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Dokar ingancin iska

Dokokin ingancin iska na kula ne da matakin sarrafa fitar da gurɓatacciyar iska zuwa cikin sararin samaniya. Ƙarƙashin wannan ne aka shimfiɗa ƙa'idodin ingancin iska masu matuƙar ƙarfi don suna tsara ingancin iska a cikin gine-gine. Akasarin lokuta a na tsara dokokin ingancin iska ne musamman don a kare lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar iyakancewa ko kawar da yawan gurɓatacciyar iska. An gina wasu tsare-tsare don magance matsalolin muhalli masu faɗi, kamar iyakancewa akan sinadarai waɗanda ke shafar shingen gajimare, da shirye-shiryen tarfuwar hayaki don magance matsalar ruwan guba ko sauyin yanayi. Ƙoƙarin tsari sun haɗa da ganowa da rarraba gurɓataccen iska, saita iyakoki akan matakan da ake yarda da su, da fayyace fasahohin ragewa masu mahimmanci ko dacewa.

Dokar ingancin iska

Rabe-raben gurbacewar iska

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Dokokin ingancin iska dole ne su zamo akan abubuwa da ayyuka waɗanda suka cancanci a kira su da suna "ƙwayoyin gurbata" don dalilai na ƙarin sarrafawa.[1] Yayin da takamaiman tambarin ya bambanta daga hukunce-hukunce zuwa hukunce-hukunce, akwai babban yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci da yawa game da abin da ya ƙunshi gurɓataccen iska. Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta gano ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), da gubar (Pb) a matsayin "ma'auni" da ke buƙatar ƙa'ida ta ƙasa. [2] EPA kuma ta gano sama da mahadi 180 da ta keɓe a matsayin gurɓataccen “masu haɗari” waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai ƙarfi. [3] An gano wasu mahadi a matsayin gurɓataccen iska saboda mummunan tasirin su ga muhalli (misali, CFCs a matsayin wakilai na ragewar ozone ), da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam (misali, asbestos a cikin iska). Faɗin ra'ayi na gurɓataccen iska yana iya haɗawa da amo, haske, da radiation . A baya-bayan nan dai Amurka ta ga cece-kuce kan ko ya kamata a ware carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) da sauran iskar gas a matsayin gurbatacciyar iska. [4]

Matsayin ingancin iska

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Matsayin ingancin iska matakan doka ne ko buƙatun da ke tafiyar da yawan gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska mai shaƙa, a waje da cikin gida. Irin waɗannan ma'auni gabaɗaya ana bayyana su azaman matakan ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda ake ganin an yarda da su a cikin iskar yanayi, kuma galibi an tsara su don rage ko kawar da illolin lafiyar ɗan adam na gurɓacewar iska, kodayake ana iya la'akari da illolin na biyu kamar amfanin gona da lalacewar gini. [5] Ƙayyade ma'auni masu dacewa da iska gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sabbin bayanai na kimiyya game da illolin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen da ake bita, tare da takamaiman bayanai kan lokutan fallasa da yawan jama'a. Hakanan yana buƙatar gabaɗaya na lokaci-lokaci ko ci gaba da sa ido kan ingancin iska.

A matsayin misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta ɓullo da Ƙididdigan Matsayin Halittar Jirgin Sama na Ƙasa (NAAQS) NAAQS ya saita ƙofofin isa ga sulfur dioxide, kwayoyin halitta (PM 10 da PM 2.5 ), carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides NO x, da gubar (Pb) a cikin iska a waje ko'ina cikin Amurka. Wani saitin ma'auni, don iska na cikin gida a cikin saitunan aiki, ana gudanar da shi ta Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata ta Amurka . [6]

Ana iya bambanta tsakanin ma'aunin ingancin iska na wajibi da na buri. Misali, dole ne gwamnatocin jihohin Amurka suyi aiki don cimma NAAQS, amma ba a tilasta musu saduwa da su ba. A gefe guda, ana iya buƙatar ma'aikata nan da nan don gyara duk wani cin zarafi na ingancin iska na wurin aiki na OSHA.

