Doctrine of necessity

Koyarwar wajibci ita ce ginshikin wasu ayyukan da hukumomin gudanarwa suka tsara, waɗanda aka tsara don dawo da tsari ko samun mulki bisa la’akari da kwanciyar hankali, ana ganin halal ne ko da kuwa irin wannan mataki ya saba wa tsarin mulkin da aka kafa, da dokoki, da kuma ka’idoji. ko al'adu. Matsakaicin abin da koyarwar ta ginu a kai ya samo asali ne a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin fikihu Henry de Bracton, kuma irin wannan hujjojin na wannan nau'in ƙarin shari'a sun sami ci gaba daga hukumomin shari'a na kwanan nan, gami da William Blackstone .

Doctrine of necessity

A cikin wani hukunci mai cike da cece-kuce a shekarar 1954, babban alkalin Pakistan Muhammad Munir ya tabbatar da amfani da karfin ikon gaggawa da Gwamna Janar Ghulam Mohammad ya yi. A cikin hukuncin nasa, Babban Alkalin Kotun ya ambaci ma'anar Bracton, 'abin da ba a halatta ba ya halatta ta larura', ta haka ne ya ba da lakabin da za a haɗa shi da hukunci da rukunan da aka kafa.

Koyarwar larura kuma na iya komawa ga wajabcin alkali tare da sanin yakamata na son zuciya ya ci gaba da yanke hukunci idan babu wani madadin wancan alkali. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi amfani da wannan koyaswar a cikin 1998 Reference Remuneration of Judges (No 2) case.

Dokokin kasa da kasa

A cikin dokokin kasa da kasa, ban da Hukumar Shari'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ILC) ta ba da izinin yin amfani da ita ta wata ƙasa da ke fuskantar "kabari da haɗari":

1. Necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding the wrongfulness of an act not in conformity with an international obligation of that State unless the act:

(a) is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a grave and imminent peril; and

(b) does not seriously impair an essential interest of the State or States towards which the obligation exists, or of the international community as a whole.

2. In any case, necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding wrongfulness if:

(a) the international obligation in question excludes the possibility of invoking necessity; or

(b) the State has contributed to the situation of necessity.

— Article 25 (Necessity) of the ILC's Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts

Don haka, wani takalifi na dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada ko wani takalifi da aka bayar karkashin yarjejeniyar saka hannun jari na kasashen biyu na iya dakatar da shi a karkashin koyarwar larura. Yana da "bangare daga ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma a wasu lokuta har ma a matsayin keɓe daga alhakin." Domin yin kira ga akidar wajabta:

1. Dole ne Jihar da ake kira ba ta ba da gudummawa ga yanayin larura ba,
2. Matakan da aka ɗauka ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo don kiyaye muhimmiyar sha'awa daga kabari da haɗari mai zuwa.

Misalin kira

An yi amfani da koyaswar lalura a yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth .

Pakistan, 1954

A ranar 24 ga Oktoban 1954 Gwamna-Janar na Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad, ya rusa Majalisar Majalissar Dokoki tare da nada sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci bisa hujjar cewa wadda ake da ita ta daina wakiltar al'ummar Pakistan. Stanley de Smith ya bayar da hujjar cewa ainihin dalilin rugujewar shi ne saboda Mohammad ya ki amincewa da kundin tsarin mulkin da Majalisar ke shirin aiwatarwa. Shugaban majalisar mazabar Maulvi Tamizuddin, ya daukaka kara zuwa babbar kotun kasar Sin da ke Karachi da ta hana sabuwar majalisar ministocin aiwatar da rusasshiyar tare da tantance sahihancin nadin sabuwar majalisar karkashin sashe na 223-A na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. .

A martanin da suka mayar, mambobin sabuwar majalisar ministocin sun daukaka kara zuwa kotun inda suka ce ba ta da hurumin amincewa da bukatar shugaban kasar na soke rusa da nade-naden mukamai. Sun ce ba a taba shigar da sashe na 223-A na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ba saboda bai taba amincewa da shi daga hannun Gwamna Janar ba, don haka duk wani abu da aka gabatar a karkashinsa bai inganta ba. Babban Kotun Sind ta yanke hukuncin goyon bayan Shugaba Tamizuddin kuma ta ce ba a bukatar amincewar Gwamna Janar a lokacin da Majalisar Zartarwar ke aiki a matsayin Majalisar Wakilai kawai ba a matsayin Majalisar Tarayya ba. Tarayyar Pakistan da sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci sun daukaka kara zuwa kotu, an saurari karar a watan Maris 1955 ( Federation of Pakistan v Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan ).

A zaman da aka yi na daukaka kara a karkashin Alkalin Alkalai Muhammad Munir, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisar mazabar tana aiki a matsayin ‘Majalisar Domain’ kuma amincewar Gwamna ya zama dole domin duk wasu dokoki su zama doka. Don haka, babbar kotun Sind ba ta da hurumin soke rusasshiyar Gwamna Janar kuma ta kasance tana da inganci.

