Wikipedia

Haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta

Bioaccumulation shine tarin abubuwa a hankali, kamar magungunan kashe kwari ko wasu sunadarai, a cikin kwayar halitta. Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar halitta tasha wani abu da sauri fiye da yadda za'a iya rasa shi ko kawar da shi ta hanyar catabolism da excretion. Don haka, tsawon rabin rayuwa halitta na abu mai guba, haɗarin guba mai tsanani ya fi girma, koda kuwa matakan muhalli na guba basu dayawa.[1] Bioaccumulation, misali a cikin kifi, ana iya hango shi ta hanyar samfuran.[2][3] Tunanin don ka'idojin yanke girman kwayoyin don amfani a matsayin alamun yiwuwar tarin halittu ba'a goyan bayan bayanai ba.[4] Biotransformation na iya canzawa sosai ga tarin sunadarai a cikin kwayar halitta.[5] 

Haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na aukuwa
Facet of (en) Fassara persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance (en) Fassara da hypervitaminosis (en) Fassara
Contributing factor of (en) Fassara soil fertility (en) Fassara da humus (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da biodilution (en) Fassara

Rashin guba da karafa ke haifar yana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyi.[6] Adanawa ko ɗaukar ƙarfe da sauri fiye da yadda aka sarrafa shi kuma an fitar da shi yana haifar da tara wannan ƙarfe.[7] Za'a iya nazarin kasancewar sunadarai daban-daban da abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin muhalli tare da ilimin da yadace game da tarin halittu wanda ke taimakawa tare da kula da sinadarai da amfani.

Kwayar halitta na iya ɗaukar sunadarai ta hanyar numfashi, shan ta fata ko haɗiyewa.[8] Lokacin da maida hankali ga sinadarai ya fi girma a cikin kwayoyin idan aka kwatanta da kewayenta (iska ko ruwa), ana kiransa bioconcentration. Biomagnification wani tsari ne dake da alaƙa da tarin halittu yayin da maida hankali ga sinadarai ko ƙarfe ke ƙaruwa yayin da yake motsawa daga Matsayin trophic zuwa wani.[9] A dabi'a, tsarin tarin halittu ya zama dole ga kwayar halitta ta girma da cigaba; duk da haka, tarin abubuwa masu cutarwa na iya faruwa.[8]

Misalan

gyara sashe

Misalan ƙasa

gyara sashe

Ana iya ganin misali na guba a wurin aiki daga kalmar nan "mad as a hatter" (karni na 18 da 19 Ingila). An yi amfani da Mercury don ƙarfafa felt ɗin da akayi amfani dashi don yin hular. Wannan yana samar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta kamar methylmercury, wanda ke narkewa da lipid (mai narkewa), kuma yana da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da guba na mercury. Sauran guba masu narkewa sun haɗa da mahaɗan tetraethyllead (shugaban a cikin Man fetur), da DDT. Ana adana waɗannan mahadi a cikin kitsen jiki, kuma lokacin da ake amfani da ƙwayoyin kitse don makamashi, ana fitar da mahadi kuma suna haifar da guba mai tsanani.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Strontium-90, wani ɓangare na fallout daga bama-bamai na nukiliya, yana da kama da calcium cewa ana ɗaukar shi a cikin samar da ƙasusuwa, inda radiation dinsa zai iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci.[10][ana buƙatar hujja]

Wasu nau'o'in dabbobi suna amfani da bioaccumulation a matsayin yanayin tsaro: ta hanyar cinye shuke-shuke masu guba ko dabba mai cin nama, dabba na iya tara guba, wanda ke bada kariya ga mai cin nama. Misali daya shine taba sigari, wanda ke mai da hankali ga nicotine zuwa matakin guba a jikinsa yayin da yake cinye shuke-shuke na taba. Ana iya wucewa da guba ga ƙananan masu amfani tare da jerin abinci don shafar masu amfani daga baya a cikin sarkar.