Matsayin fitarwa

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Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi masu dacewa, kuma ana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin ƙa'ida daban-daban dangane da tushen, masana'antu, da gurɓataccen iska da ake bita. [7] Ana iya saita ƙayyadaddun iyaka ta hanyar tunani da kuma cikin iyakokin ƙarin ƙa'idodin ingancin iska gaba ɗaya. Ana iya daidaita ƙayyadaddun tushen tushe ta hanyar ma'auni na aiki, ma'ana iyakoki na ƙididdigewa kan fitar da takamaiman gurɓataccen abu daga wannan rukunin tushe. Hakanan masu gudanarwa na iya ba da umarni a ɗauka da amfani da takamaiman fasahar sarrafawa, galibi dangane da yuwuwar, samuwa, da farashi. Har ila yau ana iya saita wasu ma'auni ta amfani da aiki azaman ma'auni - alal misali, buƙatar kowane takamaiman nau'in kayan aiki don saduwa da iyakoki da aka samu ta wurin mafi kyawun aikin ƙungiyar. Duk waɗannan hanyoyin za a iya canza su ta hanyar haɗa matsakaicin hayaki, hanyoyin kasuwa kamar cinikin hayaki, da sauran hanyoyin.

Misali, duk waɗannan hanyoyin ana amfani da su a cikin Amurka. [8] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (mai alhakin ka'idojin ingancin iska a matakin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka, tana amfani da ƙa'idodin aiki a ƙarƙashin shirin New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). An saita buƙatun fasaha a ƙarƙashin RACT (Fasaha na Sarrafa Mai Rasu Hankali), BACT (Mafi kyawun Fasahar Sarrafa Sama), da LAER (mafi ƙasƙanci da ake iya samu). [9] Ana aiwatar da hanyoyin sassauƙa a cikin shirye-shiryen Amurka don kawar da ruwan sama na acid, kare sararin sararin samaniya, cimma ma'auni masu ba da izini, da rage hayakin iskar gas . [10]

Abubuwan buƙatun fasaha na sarrafawa

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A madadin ko a hade tare da ka'idojin ingancin iska da ka'idojin sarrafa hayaki, gwamnatoci na iya zabar rage gurɓacewar iska ta hanyar buƙatar ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara su ɗauki fasahohin sarrafa hayaki (watau fasahar da ke rage ko kawar da hayaƙi). Irin waɗannan na'urorin sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga stacks flare, incinerators, catalytic konewa reactors, zaži catalytic rage reactors, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, rigar scrubbers, cyclones, thermal oxidizers, Venturi scrubbers, carbon adsorbers, da kuma biofilters .

Zaɓin fasahar sarrafa hayaki na iya zama batun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida wanda zai iya daidaita la'akari da bukatu da yawa masu karo da juna, gami da farashin tattalin arziki, samuwa, yuwuwa, da inganci. [11] Nauyin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'i na iya ƙayyade fasahar da aka zaɓa. Sakamakon bincike na neman fasaha wanda duk 'yan wasa a cikin masana'antu zasu iya iya bambanta da binciken da ke neman duk 'yan wasa su yi amfani da fasaha mafi inganci har yanzu an haɓaka, ba tare da la'akari da farashi ba. Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta ƙunshi buƙatun fasahar sarrafawa da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Fasahar Kula da Kayayyakin Samfura (BACT) (amfani da su a Sabon Bita na Tushen ), Fasahar Sarrafa Mai Mahimmanci (RACT) (maɓuɓɓukan da suka wanzu), Mafi ƙasƙanci Rarraba Gurɓataccen Ragewa (LAER) (an yi amfani da shi don manyan sababbin tushe a wuraren da ba a kai ga nasara ba), da Matsakaicin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (MACT).

Haramci

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Dokokin ingancin iska na iya ɗaukar nau'in ban. Yayin da za a iya cewa rukunin dokar kula da hayaki (inda aka saita iyakar fitar da hayaki zuwa sifili), haramcin ya bambanta ta yadda za su iya tsara ayyuka ban da fitar da gurɓataccen abu da kanta, duk da cewa babbar manufar ita ce kawar da fitar da gurɓataccen abu.

