Wikipedia

Fra Angelico


fra Angelico

(an haife shi Guido di Pietro; c. 1395[1]- 18 ga Fabrairu 1455) wani ɗan ƙasar Dominican ne kuma mai zanen Renaissance na Italiya na Farkon Renaissance, wanda Giorgio Vasari ya bayyana a cikin Rayuwar Mawakansa da cewa yana da "wani ɗanɗano da ba kasafai ba. cikakkiyar baiwa".[2]Ya sami sunansa da farko don jerin frescoes da ya yi don nasa friary, San Marco, a Florence, [3] sannan ya yi aiki a Roma da sauran biranen. Duk sananniyar aikinsa na batutuwan addini ne.

An san shi ga mutanen zamani kamar Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (Friar John na Fiesole) da Fra Giovanni Angelico (An'uwan Mala'ika John). A cikin Italiyanci na zamani ana kiransa Beato Angelico (Mala'ika Mai Albarka);[4]sunan Ingilishi gama gari Fra Angelico yana nufin "Friar Mala'ika".

A cikin 1982, Paparoma John Paul na biyu ya buge shidon amincewa da tsarkin rayuwarsa,[5]ta haka ya sanya taken "Mai albarka" a hukumance. Wani lokaci ana fassara Fiesole a matsayin wani ɓangare na sunansa na yau da kullun, amma garin ne kawai inda ya ɗauki alkawuransa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Dominican, [6] kuma waɗanda za su yi amfani da su a zamaninsu don bambanta shi da wasu masu irin wannan sunan, Giovanni. . Ana tunawa da shi ta hanyar shahidan Roman na yanzu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu,[7]-ranar mutuwarsa a 1455. A can rubutun Latin ya karanta Beatus Ioannes Faegulanus, cognomento Angelicus - "John na Fiesole mai albarka, mai suna 'Mala'ika'".

Vasari ya rubuta game da Fra Angelico cewa "ba shi yiwuwa a yi yabo mai yawa ga wannan uba mai tsarki, wanda ya kasance mai tawali'u da tawali'u a cikin dukan abin da ya yi da abin da ya faɗa kuma an zana hotunansa da irin wannan kayan aiki da ibada."[8]

Tarihin rayuwa

Rayuwar farko,1395–1436


An haifi Fra Angelico Guido di Pietro a cikin ƙauyen Rupecanina[9]a yankin Tuscan na Mugello kusa da Fiesole, ba da nisa da Florence, zuwa ƙarshen karni na 14. Babu wani abu da aka san iyayensa. An yi masa baftisma Guido. Yayinda yake yaro, tabbas an san shi, kamar yadda yake a Italiyanci, kamar Guidolino ("Little Guido"). Daftarin da aka rubuta na farko game da Fra Angelico ya kasance daga 17 ga Oktoba 1417, lokacin da ya shiga ƙungiyar addini ko guild a Cocin Carmine, har yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunan Guido di Pietro. Wannan rikodin yana nuna cewa ya riga ya kasance mai zane, kamar yadda ya tabbata daga bayanan biyu na biyan kuɗi na Guido di Pietro a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 1418, don aikin da aka yi a cocin Santo Stefano del Ponte.[10]Rikodin farko na Angelico a matsayin friar tun daga 1423, magana ta farko ga Fra Giovanni (Friar John), bin al'adar waɗanda ke shigar da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin umarnin addini na ɗaukar sabon suna[11]Ya kasance memba na convent na Fiesole. Odar Dominican ɗaya ce daga cikin oda na ƙetare na tsakiya. Mendicants gabaɗaya sun rayu ba daga kuɗin shiga na ƙasa ba amma daga bara ko gudummawa. Fra, ƙanƙantar ɗan'uwa (Latin don 'ɗan'uwa'), lakabi ne na al'ada don ƙwararrun ƙwararru.

