Dubar dalma ga dabbar raptors
Guba gubar lamari ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ke shafar yawan raptor[ana buƙatar hujja], a tsakanin sauran nau'in. Ba tare da gyarawa ba, yawancin raptors za su shiga cikin alamun gubar dalma da zarar an shafa. Yayin da jama'a na iya zama ba su san yadda za su iya haifar da matsalar ba, kusan kashi Dari 100% na gubar dalma za a iya hana su idan mutane sun mai da hankali sosai kan farautarsu da ayyukansu .[1] Akwai manyan masu bada gudummuwa guda biyu ga wadannan nau'in dabbobin daji da gubar dalma ke shafa kuma ta hanyar mafarauta ne masu amfani da harsashin gubar, ko kuma ta hanyar masu kifin dalma ta hanyar amfani da dalma.[2][3]
Bayyanawa ga jagora
gyara sasheLokacin da mafarauta suka harbe dabba, sukan bar ɓarna da sauran sharar gawa a cikin dazuzzuka daga baya. Wannan zai zama matsala idan mafarauci ya zaɓi yin amfani da harsashin gubar. An nuna cewa da gaske duk dabbobin da aka harba da gubar na dauke da gutsuttsura dalma a cikinsu. Harsashin gubar hatsi guda har 150 guda ɗaya yana da ikon kashe gaggafa 10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin gawarwakin barewa 38 da aka bincika, sama da kashi 74% na su sun ƙunshi guntun dalma sama da 100 daga harsashi ɗaya. [4] Daga wurin shigar harsashi cikin dabba, waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura na iya yin tafiya har zuwa kimanin 45 centimetres (18 in) cikin gawa. [5] Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ƙanƙanta ne da ba za a iya gani da su ba, to Sai Dai amma za a nuna su akan hotunan dabbar. Masu cin zarafi da masu fasa bututun da suka gano ragowar dabbobin da sharar gida za su cinye wadannan kananan dalma. Daga nan sai a wargaje gutsuttsuran sannan a tsotse gubar a cikin jini saboda aikin nika na gizzard, wanda hakan ke haifar da tarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya' [5] Dangane da matsalar kamun kifi, an gano lokacin kamun kifi mafi girma ya haifar da sakamako. Sannan a cikin mafi yawan adadin mace-mace sakamakon maganin gubar. Tsuntsaye na iya cin kifin da ya cinye jigon gubar ko nutsewa idan layin kamun kifi ya karye. Hakanan suna iya ƙoƙarin kai hari kan kifin da wani mai kamun kifi ya jawo shi. [2] Akwai kuma abin da ake zubarwa ko kuma a bar shi a baya a cikin ruwa ko a wuraren kamun kifi, kuma wanda tsuntsaye za su iya cinyewa da gangan. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan al’amari shi ne, gubar ba wani sinadari ne da ake saurin kawar da shi ba, kuma ba za a iya kaskanta shi ba, domin abu ne mai tsayayye. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da tara tarin gubar a cikin mahalli a kan lokaci, saboda akwai ƙarin shiga fiye da yadda ake fita. [6] Ko da yake ba a matsayin babban batu ba, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fallasa namun daji a zahiri ga gubar, kamar ta hanyar fenti na tushen gubar ko ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai.
Pathogenesis
gyara sasheLokacin da gubar ta shiga cikin sashin narkewa na raptors, yanayin acidic na cikin su yana ba da damar rushewa da shiga cikin jini. Idan gutsuwar gubar tana cikin kyallen tsuntsu ne kawai, ba zai yuwu ta haifar da gubar gubar ba, saboda cikinta yana buƙatar rushe shi. [7] Da zarar cikin jini, sannan an gano gubar don kwaikwayi rawar calcium a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin salula na yau da kullun da tsarin da calcium zai bi. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ci gaba da kiyaye calcium homeostasis da zarar gubar ta shiga cikin jini ba. Ana watsar da siginar siginar zuwa synapses na jijiyoyi yayin da ƙwayoyin jijiya na cholinergic ke hanawa, yana haifar da canjin hali kamar yadda aka shafi cerebellum . Sannan Ayyukan jijiyoyi a fili yana zama cikin haɗari sosai. A cikin jini da kanta, ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna haɓaka raguwar rayuwa, kuma ƙarancin haɗin heme yana faruwa saboda enzymes δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase da ferrochelatase sun zama masu rauni. Tsuntsu sai ya zama rashin jini . [8]
Alamomi da alamomi
gyara sasheLokacin da tsuntsaye suka fara nuna sauye-sauyen hali, za su iya fara nuna matsala wajen saukowa . Har ila yau, suna fara nuna matsayi mara kyau, kuma sau da yawa ana iya samun su suna kallon ƙasa. To amman Muryar su na iya canza sauti, saboda sau da yawa yakan zama babban honk, kuma suna iya buɗe baki a wani yanki tare da ƙarar hayaniya da ke fitowa daga ciki. Bayan kamar makonni biyu, dangane da, tsuntsu ya zama mai rauni a bayyane, kuma yawanci yana nuna matsala ta tafiya da tashi. [9] Fuka-fukan kuma na iya fara fitowa a faɗuwa, tare da fiffiken fikafikan da ake ganin sau da yawa suna jan ƙasa, kuma tsuntsayen na iya yin ƙarancin ƙoƙarin samun abinci. [9] Idan tsuntsu ya rayu bayan makonni biyi zuwa uku 2 zuwa 3 bayan gubar dalma to shi ma zai iya fara bayyana ya bushe kuma kashin keel zai iya bambanta sosai saboda a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci ba zai iya narkar da abinci ba yayin da filin ya zama gurgu. [8] Ana ganin koren feces sau da yawa akan gashin wutsiya, a matsayin tasirin wannan. [9]