Misali na kowa shine hana ƙonewa. Za a iya ƙuntata wurin zama da na kasuwanci kona kayan itace a lokutan rashin ingancin iska, kawar da fitar da ƙura da ƙura da kuma buƙatar amfani da hanyoyin dumama mara ƙazanta. Babban misali mafi mahimmanci shine hana yaduwar dichlorodifluoromethane ( Freon ), wanda a da shine ma'aunin firji a tsarin kwandishan mota. Wannan sinadari, wanda sau da yawa ake fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya ba da niyya ba, sakamakon ruwan sanyi, an ƙudiri aniyar samun gagarumin yuwuwar ragewar ozone, da kuma yawan amfani da shi don haifar da babbar barazana ga dusar ƙanƙara ta sararin samaniya . An haramta kera shi a matsayin wani yanki na hani da aka ɗauka a duniya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal zuwa Yarjejeniyar Vienna don Kariyar Layer Ozone . Har ila yau wani misali shi ne haramcin amfani da asbestos a cikin kayan gini, don kawar da kamuwa da cutar asbestos fibers a nan gaba lokacin da kayan gini suka damu. Sauran yankunan da ke kula da harkokin kasa da kasa, galibi a karkashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko EU, su ma sun fara aiki kan kawar da amfani da mai. Misali, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IMO) ta fara haɓakawa da ɗaukar matakan daidaitawa ( MARPOL 73/78 ) don lalata jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa. [12]

Tara bayanai da shigarwa

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Dokokin ingancin iska na iya ƙaddamar da buƙatu masu mahimmanci don tattarawa, adanawa, ƙaddamarwa, da samar da damar yin amfani da bayanan fasaha don dalilai daban-daban, gami da aiwatar da tsari, shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da haɓaka manufofi.

Hanyoyin tattara bayanai na iya haɗawa da sa ido kan yanayin yanayi don kasancewar gurɓatacce, saka idanu kai tsaye hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, ko tattara wasu bayanai masu ƙididdigewa waɗanda za a iya fitar da bayanan ingancin iska. Misali, hukumomin gida na iya amfani da na'urar Samfur don tantance ingancin iska a cikin wani yanki na tsawon lokaci. Kasusuwan burbushin wutar lantarki na iya buƙatar sa ido kan hayaki a cikin tarin hayaki don tantance adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ake fitarwa. Ana iya buƙatar masu kera motoci don tattara bayanai game da siyar da mota, waɗanda, idan aka haɗa su da ƙayyadaddun fasaha game da amfani da man fetur da inganci, ana iya amfani da su don ƙididdige yawan hayaƙin abin hawa. A kowane hali, tarin bayanai na iya zama gajere ko na dogon lokaci, kuma a mitoci daban-daban (misali, sa'a, kullun).

Dokokin ingancin iska na iya haɗawa da cikakkun bukatu don yin rikodi, adanawa, da ƙaddamar da bayanai masu dacewa, gabaɗaya tare da maƙasudin daidaita ayyukan bayanai don sauƙaƙe samun damar bayanai da sarrafa su a wani lokaci na gaba. [13] Madaidaicin buƙatun na iya zama da wahala sosai don tantancewa ba tare da horar da fasaha ba kuma suna iya canzawa cikin lokaci don amsawa, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin doka, canje-canje a cikin manufofin, canje-canje a cikin fasahar da ake samu, da canje-canjen ayyukan masana'antu. Ana iya haɓaka irin waɗannan buƙatun a matakin ƙasa kuma suna nuna yarjejeniya ko sasantawa tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, masana'antu masu tsari, da ƙungiyoyin muradun jama'a.

