Wikipedia

Fish and chips

Kifi da kuma kwakwalwa abincine mai zafi wanda ya kunshi kifi da aka dafa da kuma soya, wanda aka ba dashi tareda kwakwalwa. Sau dayawa ana la'akari da Abincin ƙasa na Ƙasar Ingila, kifi da kwakwalwa sun samo asali ne a Ingila a ƙarni na 19. A yau, abincin abinci ne na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe dayawa, musamman ƙasashen Turanci da kuma Commonwealth.

Kasuwancin kifi da kuma guntu sunfara bayyana a Burtaniya acikin shekarun alif 1860, kuma a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da goma 1910 akwai sama da 25,000 daga cikinsu a duk faɗin Burtaniya. Wannan ya karu zuwa sama da 35,000 acikin shekarun alif 1930, amma daga ƙarshe ya ragu zuwa kusan 10,000 a shekara ta 2009. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kare samar da kifi da kwakwalwa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Yana daya daga cikin 'yan abinci a Burtaniya ba'a rarraba su ba'a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe, wanda ya kara bada gudummawa ga shahararsa.[1]

History

gyara sashe

Al'adar Burtaniya ta cin kifi da akayi wa lakabi da kuma soya a cikin mai na iya zama an gabatar da ita ga kasar ta hanyar Chuts: Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese, waɗanda suka zauna a Netherlands kafin su zauna a Burtaniya. Wadannan baƙi sun isa tun farkon karni na 16, babban shige da fice zuwa London a cikin shekarun alif dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin 1850. Sun shirya Kifi da aka dafa a hanyar da tayi kama da pescado frito, wanda aka rufe shi da gari sannan aka dafashi da mai.[2] Kifi da aka dafa don Shabbat don abincin dare a daren Jumma'a ana iya cinye shi sanyi da rana mai zuwa don shalosh seudot, mai ɗanɗano ta wannan hanyar kamar yadda akayi amfani da man kayan lambu mai ruwa maimakon kitse mai wuya, kamar man shanu.[2][3] Charles Dickens ya ambaci "gidan ajiyar kifi" a cikin Oliver Twist (a shekarar alif 1838), [1] kuma a cikin shekarar alif 1845 Alexis Soyer a cikin bugu na farko na A Shilling Cookery for the People, ya ba da girke-girke don "kifi da aka dafa, salon Yahudawa", wanda aka tsoma acikin cakuda gari da ruwa kafin a dafa shi. [4] Koyaya, "kifi hanyar Yahudawa" a cikin mafi yawan littattafan dafa abinci na Ingilishi yawanci suna nufin ba kifi da aka soya ba, amma ga eScabeche, kifi daya soya sannan aka shayar dashi cikin ruwan inabi.[5]

 
Kifi da kwakwalwa, ana amfani dasu a cikin takarda mai (takarda mai hana mai a ciki da takarda na yau da kullun), a matsayin ɗaukar kaya

Wurin kantin kifi na farko da kantin kwalliya ba'a bayyane yake ba. An bude shagunan da aka fi sani a London a cikin shekarun alif 1860 ta hanyar baƙon Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai Joseph Malin, da kuma John Lees a Mossley, Lancashire. [6] Koyaya, kifi da kwakwalwa sun wanzu daban aƙalla shekaru 50 kafin wannan, don haka yiwuwar cewa an haɗa su a baya baza a iya kawar dasu ba. Kifi da kwakwalwa sun zama abincin abinci tsakanin masu aiki a Ingila sakamakon saurin ci gaban kamun kifi a Tekun Arewa, da kuma ci gaban hanyoyin jirgin kasa wanda ya haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa manyan biranen masana'antu a lokacin rabi na biyu na karni na 19, don a iya jigilar kifi da sauri zuwa yankunan dake da yawan jama'a.[7][8]

Gilashin da aka dafa sosai (slices ko gutsuttsarin dankali) a matsayin tasa na iya bayyana a Ingila a cikin wannan lokacin: Oxford English Dictionary ya lura kamar yadda ya fara amfani da "chips" a wannan ma'anar an ambaci shi a cikin Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities (a shekarar alif 1859): "tsuntsu na dankali, an dafa shi da wasu saurin mai". [9] [10]