Sauran mahadi waɗanda ba a yawan la'akari da guba baza'a iya tara su zuwa matakan guba a cikin kwayoyin. Misali na gargajiya shine bitamin A, wanda ya zama mai da hankali a cikin hanta na Masu cin nama, misali bears: a matsayin mai cin nama mai tsabta wanda ke cin wasu masu cin nama (sels), suna tara bitamin A mai yawa a cikin hanci. Mutanen asalin Arctic sun san cewa bai kamata a ci hanta na masu cin nama ba, amma masu binciken Arctic sun sha wahala hypervitaminosis A daga cin hanta na bears; kuma akwai aƙalla misali ɗaya na irin wannan guba na Masu binciken Antarctic suna cin hanta. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali na wannan shine balaguron Sir Douglas Mawson, wanda abokin bincikensa ya mutu daga cin hanta na ɗaya daga cikin karnukansu.

Misalan ruwa

gyara sashe

Kifi na bakin teku (kamar kifi mai santsi) da tsuntsayen teku (kamara Atlantic puffin) galibi ana saka idanu don tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi. Methylmercury yana shiga cikin tsarin Ruwa mai laushi ta hanyar hayaki na masana'antu da ruwan sama. Yayin dayake karuwa a cikin abincin abinci, yana iya kaiwa matakan haɗari ga kifi da mutane waɗanda suka dogara da kifi a matsayin tushen abinci.[11]

Ana yawan kimanta kifi don tarin halittu lokacin da aka fallasa su ga sunadarai dake cikin matakan ruwa. Yawancin nau'ikan kifi da aka gwada sun haɗa da carp na yau da kullun, rainbow trout, da bluegill sunfish.[12] Gabaɗaya, ana fallasa kifi ga bioconcentration da bioaccumulation na sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta a cikin muhalli ta hanyar ɗaukar sinadarin sinadarai na ruwa.[12] A wasu lokuta, ana fallasa kifin ta hanyar cinyewa / narkewa na abubuwa ko kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin ruwa wanda ke dauke da sunadarai masu cutarwa.[12]

Abubuwan guba da aka samar dasu na halitta na iya tarawa. Fure-fure na algae jan ruwa da aka sani da "ja tide" na iya haifar da kwayoyin da ke ciyar da gida kamar mussels da oysters sun zama masu guba; kifin coral reef na iya zama alhakin guba da aka sani kamar ciguatera lokacin da suka tara guba da ake kira ciguatoxin daga algae na reef.[13] A wasu tsarin ruwa na eutrophic, biodilution na iya faruwa. Wannan raguwa ne a cikin gurɓataccen abu tare da karuwa a matakin trophic, saboda mafi girman taro na algae da ƙwayoyin cuta dake narkar da yawan gurɓata.[14][15]

Rashin ruwa na iya haɓaka sinadarai ko ƙarfe, wanda ke haifar da karuwar bioavailability a cikin tsire-tsire na ruwa da ruwa mai laushi.[16] Tsire-tsire dake can waɗanda suka haɗa da tsire-tsalle masu tushe da tsire masu nutsewa na iya rinjayar su ta hanyar bioavailability na karafa.[16]

Nazarin tururuwa a matsayin nau'in samfurin

gyara sashe

Bioaccumulation a cikin Turtles yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin halitta na roba (watau, PFAS), ƙarfe mai nauyi, ko manyan matakan abubuwa masu mahimmanci suka shiga wani kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya shafar lafiyar su. Kodayake akwai ci gaba da nazarin tarin halittu a cikin turtles, dalilai kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, Canjin yanayi, da canjin wuri na iya shafar adadin waɗannan gubobi a cikin yanayin halittu.[17]

Abubuwan da aka fi nazarin su a cikin turtles sune mercury, cadmium, Argon [dubious - tattauna], da selenium.  Ana fitar da karafa masu nauyi a cikin koguna, rafi, tabkuna, teku, da sauran yanayin ruwa, kuma tsire-tsire da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan mahalli zasu sha ƙarfe. Tunda matakan abubuwa masu mahimmanci suna da yawa a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa, turtles zasu cinye abubuwa daban-daban a cikin mahalli daban-daban na ruwa ta hanyar cin shuke-shuke da turɓaya.[18] Da zarar waɗannan abubuwa sun shiga cikin jini da tsoka, zasu ƙara maida hankali kuma zasu zama masu guba ga turtles, watakila suna haifar da tsarin metabolism, tsarin endocrine, da gazawar haihuwa.[19]

Ana amfani da wasu turtles na ruwa a matsayin batutuwa na gwaji don nazarin tarin halittu saboda wuraren zama na bakin teku, wanda ke sauƙaƙa tattara samfurori na jini da sauran bayanai.[18] Nau'in tururuwa sun bambanta sosai kuma suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga bambancin halittu, don haka masu bincike da yawa suna da mahimmanci don tattara bayanai daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Turtles na ruwa mai laushi wani nau'in samfurin ne don binciken bioaccumulation.[20] Saboda iyakancewarsu na gida-rashin ruwa mai laushi za'a iya danganta su da wani wuri da kuma bayanan gurɓataccen sinadarai.