Da zarar an tattara bayanan ingancin iska kuma aka gabatar da su, wasu dokokin ingancin iska na iya buƙatar hukumomin gwamnati ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don baiwa jama'a damar samun bayanan - shin ɗanyen bayanan ne kaɗai, ko kuma ta hanyar kayan aiki don sa bayanan su zama masu fa'ida, samun dama da fahimta. . Inda wa'adin shiga jama'a ya kasance gabaɗaya, ana iya barin wa hukumar tattara bayanai ta yanke shawara ko kuma gwargwadon yadda za a haɗa bayanai da kuma tsara su. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Park Service, da kabilanci, jihohi, da hukumomin gida suna daidaita don samar da taswirar kan layi da kayan aikin samun bayanai da ake kira AirNow, wanda ke ba da damar jama'a na ainihi zuwa Amurka. bayanin ingancin iska, wanda ake iya nema ta wuri.

Da zarar an tattara bayanai da buga su, ƙila a yi amfani da su azaman abubuwan shigar da su a cikin ƙirar lissafi da hasashen. Misali, ana iya yin amfani da ƙirar tarwatsawar yanayi don bincika yuwuwar tasirin sabbin buƙatun tsari akan yawan jama'a da ake dasu ko yankunan ƙasa. Irin waɗannan samfuran kuma na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin tattara bayanai da buƙatun bayar da rahoto.

Rigima

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Magoya bayan dokar ingancin iska suna jayayya cewa sun haifar da ko kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga babban raguwar gurɓataccen iska, tare da haɗin gwiwar lafiyar ɗan adam da fa'idodin muhalli, har ma da fuskantar babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka amfani da ababen hawa. [14] A gefe guda, jayayya na iya tasowa game da kiyasin farashin ƙarin ƙa'idodi na tsari. [15]

Hujja akan farashi, duk da haka, yanke hanyoyi biyu. Alal misali, "ƙididdigar cewa fa'idodin rage ƙaƙƙarfan barbashi da gurɓataccen yanayi na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyaren Dokar Tsabtace na 1990 zai kai kusan dala tiriliyan 2 a shekarar 2020 tare da ceton mutane 230,000 daga farkon mutuwa a wannan shekarar kaɗai." A cewar rahoton, a shekara ta 2010 kadai rage yawan sinadarin ozone da particulate a sararin samaniya ya hana mutane fiye da 160,000 da ba su kai ga mutuwa ba, da bugun zuciya 130,000, da asarar ranakun aiki miliyan 13 da kuma hare-haren asma miliyan 1.7. Sukar hanyoyin EPA wajen isa ga waɗannan lambobi da makamantansu suna nan a bainar jama'a. [16]

A duk duniya

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Dokokin kasa da kasa

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Dokokin kasa da kasa sun hada da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi ingancin iskar da ke wuce kasashen waje, gami da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi:

Kanada

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Tare da wasu keɓancewar masana'antu, ƙa'idodin gurɓacewar iska na Kanada an yi amfani da su bisa ga al'ada a matakin lardi. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada, 1999, ƙasar kwanan nan ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri na kasa mai suna Canadian Air Quality Management System (AQMS). Shirin ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyin sarrafawa guda biyar: Ka'idodin Ingantacciyar iska ta Kanada (CAAQS); Abubuwan Buƙatun Ƙirar Masana'antu na Tushen (BLIERs) (sarrafawa da fasaha); kula da ingancin iska ta gida ta hanyar kula da Yankunan Jiragen Sama; kula da ingancin iska na yanki ta hanyar kula da Yankunan Airsheds; da haɗin gwiwa don rage fitar da tushen wayar hannu.

Gwamnatin Canada ta kuma yi kokarin samar da wasu dokoki da suka shafi hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar. Ta zartas da dokokin da suka shafi tattalin arzikin man fetur a cikin motocin fasinja da manyan motoci masu nauyi, da manyan motocin dakon kaya, da sabuntar mai, da bangaren makamashi da sufuri. [17]

Ƙasar Sin

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Kasar Sin wadda ke da mummunar gurbacewar iska a manyan biranen manyan birane da cibiyoyin masana'antu, musamman a arewacin kasar, ta daidaita tsarin rigakafin gurbacewar iska da sarrafa iska wanda ke da nufin rage gurbacewar iska da kashi 25% nan da shekarar 2017 daga matakin 2012. An ba da tallafin dala biliyan 277 daga gwamnatin tsakiya, shirin aikin ya yi niyya ga ɓangarori na PM 2.5 waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam.