Shagon kifi da chip na zamani ("chippy" a cikin harshen zamani na Burtaniya) ya samo asaline a Burtaniya, kodayake kantin sayar da abinci mai dafa abinci ya faru a duk faɗin Turai. Kasuwancin kifi da chip na farko suna da kayan aiki na asali kawai. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan sun kunshi babban tukunyar kitse, wanda wuta ta dumama. Shagon kifi da kwakwalwa daga baya ya samo asali ne acikin tsari mai kyau, tare da abincin da aka bada shi, a cikin takarda, ga abokan ciniki masu layi, a kan tebur a gaban masu dafa abinci.

A cikin shekarar alif 1928, Harry Ramsden ya buɗe shagon kifi da chip na farko a Guiseley, West Yorkshire . A rana ɗaya a cikin shekarar alif 1952, shagon ya ba da rabon kifi da kwakwalwa 10,000, yana samun matsayi a cikin Littafin Guinness na Tarihi. A cikin littafin George Orwell mai suna The Road to Wigan Pier (a shekarar alif 1937), wanda ke ba da labarin kwarewarsa game da rayuwar ma'aikata a Arewacin Ingila, marubucin ya ɗauki kifi da kwakwalwa a cikin 'yan ta'aziyya na gida' wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin abin sha'awa ga ma'aikata.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kifi da kwakwalwa - wani abune na ma'aikata - sun kasance daya daga cikin 'yan abinci a Burtaniya ba tare da rarrabawa ba.[11] Firayim Minista Winston Churchill yayi magana game da haɗuwa da kifi da kwakwalwa a matsayin "abokai masu kyau".

An fara amfani da kifi da kwakwalwa na Burtaniya acikin murfin tsoffin jaridu amma wannan aikin yanzu ya ƙare, tare da takarda mai sauƙi, katako, ko filastik ana amfani da shi a maimakon haka. Acikin Burtaniya jagorancin Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Abinci ya cire masu ba da abinci daga wannan; amma hukumomin Kasuwanci da yawa na gida da sauransu sunce ba za a iya sayar dashi kawai a matsayin "kifi da kwakwalwa ba".[12][13][14][15]

Wani shahararren abinci a cikin al'adun Burtaniya, kifi da kwakwalwa sun zama sananne a cikin manyan da'irori a London da Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila a tsakiyar karni na 19: Charles Dickens ya ambaci "gidan ajiyar kifi" a cikin Oliver Twist, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar alif 1838, yayin da a arewacin Ingila cinikayya a cikin dankali mai zurfi ya bunkasa.[16] Har yanzu ba'a san daidai lokacin da kuma inda waɗannan kasuwancin biyu suka haɗu don zama masana'antar kantin kifi da guntu na zamani ba. Wani baƙo Bayahude, Joseph Malin, ya buɗe shagon kifi da chip na farko da aka rubuta a Bow, Gabashin London, a kusa da shekarar alif 1860; wani Mista Lees ya fara ra'ayin a Arewacin Ingila, a Mossley, a shekarata alif 1863.[17] Bayan ƙarni guda, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kifi ta Kasa, wacce ta sanya Malin ta memba na farko, ta gabatar da takarda ga Malin a matsayin kantin sayar da kifi da guntu na farko a duniya. An sami takardar shuɗi a ɗayan babban mai fafatawa don kantin sayar da kifi da guntu na farko, shafin yanzu na Oldham's Tommyfield Market . Da yake a cikin Covent Garden, The Rock & Sole Plaice, wanda ya fara daga shekarar alif 1871, shine kantin sayar da kifi da guntu mafi tsufa a London har yanzu yana aiki.[16]