Har ila yau, tsananin tattara gubar a cikin jini na iya yin illa ga tsarin koda da kuma tsarin haihuwa, kamar yadda kodan ke shafar kuma duk wani kwai da aka dage yana iya samun raunin bawo. Wasu nau'in mikiya kuma an gano cewa sun ragu don babu samar da maniyyi ya faru, kuma mazan na iya samun raguwar girman maniyyi. Har ila yau, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsuntsaye su fuskanci makanta a sakamakon yadda kwayoyin bitamin ke shafa. [10] Sakamakon ire-iren wadannan tasirin da gubar ke yi a jiki ga mikiya, ba kasafai ba ne wadannan tsuntsayen su fuskanci girgizar tsoka ko na kasa kafafunsu su zama gurguje. Saboda wasu nau'o'in waɗannan alamun da mai raptor zai iya fuskanta, masu gyaran namun daji na iya samun sauƙi lokacin riƙewa da kuma kula da tsuntsaye saboda suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin da za su iya yin yaki. [10]
Bincike
gyara sasheMutumin da ya dandana tare da namun daji zai iya gano mafi yawan lokuta raptor mai alamar alama wanda ke da gubar dalma. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake gano cutar da ba ta dace ba. Tabbatacciyar hanyar tantance ko tsuntsu yana da gubar dalma ita ce ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jini da gwada shi don gubar. To amman Ana ɗaukar tsuntsun al'ada kuma yawanci gubar ba ta shafa ba idan an gano jinin yana da ƙasa da kusan 20μg/dL, kodayake ba zai yuwu ba tsuntsu mai alama ya kasance ƙasa da 20μg/dL. Ana ɗaukar raptor a matsayin fuskantar adadin gubar a cikin tsarin su idan yana tsakanin 20-60 μg/dL. Idan mikiya tana da matakan jini na gubar sama da 60μg/dL to ana la'akari da shi a matsayin shari'ar asibiti kuma yiwuwar mikiya ta tsira a wannan lokacin ba ta da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya gwada hanta da kashi don gwada gubar gubar ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa ne bayan gaggafa ta riga ta mutu. Tsuntsaye kuma za a iya yin x-ray, saboda duk wani babban guntu na gubar da aka cinye za a iya gani a kai. [11]
Magani
gyara sasheA lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya da ke fama da gubar gubar, manufar ita ce rage shigar da gubar a cikin jini, don kawar da duk wani gubar mai guba da ke sha, da kuma taimakawa da tallafawa dabbar ta murmurewa. Idan gubar ta riga ta shiga cikin jini, yana da mahimmanci a bi da tsuntsun da wani abu da zai shiga jikin kowane ɓangarorin gubar ta hanyar amfani da mahaɗan chelating . Duk Wadannan mahadi za su sa tsuntsu ya kawar da gubar daga jikinsa ta hanyar fitar da su a cikin fitsari. Magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance wannan sune EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) da DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da alluran intramuscularly tare da EDTA ko da yake a cikin jini sun fi tasiri, saboda tasirin gubar EDTA akan kodan. DMSA magani ne na baka na gama gari wanda ana iya amfani dashi don magani kuma. Idan an dauki x-ray kuma guntuwar gubar sun bayyana, ana iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata tare da endoscope, ta hanyar gastrotomy, ko kuma ta hanyar gavage a ciki, ko da yake idan ɓangarorin sun yi girma gubar gubar na iya yin girma a gare su. iya tsira daga tiyata.
Ilimi
gyara sasheAn nuna cewa akwai ƙarin yawan gubar dalma da ake gani a lokutan farautar manyan wasanni. An tabbatar da cewa, daidaita harsashin dalma na iya rage yawan tsuntsayen da suka kamu da cutar da gubar dalma. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mafarauta su canza zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba. Harsashin jan karfe shine mafi mashahuri madadin kuma sama da kusan kashi 90% na mafarauta sun ce yana aiki daidai ko ma fiye da harsashin gubar na yau da kullun, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓukan harsasai na ƙarfe waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su. Hakanan ana samun maganin kamun kifi mara gubar. [12] Idan mafarauci ya ki canzawa zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba a matsayin madadin, to, kona gawar ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi na gaba. [13] Ko da yake ana binne gawar ya fi a bar ta a fili, rodents da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya tono gawar cikin sauƙi sannan kuma za a sake fallasa gawar. [13] Har ila yau, mafarauta su fahimci yadda gubar za ta kasance a cikin naman da suke farautar abinci idan suka yi amfani da harsashin dalma, wanda shi ma ba shi da lafiya ga mutum.[12]
Duba wasu abubuwan
gyara sashe- Guba na dabba
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Lead poisoning" (PDF). Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bedrosian, B; Craighead, D; Crandall, R (2012). "Lead exposure in bald eagles from big game hunting, the continental implications and successful mitigation efforts". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51978. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751978B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051978. PMC 3526477. PMID 23284837.
- ↑ Grade, T.J.; Pokras, M.A.; Laflamme, E.M.; Vogel, H.S. (2018). "Population-level effects of lead fishing tackle on common loons". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (1): 155–164. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21348.
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