Ƙasar Niyuzilan

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Niyuzilan ta zartar da dokarta mai tsafta ta 1972 don mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwar masana'antu da gurɓacewar iska a birane. [18] Wannan Dokar ta ware maɓuɓɓuka, ta sanya buƙatun ba da izini, kuma ta ƙirƙiri tsari don tantance fasahar sarrafawa da ake buƙata. Hukumomin yankin an ba su izinin daidaita ƙananan masu gurbata muhalli. A cikin Yankin Tsabtataccen iska na Christchurch, an aiwatar da hana ƙonawa da sauran matakan sarrafa hayaki.

An maye gurbin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama na 1972 da Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 1991 . Dokar ba ta tsara ma'auni na ingancin iska ba, amma ya tanadi jagorar kasa don bunkasa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaddamar da ƙa'idodin muhalli na New Zealand don ingancin iska a cikin 2004 tare da gyare-gyare na gaba. [19]

Ƙasar Ingila

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Dangane da Babban Smog na 1952, Majalisar Biritaniya ta gabatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama na 1956 . Wannan doka ta tanadi yankunan da aka kona masu hayaki tare da mayar da tashoshin wutar lantarki zuwa yankunan karkara. Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta 1968 ta gabatar da amfani da dogon bututun hayaƙi don tarwatsa gurɓacewar iska ga masana'antun da ke kona kwal, ruwa ko gas.

An sabunta Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama a cikin 1993. [20] Babban tasirin gida ya fito ne daga Sashe na III, Yankunan Kula da Hayaki, waɗanda hukumomin gida suka tsara kuma suna iya bambanta ta titi a cikin manyan garuruwa.

Amurka

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Dokar farko da ke daidaita ingancin iska a Amurka ita ce Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Amurka . An fara aiwatar da dokar ne a matsayin dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta 1955 . Canje-canje a cikin 1967 da 1970 (tsarin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Amurka ta yau) ta ƙaddamar da buƙatun ingancin iska na ƙasa, tare da sanya alhakin gudanarwa tare da sabuwar Hukumar Kare Muhalli da aka ƙirƙira. Manyan gyare-gyare sun biyo baya a cikin 1977 da 1990. Gwamnonin Jihohi da na Kananan Hukumomi sun kafa irin wannan doka, ko dai aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tarayya ko kuma cike wasu muhimman gibi a cikin shirye-shiryen tarayya.

Hanyoyin waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ U.S. EPA, What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants?
  2. ↑ U.S. EPA, What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants?
  3. ↑ U.S. EPA, Original list of hazardous air pollutants.
  4. ↑ See Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency.
  5. ↑ See generally U.S. EPA, Air Quality.
  6. ↑ See U.S. OSHA, Indoor Air Quality.
  7. ↑ See generally, U.S. EPA Emissions page.
  8. ↑ See generally, U.S. EPA, Setting Emissions Standards Based on Technology Performance, Building Flexibility with Accountability into Clean Air Programs, and linked materials.
  9. ↑ See U.S. EPA, Emissions page.
  10. ↑ See U.S. EPA, EPA's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions.
  11. ↑ See, for example, U.S. EPA's Industrial Boiler process and linked materials.
  12. ↑ Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019). Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS. Hart Publishing. Part IV (Ch. 16-18)
  13. ↑ See, for example Massachusetts EPA Air Permit & Reporting Toolkit Forms Archived 2017-10-15 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ See Union of Concerned Scientists, The Clean Air Act.
  15. ↑ See, e.g., W. Koch, Obama, EPA sued for nixing tougher ozone rules (USA Today).
  16. ↑ See generally EPA air quality dockets at www.regulations.gov.
  17. ↑ See [www.climatechange.gc.ca Canada's Action on Climate Change].
  18. ↑ Historical information in this section adapted from The State of New Zealand’s Environment 1997 Archived 2021-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Chapter 6.
  19. ↑ See About the NES Archived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ Clean Air Act 1993
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