A cewar Vasari, horon farko na Fra Angelico ya kasance a matsayin mai haskakawa, mai yiwuwa yana aiki tare da babban yayansa Benedetto, shi ma dan Dominican ne kuma mai haskakawa. Tsohon majami'ar Dominican na San Marco a Florence, yanzu gidan kayan tarihi na jiha, yana riƙe da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da yawa waɗanda ake tunanin gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na hannunsa.[12]Mai zane Lorenzo Monaco na iya ba da gudummawa ga horar da fasaha; Ana iya ganin tasirin makarantar Sienese a cikin aikinsa. Ya kuma horar da maigidan Varricho a Milan[13]Duk da ƴan yunƙurin guraben ibadar da yake zaune, wannan bai yi kadan ba don hana fitowar fasahar sa, wanda cikin sauri ya sami suna. A cewar Vasari, zane-zane na farko da ya yi wani bagadi ne da kuma zanen allo na gidan Charterhouse (sufi na Carthusian) na Florence. Babu wani abu da ya saura daga cikin wadannan a yau.[14]


Daga 1408 zuwa 1418, Fra Angelico ya kasance a wurin friary na Dominican na Cortona, inda ya zana frescoes, wanda akasari yanzu ya lalace, a cikin Cocin Dominican, kuma yana iya kasancewa mataimaki ga Gherardo Starnina, ko kuma mabiyin sa.[15]Tsakanin 1418 da 1436 ya dawo cikin Fiesole, inda ya kashe frescoes da yawa don coci da Fiesole Altarpiece. An ba da izinin yin tabarbarewa, amma tun daga lokacin an dawo da shi. A preella na altarpiece ya kasance cikakke kuma an adana shi a cikin National Gallery, London; babban misali na hazakar Fra Angelico. Ya nuna Kristi cikin ɗaukaka kewaye da adadi sama da 250, gami da ƙwararrun Dominicans. Wannan lokacin ya ga zanen wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukansa, gami da sigar Madonna na Tawali'u. An adana wannan da kyau da kuma mallakar gidan kayan tarihi na Thyssen-Bornemisza, akan rance ga MNAC na Barcelona. Har ila yau, an kammala shi a wannan lokacin akwai sanarwar da Madonna na Ruman, a gidan kayan gargajiya na Prado.

San Marco, Florence, 1436-1445

A cikin 1436, Fra Angelico yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin friars daga Fiesole waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa sabon gidan zuhudu ko friary na San Marco a Florence. Wannan yunkuri mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya sanya shi a tsakiyar rayuwar fasaha na yankin, ya ja hankalin Cosimo de' Medici. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi kuma mafi ƙarfi membobi na ikon mulkin birni (ko "Signoria"), kuma wanda ya kafa daular da aka saita don mamaye siyasar Florentine don yawancin Renaissance. Cosimo yana da tantanin halitta da aka tanadar wa kansa a friary domin ya ja da baya daga duniya. Ya kasance, in ji Vasari, a Cosimo ta roƙon cewa Fra Angelico saita game da aikin na ado gidan zuhudu, ciki har da m fresco na Babi House, da yawa reproduced Annunciation a saman matakala da kai ga sel, da Maesta (ko Coronation). na Madonna) tare da waliyyai (tantanin halitta 9), da sauran frescoes na ibada da yawa, ƙanƙanta a tsari amma suna da ingantacciyar inganci, waɗanda ke nuna ɓangarori na Rayuwar Kristi waɗanda ke ƙawata bangon kowane tantanin halitta[16]

A cikin 1439 Fra Angelico ya kammala ɗayan shahararrun ayyukansa, San Marco Altarpiece a Florence. Ya karya sabuwar kasa. Ba sabon abu ba ne hotunan Madonna da Yaro da ke kewaye da waliyai, al'adar ita ce saitin ya yi kama da sama, waliyai da mala'iku suna shawagi a matsayin gabanin duniya maimakon abubuwan duniya. Amma a cikin San Marco Altarpiece, tsarkaka sun tsaya kai tsaye a cikin sararin samaniya, an haɗa su ta hanyar dabi'a kamar suna tattaunawa game da shaidarsu ta Budurwa cikin ɗaukaka. Wannan sabon nau'in, Tattaunawar Tsarkaka, shine don kafa manyan kwamitocin Giovanni Bellini, Perugino da Raphael.[17]

