Gumuz harshe
Gumuz harshe | |
---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 219,000 (2007) |
| |
Latin alphabet (en) , Geʽez script (en) da Baƙaƙen boko | |
Lamban rijistar harshe | |
ISO 639-3 |
guk |
Glottolog |
gumu1244 [1] |
Gumuz (wanda kuma ake kira Gumaz ) gungu ne na yare da ake magana a kan iyakar Habasha da Sudan . An rarraba shi cikin ɗan lokaci a cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan . Galibin masu magana da harshen Habasha suna zaune ne a shiyyar Kamashi da Metekel na yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, duk da cewa an bayar da rahoton cewa gungun mutane 1,000 suna zaune a wajen garin Welkite (Unseth 1989). Masu magana da Sudan suna zaune a yankin gabashin Er Roseires, kusa da Famaka da Fazoglo a kan kogin Blue Nile, wanda ya ke arewa da kan iyaka. Dimmendaal et al. (2019) suna zargin cewa nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba da ake magana a bakin kogin sun ƙunshi yare dabam dabam, Kadallu . [2]
Rubutun farko na wannan harshe jerin kalmomi ne daga yankin Dutsen Guba wanda Juan Maria Schuver ya haɗa a cikin Fabrairu 1883.
Iri
gyara sasheIri-iri ba duka ba ne masu fahimtar juna . Ta wannan ma'auni, akwai harsunan Gumuz guda biyu ko uku. Siffofin nahawu sun bambanta tsakanin arewa da kudancin Gumuz. [3]
Daats'iin, wanda aka gano a cikin 2013, a fili yare ne daban-daban, kodayake ya fi kusa da kudancin Gumuz. Ire-iren da ba a tabbatar da su ba a Sudan, wataƙila yare ne na musamman, Kadallu . (Duba harsunan Bʼaga .)
Ethnologue ya lissafa Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma a matsayin yarukan Gumuz, tare da Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma suna samar da gungu na yare.
Ahland (2004) [4] yana ba da kwatancen bayanan ƙamus na Guba, Mandura, North Dibat'e, Wenbera, Sirba Abay, Agelo Meti, Yaso, da Metemma.
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheGumuz yana da duka baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli da abubuwan ban mamaki . Ana yin hasarar ƙarancin inganci a madaidaicin magana a wasu yaruka (Unseth 1989). Akwai jerin baƙaƙe na palatal, gami da duka biyun masu fitar da rai da kuma na ban tsoro. A wasu yarukan, misali Sirba, akwai tasha bilatalized palatalized, kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar 'bera' [bʲʷa]</link> (Tsarin 1989).
Consonants
gyara sasheLabial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋʷ) | |||||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | (kʷ) | ʔ | |||
voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | (ɡʷ) | |||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼ | (kʼʷ) | |||||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | χ | (χʷ) | ||||
voiced | (v) | z | ʒ | |||||||
Tap/Trill | (ɾ) | (r) | ||||||||
Lateral | l | |||||||||
Approximant | j | w |
- Matsa [ɾ] ya fi faruwa a cikin morpheme-matsayi na ciki, kuma ba a matsayi na farko ba. Hakanan yana faruwa azaman allophone na /ɗ/ a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na ƙarshe.
- Trill [r] na iya fitowa daga wayoyin akida ko kuma sakamakon lamuni daga Amharic. [5]
Labial | Alveolar | Bayan alv. / </br> Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a fili | lab. | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋʷ) | ||
Tsaya | mara murya | p | t | c | k | (kʷ) | ʔ |
murya | b | d | Ɗa | g | (ƙasa) | ||
m | p' | t' | c' | ku | (k'ʷ) | ||
m | ɓ | ɗ | (ƙara) | ||||
Haɗin kai | mara murya | t s | t Ƙ | ||||
m | Ƙarfafawa | Ƙaddamarwa | |||||
Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
murya | (v) | z | ʒ | ||||
Taɓa | Ɗa | ||||||
Na gefe | l | ||||||
Kusanci | j | w |
- Ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna [ɠ] tana son wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Agelo Meti.
- Labialized bilabial plosive [bʷ] yana nufin wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Sirba Abay.
- Ƙaƙƙarfan murya [β] na iya faruwa lokacin da /ɓ/ ke ƙoƙarin yin rauni a matsayi na ƙarshe a wasu yarukan.
Duk yarukan biyu
gyara sashe- Haƙoran labio [v] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, kuma galibi yana faruwa a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na farko. Hakanan ana iya gabatar da shi ta hanyar samowa daga wayoyin akida.
- Palatal [ɲ] yana faruwa ne kawai-ciki-ciki a cikin mahallin tsaka-tsaki, a gaban baƙar magana, ko azaman allophone na /n/ kafin wasalin gaba.
- [ŋʷ] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, ko lokacin da /ŋ/ ya faru kafin gajeriyar wasali mai rauni.
- Sauran baƙaƙen labialized [kʷ, ɡʷ, kʼʷ, χʷ] suna faruwa ne sakamakon baƙar fata ko uvular da ke gabanin gajeriyar wasula masu rarrafe waɗanda ke gaba da wani wasali. [5]
Wasula
gyara sasheGaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
---|---|---|---|
Kusa | iː | ku ː | |
Tsakar | eː | (ə) | ku oː |
Bude | da aː |
- Gajerun wayoyi na /i, e, a, o, u/ ana iya jin su kamar [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ].
- Wani wasali na tsakiya [ɨ] na iya faruwa a wurare daban-daban bayan an gajarta /u/ lokacin laɓɓaka baƙar fata ko uvular. [5]
Sautin
gyara sasheSautuna suna da girma da ƙasa, tare da ƙasa . [5]
Nahawu
gyara sasheTsarin kalma shine AVO, tare da alamar tantancewa, kodayake akwai odar AOV a arewa, mai yiwuwa daga tasirin Amharic.
A cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa, batutuwa a cikin odar S-V ba su da alama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin odar V-S ana yiwa alama alama. [5]
Bayanan kula
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gumuz harshe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Magana
gyara sashe- Ahland, Colleen Anne. Nahawun Arewa da Kudancin Gumuz. Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Oregon.
- Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., 2000. "Alamar lamba da rarraba suna a cikin harsunan Nilo- Saharan". Anthrolopological Linguistics 42:214-261.
Kara karantawa
gyara sashe- Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Bambancin harshe a cikin Gumuz: nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin canjin tarihi da basira." Littafin MA. Jami'ar Texas a Arlington.
- Colleen Ahland. 2011. Haɗin sunan suna da predicate classifiers a cikin Gumuz
- Bender, M. Lionel. 1979. Gumuz: zanen nahawu da kamus. Afrika und Übersee 62: 38-69.
- Mungode, Peter. 1985. "Gumuz: rahoton binciken yare." Jaridar Nazarin Habasha 18: 91-114.
- Mungode, Peter. 1989. "Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na phonology na Gumuz." A cikin Taddese Beyene (ed.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na takwas kan Nazarin Habasha, vol. 2, 617-32. Addis Ababa: Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha.
- Uzar, Henning. 1993. Nazarin a Gumuz: Sese phonology da tsarin TMA. A cikin Jigogi a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, editan ML Bender . Hamburg: Helmut Buske: 347-383.
- Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan