Duluo

 

Yaren Dholuo (lafazi: [ d̪ólúô ]</link> ) ko Nilotic Kavirondo, yare ne na ƙungiyar Luo na harsunan Nilotic, masu magana da kusan mutane miliyan 4.2 na Kenya da Tanzaniya, wadanda ke mamaye gabashin gabar tafkin Victoria da yankunan kudu. Ana amfani da shi don watsa shirye-shirye akan Ramogi TV da KBC ( Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, tsohon Muryar Kenya ).

Dholuo yana fahimtar juna tare da Alur, Acholi, Adhola da Lango na Uganda . Dholuo da harsunan Ugandan da aka ambata a baya duk suna da alaka da harshe da Dholuo na Sudan ta Kudu da Anuak na Habasha saboda asalin kabilar manyan al'ummomin Luo wadanda ke jin harsunan Luo .

An kiyasta cewa Dholuo yana da kamanceceniya 90% na lexical da Leb Alur (Alur), 83% tare da Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% tare da Leb Lango da 93% tare da Dhopadhola (Adhola). Duk da haka, ana lissafta wadannan a matsayin harsuna daban-daban duk da asalin kabilanci na gama gari saboda canjin yare da motsin yanki ya samu.

Karatu ( Na Luo daga Nyanza ta Kudu)

Ya kunshi yankin da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Gabashin Afirka Adventist na kwana na bakwai yayi aiki. Tsibirin Rusinga da garin Kisii suna da alama.

Tushen rubutun harshen Dholuo da al'adar adabin Dholuo na yau, da kuma zamanantar da jama'ar Jaluo a Kenya, sun fara ne a shekara ta 1907 tare da zuwan wani dan mishan mai suna Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen dan Kasar Kanada dan kasar Kanada, wanda ya gama aikin mishan. Tsawon shekaru kusan 14 a gefen gabacin tafkin Victoria ya bar gado. (Wannan ya shafi Luo na Kudancin Nyanza kawai, wadanda ke Gabashin tafkin Victoria). Wannan gado yana ci gaba a yau ta hanyar dangin Obama na Kenya da Cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai wanda Obamas da sauran Jaluo da yawa suka tuba a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin mazauna yankin da aka aika Carscallen don yin juyin juya hali. Obamas na Kenya dangin tsohon shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ne .

Daga 1906 zuwa 1921, Carscallen ya kasance mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Gabashin Afirka na Cocin Ranar Bakwai na Adventist, kuma an tuhume shi da kafa tashoshi na mishan a gabashin Kenya kusa da tafkin Victoria da kuma yin wa'azi a tsakanin al'ummar yankin. Wadannan tashoshi za su hada da Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kisii (Nyanchwa), da Kamagambo. A cikin 1913, ya sami dan karamin jarida don Ofishin Jakadancin kuma ya kafa karamin aikin bugawa a Gendia don buga kayan coci, amma kuma ya yi amfani da shi don tasiri ilimi da karatu a yankin.

A cikin kusan shekaru biyar yana gudanar da ikilisiyoyin Jaluo da yawa, Carscallen ya sami kware a yaren Dholuo kuma an yaba shi da kasancewa farkon wanda ya rage yaren zuwa rubutu, yana buga nahawu na Elementary na harshen Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), tare da wasu kalmomi masu amfani, Turanci-Kavirondo da Kavirondo-Turanci kamus, da wasu atisaye masu maɓalli iri daya a cikin 1910. Sa'an nan, kawai bayan shekaru biyu kawai, mishan ya fassara sassan Sabon Alkawari daga Turanci zuwa Dholuo, wadanda Kungiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Biritaniya da Kasashen waje suka buga daga baya.

A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Jehobah sun fitar da juyin New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures a yaren Luo. Fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki tana neman bayyananne, magana ta zamani kuma ana rarraba shi ba tare da caji ba, duka bugu da sigar kan layi .