Vatican, 1445-1455

A shekara ta 1445 Paparoma Eugene IV ya kira shi zuwa Roma don yin zanen zane-zane na Chapel of the Holy Sacrament a St Peter's, wanda Paparoma Paul III ya rushe daga baya. Vasari ya nuna hakan na iya kasancewa lokacin da Paparoma Nicholas V ya ba Fra Angelico Archbishopric na Florence, don ya ƙi, yana ba da shawarar a maimakon wani friar. Labarin yana da alama zai yiwu, har ma da alama. Koyaya, dalla-dalla ba a ƙididdige su ba. A 1445 Paparoma ya kasance Eugene IV. Ba za a zabi Nicholas ba har sai 6 Maris 1447. Babban Bishop da ake tambaya a lokacin 1446-1459 shine Dominican Antoninus na Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), wanda Paparoma Adrian VI ya kafa a 1523. A 1447 Fra Angelico yana Orvieto tare da almajirinsa, Benozzo. Gozzoli, aiwatar da ayyuka ga Cathedral. Daga cikin sauran almajiransa akwai Zanobi Strozzi.[18]


Daga 1447 zuwa 1449 Fra Angelico ya dawo a Vatican, yana zayyana frescoes don Niccoline Chapel don Nicholas V. Abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar shahidai biyu da suka yi shahada na Cocin Kirista na Farko, St. Stephen da St. Lawrence mai yiwuwa an kashe su. gaba daya ko a bangare ta mataimaka. Ƙananan ɗakin sujada, tare da bangon bangon sa mai haske da kayan ado na ganyen zinare yana ba da ra'ayi na akwatin jauhari. Daga 1449 har zuwa 1452, Fra Angelico ya dawo a tsohuwar majami'ar Fiesole, inda ya kasance na gaba.[19][20]

Mutuwa

A shekara ta 1455, Fra Angelico ya mutu sa’ad da yake zama a gidan zuhudu na Dominican da ke Roma, wataƙila bisa odar yin aiki a cocin Paparoma Nicholas. An binne shi a cocin Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[21][22] [23]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ "Metropolitan Museum of Art"
  2. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965.
  3. ↑ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-869137-2.
  4. ↑ Andrea del Sarto, Raphael and Michelangelo were all called "Beato" by their contemporaries because their skills were seen as a special gift from God
  5. ↑ Bunson, Matthew; Bunson, Margaret (1999).John Paul II's Book of Saints. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 156. ISBN 0-87973-934-7.
  6. ↑ Rossetti 1911, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Martyrologium Romanum, ex decreto sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Pp. II promulgatum, editio [typica] altera, Typis Vaticanis, A.D. MMIV (2004), p. 155 ISBN 88-209-7210-7
  8. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965
  9. ↑ Comune di Vicchio (Firenze), La terra natale di Giotto e del Beato Angelico". zoomedia. Retrieved 2007-09-28
  10. ↑ Werner Cohn, Il Beato Angelico e Battista di Biagio Sanguigni. Revista d'Arte, V, (1955): 207–221.
  11. ↑ Stefano Orlandi, Beato Angelico; Monographia Storica della Vita e delle Opere con Un'Appendice di Nuovi Documenti Inediti. Florence: Leo S. Olschki Editore, 1964.
  12. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965.
  13. ↑ Rossetti 1911, pp. 6–7
  14. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965.
  15. ↑ Getty Education
  16. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965
  17. ↑ Frederick Hartt, A History of Italian Renaissance Art, (1970) Thames & Hudson,ISBN 0-500-23136-2
  18. ↑ Strozzi, Zanobi". The National Gallery, London. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2007-09-28
  19. ↑ Rossetti, William Michael (as attributed) (18 March 2016). "Fra Angelico". orderofpreachersindependent.org. Retrieved1 May 2016.
  20. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965.
  21. ↑ Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists. Penguin Classics, 1965
  22. ↑ Rossetti, William Michael (as attributed) (18 March 2016). "Fra Angelico". orderofpreachersindependent.org. Retrieved1 May 2016.
  23. ↑ The tomb has been given greater visibility since the beatification
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fra_Angelico&oldid=532784"