An kira shi 'Fish Restaurant King', gidan cin abinci na farko na Isaacs ya buɗe a Lambeth, Kudancin London a cikin shekarar alif 1896 yana bada kifi da kwakwalwa, burodi da man shanu, da shayi na pence tara. Ya zama sananne nan take kuma ya haifar da sarkar data ƙunshi gidajen cin abinci 22. [18] Alamar kasuwanci ta Isaacs itace kalmar "Wannan ita ce Plaice", tare da hoton kifin da ake tambaya, wanda ya bayyana a duk gidajen cin abinci. An rufe gidajen cin abinci na Isaacs, suna da sabis na tebur, tufafin tebur, furanni, china da cutlery, kuma sun sanya kayan cin abinci na kasuwa masu araha ga masu aiki. Sun kasance acikin Strand da sauran wuraren London, da Brighton, Ramsgate, Margate da sauran wuraren shakatawa na Yankin teku a kudancin Ingila.[18] An fadada menus a farkon karni na 20 don haɗawa da jita-jita na nama da sauran bambance-bambance. Ana iya ganin tsohuwar gidan cin abinci na Brighton a No.1 Marine Parade a bayan fim din Norman Wisdom na shekarar alif 1955 One Good Turn kamar yadda Pitkin ke gudana a bakin teku; wannan yanzu shine shafin gidan cin abinci da chips na Harry Ramsden.

Daga bayyanarsu ta farko a kan titin Burtaniya a farkon shekarun alif 1860, shagunan kifi da guntu sun bazu da sauri don gamsar da bukatun yawan masana'antu masu yawa. A shekara ta alif 1910, akwai shaguna sama da 25,000 na kifi da guntu a duk faɗin Burtaniya, adadi wanda ya karu zuwa shaguna sama na 35,000 a cikin shekarun alif 1930. Tun daga wannan lokacin yanayin ya juya, kuma a cikin shekarar 2009 akwai kusan shaguna 10,000.[1]

Scotland

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Majalisar Dundee City tayi iƙirarin cewa wani baƙo na Belgium, Edward De Gernier, ne ya fara sayar da kwakwalwa a cikin Greenmarket na birnin a cikin shekarun alif 1870. [19] A Edinburgh da kewayen yankin, haɗuwa da Gold Star brown sauce da ruwa ko malt vinegar, wanda aka sani da "sauce", ko kuma musamman kamar "chippy sauce", yana da babban shahara; gishiri da vinegar anfi sonsu a wasu wurare a Scotland. [20]

An kafa lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta National Fish & Chips Awards a Burtaniya a shekarar alif 1988. [21] Jakadan Norway a Burtaniya Mona Juul ne ya halarci bikin bayar da kyautar kifi da kum chips na shekara-shekara na 30.[22]

Mai mallakar kantin sayar da kifi da guntu na Australiya na farko shine ɗan gudun hijirar Girka Athanasias Comino, wanda ya buɗe shagon sa a shekarar alif 1879 a kan titin Oxford na Sydney, kodayake shagon Comino ya yi wahayi zuwa gareshi ta hanyar wani kantin sayarwar kifi da kayan kwalliya na Welshman wanda ba a sani ba.[23] A Ostiraliya a yau, akwai kimanin kantin sayar da kifi da guntu 4000, da kuma kifi da kwakwalwa suna da mahimmanci acikin mashaya da gidajen cin abinci dayawa na Ostiraliya.[23]

Kifi da kwakwalwa sanannen abinci ne a Kanada, wani lokacin ta amfani da haddock ko kifi da aka kama a tafkin kamar perch ko kuma Walleye. Yawancin shagunan suna sayar da poutine da sauran kayan da aka dafa. A lardin Newfoundland & Labrador, kifi da kwakwalwa da akayi da kifi sune abinci mai mahimmanci kuma abincin da akafi sani dashi.

A Ireland, wani baƙo na Italiya, Giuseppe Cervi, ya sayar da kifi da kwakwalwa na farko, wanda ya yi kuskure ya sauka daga jirgin ruwa na Arewacin Amurka a Queenstown (yanzu Cobh) a County Cork a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin 1880s kuma ya yi tafiya har zuwa Dublin. Ya farane ta hanyar sayar da kifi da kwakwalwa a waje da mashaya na Dublin daga keken hannu. Daga nan sai ya sami wuri na dindindin a titin Great Brunswick (yanzu titin Pearse). Matarsa Palma za ta tambayi kwastomomi "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" Wannan magana (ma'ana "ɗaya daga cikin wannan, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan") ta shiga cikin yaren Dublin a matsayin "ɗaya da ɗaya", wanda har yanzu hanya ce ta magana game da kifi da kwakwalwa acikin birni.

