Cora Agnes Benneson
Cora Agnes Benneson (10 ga watan Yuni, 1851 - 8 ga watan Yuni, 1919) lauyace ba Amurkiya, Malama, kuma marubuciya. Itace mace ta farko da ta fara aikin lauya a sabuwar Ingila (New England). Benneson ta taso ne a Quincy, Illinois, ga iyayenta waɗanda ƴan siyasar gida ne, tsarin addini, da agaji; iyayenta akai-akai suna gayyatar manyan baƙi zuwa gidansu, ciki har da marubuta da masana falsafa Amos Bronson Alcott da Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ta fara karatun jami'a a shekarar 1875 a Jami'ar Michigan, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Arts a shekarar 1878, Bachelor of Laws a shekarar 1880, da Master of Arts a shekarar 1883. Bayan ta sami digiri na biyu, an shigar da ita a sandunan Illinois da Michigan.
 Cora Agnes Benneson | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Quincy (en)  , 10 ga Yuni, 1851 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Cambridge (mul) , 8 ga Yuni, 1919 |
| Makwanci |
Woodland Cemetery (en) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Ahali |
Anna Benneson McMahan (en) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
University of Michigan (en) (1875 - 1878) Bachelor of Arts (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | Lauya da marubuci |
Daga 1883 zuwa 1885, Benneson ta zagaya duniya don sanin al'adun da basu ci-karo da doka ba, musamman yadda suka shafi mata; duk da haka, ta kan ɗauki ra'ayin ƴan kishin ƙasa da wariyar launin fata ko ra'ayi na al'ada. Lokacin da ta koma Amurka, ta shirya gagarumar lacca a faɗin ƙasar don yin bayani game da tafiye-tafiye da abubuwan da ta gani. A cikin shekarar 1886, ta ɗan yi aiki a matsayin mai tace rahotannin doka a gidan jaridar West Publishing kafin ta ɗauki haɗin gwiwar tarihi a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a ƙarƙashin farfesa Woodrow Wilson a lokacin.
A cikin shekarar 1888, Benneson ta koma Boston, inda ta buɗe aiki akan doka kuma ta ci gaba da rubutu da lacca. An ba ta lasisin yin aiki da doka a Massachusetts a cikin shekarar 1894 kuma Gwamnan Massachusetts Frederic T. Greenhalge ya naɗa ta kwamishina ta musamman ga Majalisar Mashawarta a 1895. Ita Mamba ce a kungiyoyi daban-daban, an mai da Benneson ƴan-uwa { ungiyar {asashen Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Kimiyya a 1899 kuma aa zaɓeta sakataren Sashin Kimiyyar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a 1900. Ta mai da hankalinta ga buɗe makaranta don " maida baƙin Amerika ƴan-ƙasa" a 1918. Ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1919, tana da shekara 67, kwana ɗaya kafin takardar shaidar buɗe makarantar ta iso.
Farkon rayuwar ta
gyara sasheAn haifi Cora Agnes Benneson a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1851, a garin Quincy, Illinois, ga Electa Ann ( née Park) da Robert Smith Benneson. An haifi Robert a Newark, Delaware ga Rev. Thomas Benneson; ya koma Philadelphia sannan Quincy, inda ya zama babban ɗan kasuwa na gida kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alderman, magajin gari a lokacin yakin basasa (a lokacin ne ya hana birnin rushewa ta hanyar biyan bashi daga aljihunsa), kuma shugaban kwamitin ilimi na birnin na tsawon shekaru 14. Electa, wanda ya fito daga Richard Park-daya daga cikin ainihin masu mallakar Cambridge, Massachusetts a 1635 - malami ne kuma mai taimakon al'umma. Electa da Robert dukansu masu riƙo da addini ne kuma sun taimaka wajen kafa Cocin Unitarian a Illinois.
A cewar marubucin tarihinta, masanin ilimin lissafi da ilimin zamantakewa Mary Esther Trueblood, Benneson ta tashi a cikin "babban gidan da ke sama da jerin filaye, kewaye da bishiyoyi da shrubs, kuma mai kyawo, mai kyan gani na mil goma sha huɗu na Mississippi. Itace ƙaramar cikin ƴan’uwanta mata huɗu (kuma ƴan'uwa a cikin waɗanda iyayen ta suka rena), Benneson “yarinya ce mai ƙarfi, mai tsari, daidai, mai dogaro da kai, mai buri, da juriya”. A lokacin da take da shekaru 8, Benneson tana rubutawa da kuma gyara mujallar tare da 'yan uwanta da 'yan uwanta da ake kira The Experiment. Ta ƙware a karatun Latin a shekaru 12.