Tasirin cigaban turtles

gyara sashe

Ƙididdigar guba a cikin ƙwai na tururuwa na iya lalata tsarin cigaban tururuwa. Misali, a cikin tururuwan ruwa mai laushi na Australiya (Emydura macquarii macquarii), mahaifiyar ta tara maida hankali ga PFAS na muhalli sannan a sauke su cikin qwai waɗanda suka shafi tsarin cigaban metabolism da ajiyar kitse.[21] Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar PFAS ta shafi microbiome na ciki a cikin turtles da aka fallasa.[22]

Dangane da matakan guba na karafa masu nauyi, an lura dashi don rage yawan kwai a cikin tururuwar Kogin Amazon, Podocnemis expansa . [19] A cikin wannan kwai na tururuwa, ƙarfe mai nauyi yana rage kitse a cikin ƙwai kuma yana canza yadda ake tace ruwa a cikin tayin; wannan na iya shafar yawan rayuwar kwai.[19]

Dubi kuma

gyara sashe
  • Biomagnification (ƙara ƙwayoyin guba tare da karuwar Matsayin trophic)
  • Magani na Chelation
  • Adadin tarin miyagun ƙwayoyi
  • Tasirin muhalli na magungunan kashe kwari
  • Cibiyar Kashe POPs ta Duniya
  • Abubuwan gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta
  • Phytoremediation (cirewar gurbataccen ta hanyar bioaccumulation a cikin shuke-shuke)