Kifi da kwakwalwa shine mafi kyawun abincin da akafi sani dashi a New Zealand. Masana tarihi na abinci basu iya tantance daidai lokacin da abincin ya zama wani ɓangare na abincin New Zealand ba, amma duk sun san cewa masu zama na Burtaniya ne suka gabatar da shagunan kifi da chips na farko kafin Yaƙin Duniya na I. [24] Acikin karni na 20, kusan kowane karamin gari da kewayen New Zealand suna da akalla shagon kifi da chip guda ɗaya. Kamar yadda yake a Burtaniya, daren Jumma'a shine dare na gargajiya don cin kifi.[24]

A al'ada, ana bada kifi da kwakwalwan kwamfuta a cikin murfin takarda mai tsayayya sannan kuma jarida a matsayin mai rufi. Tare da faduwar masana'antar jarida, wannan ya zama ba a saba gani ba duk da cewa a bayyane, takarda da ba a buga ba har yanzu tana da mashahuri.

A cikin shekarar alif 1980, 'yan siyasa hudu na New Zealand Labour Party, ciki har da David Lange, an ba su lakabi da "Fish and Chip Brigade" saboda hoton da aka buga a lokacin tare da ƙungiyar suna cin kifi da chips.[25]

A Amurka, ana sayar da abincin a matsayin kifi da kwakwalwa, sai dai a Upstate New York da Wisconsin da sauran sassan Arewa maso gabas da kuma Upper Midwest, inda za a kira wannan abincin kifi.[26] Duk da yake a cikin kwakwalwa Amurka yana nufin kwakwalwan dankalin turawa ("crisps" acikin Turanci na Burtaniya), abincin yana riƙe da sunansa na asali. A Kudancin Amurka, wani nau'i na abinci na yau da kullun shine soya catfish tare da fries na Faransa, tare da coleslaw, pickles, sassan albasa da kuma sassan lemun tsami.

Garin Kristiansund na yammacin Norway yana da al'ada tare da kifi da kwakwalwa a matsayin abinci na titi tun daga shekarun alif dubu daya da dari tara da arbain(1940). An sanshi a cikin gida kamar fishan .

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named alexander
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named marks
  3. ↑ Majumdar, Simon. "The Good Companions: The True Story of Fish & Chips". Eat My Globe. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  4. ↑ "Chip-Shop Fried Fish". The Foods of England Project. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (2023-06-22). "No, British fish and chips is not a Jewish invention". The Forward (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  6. ↑ "Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History". www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  7. ↑ "Did fish and chips come from the north of England?". BBC Radio 4. 30 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "Fish and chips - A great English tradition". Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  9. ↑ "A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens". www.gutenberg.org.
  10. ↑ Dickens, Charles (24 January 1866). "A Tale of Two Cities". Chapman and Hall – via Google Books.
  11. ↑ "Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing". Rls.org.uk. 5 January 1998. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  12. ↑ "Guidance Notes for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland" (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2009. (Section A.2)
  13. ↑ "Food Labelling For Catering Establishments" (PDF). Blackpool Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  14. ↑ "Business Advice Fact Sheet" (PDF). Norfolk County Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  15. ↑ "Labelling & Pricing". Nationwide Caterers Association. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC History
  17. ↑ Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide. "Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips". Historic-uk.com. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Isaacs
  19. ↑ "Dundee Fact File". Dundee City Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
  20. ↑ "Did You Know?". Federation of Fish Friers. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  21. ↑ "The National Fish & Chips Awards". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  22. ↑ A Orlova, Tamara; Alvarez, Joe (25 January 2018). "Chip Chip Hooray! The National Fish & Chip Awards Names The UK's Best Chippy". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "The History of Fish and Chips". Australian Fish and Chips Awards. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Wassilieff, Maggy (12 June 2006). "Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  25. ↑ "Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare: The Fish and Chip Brigade". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  26. ↑ "Shore Lunch: More Than the World's Finest Fish and Chips – New West". newwest.net. New West Publications. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
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