin Yanayi
gyara sasheTommo So yare ne mai haɗuwa. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da waɗannan morphemes suka haɗa da juna, suna riƙe da asalin su da ma'anar su a cikin sabon kalma. Tommo So's morphology ya ƙunshi affixation, clitics, reduplication, da compounding.
Ƙaddamarwa
gyara sasheA matsayin harshe mai haɗuwa, ƙunshe da morphemes yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin Tommo So. Kusan dukkanin nau'ikan yaren ana amfani da su azaman ƙayyadaddun - ana ganin ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ne kawai a cikin nau'in reduplication, lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadamsun ƙayyadama.
Tommo [2] ya ƙunshi ƙididdigar ƙididdigal guda biyar, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa.
| Manufar | Suffix |
|---|---|
| gaskiya | -ndɛ́
|
| juyawa | -ílɛ́
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| mai wucewa | -írɛ́
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| Mediopassive | -íyɛ́
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| mai haifar da shi | -mɔ́
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| Misali 1[2] |
| O'a da kuma |
| duba |
| 'Dubi' |
| → |
| Ojja da baya |
| duba-FACT |
| 'Tsaro' |
| Misali 2[2] |
| Tunanin |
| (sake makale) |
| 'sake makale' |
| → |
| Temu-da-kai |
| (sake makale) -REV |
| 'ka cirewa' |
| Misali 3[2] |
| Aikin da ya faru |
| (yi ka yi tsayi) |
| 'yi tsayi' |
| → |
| Ya zama abin ƙyama |
| (yi kauri) -MP |
| 'ya cika' |
Akwai wasu lokuta inda ma'anar 'reversive' --Ilɛ́ ba ta da ma'anar ma'ana. [2], kalmar yàmá tana nufin 'kashe', amma kalmar 'yàm-ílɛ́' tana nufin 'hashe'. Wasu ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kawai suna ɗaukar "babu ma'ana mai ganewa kwata-kwata". Tommo Don haka ba ya ƙunshe da yawa na morphology - kawai nau'ikan ma'ana guda biyu waɗanda ke haɗe da sunaye sune waɗanda ke aiwatar da tsarin ɗan adam / wanda ba ɗan adam ba da ƙananan -ý. [2] cikin yanayin da ke ƙasa,- Ee. allomorph ne na -ý.
| Misali 1[2] |
| yàá-m=mbe |
| mace-HUM.PL = PL |
| 'mata' |
| Misali 2[2] | |
| Hannu a kasa | A nan ne |
| kaza | DIM |
| 'ya'yan itace' | |
Clitics
gyara sasheAkwai 'yan clitics a cikin Tommo So, gami da alamar jam'i =mbe da kuma alamar takamaiman =ge (misali da ke nuna duka biyu an ba da shi a ƙasa). Clitics koyaushe ana haɗa su zuwa ƙarshen kalma ɗaya maimakon sunan kanta.
| Yawancin suna |
| yàá-m=mbe |
| mace-HUM.PL = PL |
| 'mata' |
| → |
| Yawancin (ma'anar magana) [2] | |
| yàà-m | Koomó = gé = mbe |
| mace-HUM.PL | skinny=def=PL |
| 'mata masu laushi' | |
Gabaɗaya, ana haɗa clitics koyaushe zuwa ƙarshen tushe, kuma ba a taɓa haɗawa da farkon ba.
Maimaitawa
gyara sasheAna amfani da reduplication don dalilai daban-daban a cikin yanayin Tommo So. Na farko shine ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, kuma na biyu shine rarraba ƙididdiga.
Bayyanawa ta hanyar kisa
gyara sasheTsarin nominalizing adjective yana buƙatar a sake maimaita adjective, ko dai a wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya. Aƙalla, ana sake maimaita syllable na farko. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin adjectives multisyllabic, har zuwa dukan kalmar za a iya sake maimaitawa. Canjin sautin yana faruwa a lokacin wannan tsari. tare da la'akari da yawan kalmar asali ba, sunan da aka samo yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya..[2]
| Adjective stem | Sunan suna | Fassarar sunan |
|---|---|---|
| Kayan aiki | Sannu ~ Sannu
Kùnù~ Stoɔ́ |
'kauri' |
| wánnu | wà~wànnú
wàn~wànnu |
'tsawon' |
| Kabari | Ka~kàbàrá
Kabba~ Kabbará Kayan aiki ~ Kayan aiki |
'farasa' |
Rarraba adjective
gyara sasheAna amfani da sake maimaita adjective don rarraba ma'anarsa a cikin abubuwa da yawa.
| Misali 1[2] | ||
| Gínè | ɛ́su~ɛ́ inda | néé-go=sɛ-m. |
| gida | kyakkyawa ~ kyakkyawa | biyu-ADV=have-1SG |
| 'Ina da kyawawan gidaje biyu. ' | ||
| Misali 2[2] | |||
| A nan | ɛ́lɛ́lu~ɛ́lɛ̀lù | neé-go | ɲ̀y-ɛ́-m. |
| Abincin | mai daɗi ~ mai daɗi | biyu-ADV | cinye-PFV.L-1SG |
| 'Na ci abinci mai kyau guda biyu. ' | |||
Haɗuwa
gyara sasheAkwai nau'o'i biyu na hadaddun a cikin Tommo Don haka: hadaddun da aka sani da adjectival.
Haɗin da aka tsara
gyara sasheKimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku [2] sanannun ƙamus na Tommo So ya ƙunshi mahadi masu suna, waɗanda mafi yawansu suna da dama. An ba da wasu misalai na mahadi masu suna a ƙasa.
| Misali 1[2] | |
| Snowm | ta'a |
| gishiri | ƙofar |
| 'slab na gishiri' | |
| Misali 2[2] | |
| Bomboom | Gidajen |
| alewa | sap |
| 'ya'yan itace' | |
| Misali 3[2] | |
| Musical | bàŋá |
| amincewa | mai shi |
| 'Aminci' | |
Haɗin Bahuvrihi
gyara sasheBahuvrihi compounding a cikin Tommo So yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka halicci wani suna mai rikitarwa ta hanyar haɗa adjective zuwa ƙarshen sunan.
Rubuce-rubuce
gyara sasheTsarin kalmomi na asali
gyara sasheTommo [2]'s basic word order is subject-object-verb (SOV). [1] Misalan wannan an nuna su a ƙasa.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tommo So". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 McPherson 2013.