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Bryan, G. W.; Waldichuk, M.; Pentreath, R. J.; Darracott, Ann (1979). "Bioaccumulation of Marine Pollutants [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 286 (1015): 483–505. Bibcode:1979RSPTB.286..504W. JSTOR 2418066.
  2. ↑ Stadnicka, Julita; Schirmer, Kristin; Ashauer, Roman (2012). "Predicting Concentrations of Organic Chemicals in Fish by Using Toxicokinetic Models". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (6): 3273–3280. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.3273S. doi:10.1021/es2043728. PMC 3308199. PMID 22324398.
  3. ↑ Otero-Muras, I.; Franco-Uría, A.; Alonso, A.A.; Balsa-Canto, E. (2010). "Dynamic multi-compartmental modelling of metal bioaccumulation in fish: Identifiability implications". Environmental Modelling & Software. 25 (3): 344–353. Bibcode:2010EnvMS..25..344O. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.08.009.
  4. ↑ Arnot, Jon A.; Arnot, Michelle; MacKay, Donald; Couillard, Yves; MacDonald, Drew; Bonnell, Mark; Doyle, Pat (2007). "Molecular Size Cut-Off Criteria for Screening Bioaccumulation Potential: Fact or Fiction?". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 6 (2009): 210–224. doi:10.1897/IEAM_2009-051.1. PMID 19919169.
  5. ↑ Ashauer, Roman; Hintermeister, Anita; o'Connor, Isabel; Elumelu, Maline; Hollender, Juliane; Escher, Beate I. (2012). "Significance of Xenobiotic Metabolism for Bioaccumulation Kinetics of Organic Chemicals in Gammarus pulex". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (6): 3498–3508. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.3498A. doi:10.1021/es204611h. PMC 3308200. PMID 22321051.
  6. ↑ Karl K. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Gaion A, Sartori D, Scuderi A, Fattorini D (2014). "Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic compounds in Hediste diversicolor (Muller 1776) after exposure to spiked sediments". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (9): 5952–5959. Bibcode:2014ESPR...21.5952G. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2538-z. PMID 24458939. S2CID 12568097.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Karl K. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :03
  10. ↑ Martell, E. A. (May 1959). "Atmospheric Aspects of Strontium-90 Fallout: Fallout evidence indicates short stratospheric holdup time for middle-latitude atomic tests". Science (in Turanci). 129 (3357): 1197–1206. doi:10.1126/science.129.3357.1197. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 13658944.
  11. ↑ "Mercury: What it does to humans and what humans need to do about it". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. 2017-09-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  13. ↑ Estevez, Pablo; Sibat, Manoella; Leão-Martins, José Manuel; Reis Costa, Pedro; Gago-Martínez, Ana; Hess, Philipp (2020-04-21). "Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts". Toxins (in Turanci). 12 (4): 267. doi:10.3390/toxins12040267. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 7232264. PMID 32326183.
  14. ↑ Deines, Peter; Bodelier, Paul L. E.; Eller, Gundula (May 2007). "Methane-derived carbon flows through methane-oxidizing bacteria to higher trophic levels in aquatic systems". Environmental Microbiology (in Turanci). 9 (5): 1126–1134. Bibcode:2007EnvMi...9.1126D. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01235.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 17472629.
  15. ↑ Lin, Han-Yang; Costello, Mark John (2023-09-07). "Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species". PeerJ (in Turanci). 11: e15880. doi:10.7717/peerj.15880. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 10493087 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37701825 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Albers, Peter H.; Camardese, Michael B. (1993). "Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (in Turanci). 12 (6): 959–967. doi:10.1002/etc.5620120602.
  17. ↑ Franke, Christian; Studinger, Gabriele; Berger, Georgia; Böhling, Stella; Bruckmann, Ursula; Cohors-Fresenborg, Dieter; Jöhncke, Ulrich (October 1994). "The assessment of bioaccumulation". Chemosphere (in Turanci). 29 (7): 1501–1514. Bibcode:1994Chmsp..29.1501F. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90281-X.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Dias de Farias, Daniel Solon; Rossi, Silmara; da Costa Bomfim, Aline; Lima Fragoso, Ana Bernadete; Santos-Neto, Elitieri Batista; José de Lima Silva, Flávio; Lailson-Brito, José; Navoni, Julio Alejandro; Gavilan, Simone Almeida; Souza do Amaral, Viviane (2022-07-01). "Bioaccumulation of total mercury, copper, cadmium, silver, and selenium in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) stranded along the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil". Chemosphere (in Turanci). 299: 134331. Bibcode:2022Chmsp.29934331D. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134331. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 35339524 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 247638704 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Frossard, Alexandra; Coppo, Gabriel Carvalho; Lourenço, Amanda Toledo; Heringer, Otávio Arruda; Chippari-Gomes, Adriana Regina (2021-05-01). "Metal bioaccumulation and its genotoxic effects on eggs and hatchlings of giant Amazon river turtle (Podocnemis expansa)". Ecotoxicology (in Turanci). 30 (4): 643–657. Bibcode:2021Ecotx..30..643F. doi:10.1007/s10646-021-02384-8. ISSN 1573-3017. PMID 33754232 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 232315423 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Beale, David J.; Hillyer, Katie; Nilsson, Sandra; Limpus, Duncan; Bose, Utpal; Broadbent, James A.; Vardy, Suzanne (2022-02-01). "Bioaccumulation and metabolic response of PFAS mixtures in wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) using omics-based ecosurveillance techniques". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 806 (Pt 3): 151264. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.806o1264B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151264. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 34715216 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Beale, David J.; Nilsson, Sandra; Bose, Utpal; Bourne, Nicholas; Stockwell, Sally; Broadbent, James A.; Gonzalez-Astudillo, Viviana; Braun, Christoph; Baddiley, Brenda; Limpus, Duncan; Walsh, Tom; Vardy, Suzanne (2022-04-15). "Bioaccumulation and impact of maternal PFAS offloading on egg biochemistry from wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii)". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 817: 153019. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.817o3019B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153019. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 35026273 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Beale, David J.; Bissett, Andrew; Nilsson, Sandra; Bose, Utpal; Nelis, Joost Laurus Dinant; Nahar, Akhikun; Smith, Matthew; Gonzalez-Astudillo, Viviana; Braun, Christoph; Baddiley, Brenda; Vardy, Suzanne (2022-09-10). "Perturbation of the gut microbiome in wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) exposed to elevated PFAS levels". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 838 (Pt 3): 156324. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.838o6324B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156324. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 35654195 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 249213966 Check |s2cid= value (help).

Haɗin waje

gyara sashe

Samfuri:Modelling ecosystemsSamfuri:Toxicology

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haɗuwa_da_kwayoyin_halitta&oldid=467084"