Littafin nahawu da Carscallen ya samar an yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru da yawa a duk gabashin Kenya, amma an manta da marubucin littafin. Daga baya aka sake masa suna, Dho-Luo don Farawa, kuma an sake buga shi a cikin 1936. Baya ga rubutun nahawu, Carscallen ya tattara ƙamus na "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) da Ingilishi, wanda ke cikin Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar London, UK. Babu dayan wadannan ayyukan da aka maye gurbinsu, an sabunta su kawai, tare da sabbin nau'ikan tushe na harshe wanda Carscallen ya kafa a 1910.

Fassarar sauti

Wasula

Dholuo yana da nau'i biyu na wasula biyar, wanda aka bambanta da fasalin <span typeof="mw:Nowiki" id="mwUw">[± ATR]</span> wanda aka dauka da farko akan tsari na farko. Yayin da ATR ke da sautin sauti a cikin harshe, tsarin dai-daita wasulan sauti daban-daban suna taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma suna iya canza ATR na wasali a wurin fitarwa. Canji na yanzu a wasu yarukan Dholuo shine cewa wasu karin magana suna da alama suna rasa bambancin ATR kuma a maimakon haka suna amfani da [± ATR] a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta.

[-ATR] wasali a cikin Dholuo

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa-kusa	ɪ		ʊ
Tsakar	ɛ		ɔ
Bude		ɐ

[+ATR] wasali a cikin Dholuo

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i		u
Tsakar	e		o
Bude		a

Consonants

A cikin tebur na bakaken da ke kasa, ana hada alamomin rubutu tsakanin maƙallan kusurwa masu bin alamun IPA . Lura musamman masu zuwa: amfani da ⟨ y ⟩ don /j /, gama gari a cikin rubutun Afirka; ⟨ th ⟩, ⟨ ⟩ su ne plosives, ba fricatives ba kamar yadda a cikin rubutun Swahili (amma phoneme /d̪ / yana iya jujjuya tsaka-tsaki).

Ƙirar baƙon sauti a Dholuo

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨ m ⟩		n ⟨ n ⟩	ɲ ⟨ ny ⟩	ŋ ⟨ ngʼ ⟩
M	prenasalized	ᵐb ⟨ mb ⟩		ⁿd ⟨ ⟩	ᶮɟ ⟨ nj ⟩	ᵑɡ ⟨ ng ⟩
	mara murya	p ⟨ p ⟩	t̪ ⟨ ⟩	t ⟨ t ⟩	c ⟨ ch ⟩	k ⟨ ⟩
	murya	b ⟨ b ⟩	d̪ ⟨ ⟩	d ⟨ d ⟩	ɟ ⟨ ⟩	ɡ ⟨ ⟩
Ƙarfafawa		f ⟨ f ⟩		s ⟨ s ⟩			h ⟨ h ⟩
Trill				r ⟨ r ⟩
Kusanci		w ⟨ w ⟩		l ⟨ l ⟩	j ⟨ y ⟩

Halayen sauti

Dholuo harshe ne na tonal . Akwai sautin lexical da na nahawu, misali a cikin samuwar fi'ili. Yana da daidaituwar wasali ta matsayin ATR : wasula a cikin kalmar da ba a haɗa su ba dole ne su kasance duka [+ATR] ko duka [-ATR]. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ATR-harmony ya miƙe zuwa semivowels /w /, /ɥ / .   Tsawon wasali ya bambanta.

Nahawu

Dholuo ya shahara saboda rikitattun sauye-sauyen furucin sa, wadanda ake amfani da su, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wajen bambance mallakar da ba za a iya raba ta da ita ba. Misali na farko shi ne yanayin mallaka, kamar yadda kashi ba ya cikin kare.   Duk da haka mai zuwa misali ne na mallakar da ba za a iya raba shi ba, kashi na cikin saniya:  