Sai dai kuma matakin da kotun ta samu na goyon bayan Tarayyar Pakistan ya sanya ayar tambaya kan sahihancin duk dokokin da Majalisar ta zartar, ba tare da la’akari da rashin bin tsarin mulkin da majalisar ta yi tun shekara ta 1950 ba. Don magance wannan matsala, Gwamna-Janar ya yi kira ga Hukumomin Gaggawa da su sake tabbatar da Ayyukan Majalisar Wakilai. An shigar da kara a kan Gwamna-Janar na kiran ikon gaggawa kuma dole ne Alkalin Alkalai ya tantance ka'idojin tsarin mulki na kiran ikon gaggawa da kuma ko Gwamna-Janar zai iya ba da amincewar sa ga doka a baya.

Kotun ta ce a wannan shari’ar Gwamna Janar ba zai iya yin amfani da ikon gaggawa ba saboda yin hakan ya tabbatar da wasu dokokin da ba su da inganci saboda bai amince da su a baya ba. Mai shari’a Munir ya kuma yanke hukuncin cewa, dokar kasa ba za ta iya zama ta hannun Gwamna Janar ba amma sai Majalisar ta amince da shi. Rashin Majalissar Zabe bai mayar da ikon Majalisa ga Gwamna Janar ba.

An kai kotu don jin ra'ayi. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1955 ta yi mulki:

1. Gwamna Janar a wasu yanayi yana da ikon rusa Majalisar Zabe.
2. Gwamna-Janar yana da iko a cikin lokacin wucin gadi 'a karkashin dokar gama gari ta larura ko jiha' na sake tabbatar da dokokin da aka jera a cikin Jadawalin ikon ikon gaggawa.
3. Sabuwar Majalisar (wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki 1955) zata kasance mai inganci kuma zata iya yin amfani da duk wani iko a ƙarƙashin Dokar Independence ta Indiya ta 1947 .

A cikin hukuncin da ya yanke, Munir ya bayyana cewa ya zama dole a wuce kundin tsarin mulki zuwa ga abin da ya ce ita ce dokar gama-gari, zuwa ga ma'auni na shari'a na gaba ɗaya, da kuma tarihin Ingilishi. Ya dogara ga maxim na Bracton, 'abin da in ba haka ba ba halal ba ya halatta ta larura', da kuma dokar Romawa maxim da Ivor Jennings ya yi kira,' jin daɗin mutane shine babbar doka '.

Grenada, 1985

A cikin wani hukunci na 1985, Babban Mai Shari'a na Babban Kotun Grenada ya yi kira ga koyarwar wajabta don tabbatar da kasancewar wata kotu a shari'a sannan kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe mutanen da suka yi juyin mulki a kan tsohon shugaba Maurice Bishop . An kafa kotun ne a karkashin wani “Dokar Jama’a” da ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, bayan da aka hambarar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda daga baya aka dawo da shi. Wadanda ake tuhumar sun ce kotun da ake yi musu shari’a ba ta da wata doka a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin da aka maido da su, don haka ake tauye musu hakkinsu na shari’a a gaban “Kotun da doka ta kafa”. Babban Kotun ta yarda cewa karamar kotun "ta kasance ta hanyar da ba ta dace da tsarin mulki ba", amma "ka'idodin wajibci ya inganta ayyukanta." A kan haka ne aka ba da izinin ci gaba da shari'ar kisan kai.

Najeriya, 2010: Majalisa ta kafa mukaddashin shugaban kasa

Wani abu mai alaka (ko da yake ba na shari'a ba) na amfani da koyarwar ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta zartar da wani kuduri na mai da mataimakin shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa kuma kwamandan rundunar soji. Dukkan majalisun biyu sun zartar da wannan kudiri ne bayan da shugaba Umaru 'Yar'adua wanda ya shafe kwanaki 78 a Saudiyya yana jinya, ya kasa baiwa mataimakin shugaban kasar ikon yin cikakken iko a matsayin shugaban kasa na riko, kamar yadda sashe na 145 ya tanada. na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Babu wani tanadi na kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya da ya baiwa majalisar dokokin kasar damar zartar da irin wannan kuduri, lamarin da ya sa shugaban majalisar dattawa, David Mark ya bayyana cewa majalisar ta yi amfani da “akidun lalura” wajen isa ga matakin da ta dauka.

UK 2022: Arewacin Ireland Protocol canje-canje

A ranar 13 ga Yuni 2022, Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje ta Burtaniya Liz Truss ta gabatar da Dokar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniya ta Arewacin Ireland a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda, idan aka kafa shi, zai ba da damar gwamnatin Burtaniya ba tare da izini ba "(kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita) sassan Arewacin Yarjejeniyar Ireland da ta sanya hannu, wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar janyewar Brexit . Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta amince da cewa kudirin na nufin keta hakkinta ne a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa amma ta ce matsayinta ya dace, a bayyane take yin kira ga koyarwar larura tare da cewa kiyaye yarjejeniyar yana sanya matakan da ba za a amince da su ba. cibiyoyi a Arewacin Ireland da kuma cewa babu "babu wata hanya" ta kiyaye muradun Burtaniya.

A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, mataimakin shugaban hukumar Tarayyar Turai Maroš Šefčovič ya ce "babu wata hujja ko hujja ta siyasa" game da kudirin kuma ya sabawa doka. Ya kuma sanar da cewa Hukumar za ta sake bude shari'ar cin zarafi ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da aka fara a watan Maris na 2021, ciki har da sabbin laifuka guda biyu inda aka yi zargin cewa Burtaniya ta karya ka'idar.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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