Misalin jumla

English	Luo
hello	misawa (ber)
How are you?	Idhi nade? Intie nade?
I'm fine.	Adhi maber.
What is your name?	Nyingi ng'a?
My name is…	Nyinga en…
I am happy to see you.	Amor neni.
Where do you come from?	In jakanye?
good morning	oyawore
good evening	oimore
God bless you.	Nyasaye ogwedhi.
good job	tich maber
Salvation	resruok
goodbye	oriti
I want water.	Adwaro pi.
I am thirsty.	Riyo deya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.
thank you	erokamano
child	nyathi
student (university student)	nyathi skul, japuonjre (ja mbalariany)
come	bi
go	dhiyo
take	kaw
return	dwok
come back	dwogi
sit	bedi
stand / stop	chung' / wee
hunger	kech
I am starved.	Kech kaya.
father	wuoro [Dinka] wur
mother	miyo [Dinka] mor mer
God	Nyasaye, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o ( Different names associated with different attributes of God)
Lord (God)	Ruoth (Nyasaye)
God is good	Nyasaye ber
help	kony [Dinka] ba kony
man	dichuo
woman	dhako
boy	wuoyi (wuowi)
girl	nyako [Dinka] nya
book	buk, [Alego/Seme] buge
youth	rawera
pen	randiki
shorts	onyasa
trousers	long'
table	mesa
plate	tao
lock	rarind, ralor
leader	jatelo
bring	kel
Go back there.	Dog kucha.
Come back here.	Duog ka.
ask / query	penj
question	penjo
run	ringi [Dinka]
walk	wuothi
jump	dum / chikri [Alego/Seme]
rain	koth
sun	chieng'
moon	dwe / duee
stars	sulwe
ti	work
fish	rech [Dinka]
cold	koyo
I want to eat.	Adwaro chiemo.
I have something to say	An gi wach
grandfather	kwaro [Dinka] / kwar
grandmother	dayo [Dinka] / day
white man	ja rachar / ombogo / ja wagunda
cow / cattle	dwasi / dhiang'
sing	wer [Dinka]
song	wer
good, beautiful	ber, jaber
bad	rach
marriage	kend [Dinka], "keny" is the process, "thiek" is the marriage
marry	kendo
tomorrow	kiny
today	kawuono
here	ka / kae
there (close by)	kacha / kocha
there (far)	kucho
child	nyathi
money	omenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesa
gun	bunde
gun fire	maj bunde
start	chaki
dream	leki
stand	chung'
abroad	loka
talk	wuo
sit	bedi
praise	pak
eat	chiem
fire	mach
I want ugali.	Adwaro kuon.
maize, corn	oduma, bando
maize and beans	nyoyo
taxi	matatu (Swahili)
farm	puodho (Alego-Ndalo)
plough / dig out	pur / kuny
flying (in the air)	fuyo
fly (insect)	lwang'ni
stream (river)	aora
lake	nam
ocean	ataro
please	asayi

Littafi Mai Tsarki

• Gregersen, E. (1961). Luo: Nahawu . Dissertation: Jami'ar Yale.
• Stafford, RL (1965). Nahawun Luo na farko tare da ƙamus . Nairobi: Jami'ar Oxford Press.
• Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Babban tsarin haɗin gwiwa na Dhooluo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
• Tucker, AN (ed. ta Chet A. Creider) (1994). Nahawun Kenya Luo (Dholuo). 2 juzu'i. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Okoth Okombo, D. (1997). Nahawun Aiki na Dholuo. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Kamus na Turanci-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu. ISBN 9966-48-781-6 .
• Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' da Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Doluo course book. Nairobi.
• Capen, Carole Jamieson. 1998. Kamus na Dholuo-Turanci, Kenya . Tucson (Arizona): wanda ya buga kansa. Kurasa ix, 322. [  ]

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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• </img> Tanzaniya portal
• </img> Harsuna portal

• Kalmomin Luo da mahimman bayanai
• Jagora mai dacewa don koyan Luo
• Littafin Jagora na Harshen Kavirondo (1920) - ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na farko akan Dholuo
• Font Lakeside - Nau'in Rubutun Gaskiya don rubutu a cikin Dholuo (an adana)