A lokacin samartakarta, iyayen Benneson sun shagaltar da shahararrun mutane a gidansu, ciki har da marubuta da masana falsafa Amos Bronson Alcott da Ralph Waldo Emerson ; Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙarfafa Benneson ƙwarin gwiwa don nazarin falsafa da shari'a. Ta kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Quincy a shekaru 15. A wannan shekarar, ta shiga cikin Abokai a Majalisar, ƙungiyar karatu a falsafar da ta ƙunshi fitattun matan Quincy. Lokacin da ta ke da shekaru 18, ta kammala karatu a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Kwalejin Mata ta Quincy. Sannan ta koyar da turanci da haɗa rubutu a makarantar daga 1869 zuwa 1872.
Shiga babbar makaranta
gyara sasheA cikin shekarar 1875, ta fara karatunta a Jami'ar Michigan (wadda ake kira Jami'ar Michigan) a Ann Arbor, wanda shine karon farko da aka fara karɓar mata a matsayin ɗalibai a shekarar 1870. A matsayin dalibar digiri na farko, Benneson ta kasance wani ɓangare na al'ummar mata da za su ci gaba da samun nasara, ciki har da abokiyarta Alice Freeman Palmer. Tana da fasaha a gurin magana a taruka, a cikin shekararta ta farko, shawarwarin cewa Homer shine marubucin Iliad - kuma ta kasance edita mace ta farko a cikin editan edita na The Chronicle, wanda a lokacin itace babbar jaridar jami'a. Benneson ta kammala digiri a cikin shekaru uku, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a cikin 1878.
Bayan kammala karatun ta, Benneson ta nemi Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard tare da rubutaccen shawarwarin tsofaffin ɗalibai biyar. Makarantar Harvard ta ƙi amincewa ta bata gurbin karatu, tana mai cewa " basuda wadatattun kayan aiki da zasu karɓa ɗalibai mata.A cikin shekarar 1880, ta dawo tsohuwar makarantar ta don tayi karatun Shari'a, inda tana cikin mata guda biyu dake ajin. Yayin da take can, Benneson ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Alkalin Kotun Koli na Michigan Thomas M. Cooley da James V. Campbell. An zaɓe ta a matsayin sakatariya mai daraja kuma jami'a ce ta jama'ar muhawara; ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Kotun Moot na Illinois. Ta sami Bachelor of Laws a 1880 da Master of Arts a 1883. Bayan ta sami digiri na biyu, an shigar da ita a sandunan Illinois da Michigan.
Tafiye-tafiye a faɗin duniya
gyara sashe
A cikin shekarar 1883, Benneson - wadda ke sha'awar al'adun shari'a na ƙasashen waje da matsayin mata - ta fara rangadin duniya na tsawon shekaru biyu da watanni huɗu, tare da wata budurwa da ba a sani ba daga Massachusetts. Daga San Francisco, "ta ci gaba da tafiya zuwa yamma, ta ziyarci Hawaii, Japan, China, Burma, India, Arabia, Abyssinia, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, da dukan manyan ƙasashen Turai". A cewar Trueblood, yawon shaƙatawa na Benneson ya kasance "tsawaita bincike akan al'adu, ɗabi'a, da dokokin al'ummai da yawa", da "ƙofofi", "duka ... daga zuciya zuwa baki", "buɗewa cikin sauƙi" gare ta. [1] A cikin neman kiyaye al'adun doka na ƙasashen waje, Benneson ta ziyarci kotuna da "majalisun gudanarwa" na "manyan ƙasashe masu wayewa". Tafiyar Benneson kuma ta kawo "Lamura masu ban sha'awa", gami da:
Benneson ta bayyana tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi a cikin wasiƙu, bayanin kula, da shigarwar diary, waɗanda aka buga a cikin shekarar 1890 a cikin mujallar Unitarian a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da ake kira "Palestine To-day". Masanin tarihi James Ross-Nazzal ya bayyana cewa kwatancin da Benneson ta yi game da mutanen jinsi daban-daban ya nuna imaninta na kishin ƙasa. Alal misali, Benneson, da take rubutu game da isowarta Girka, ta ce “yadda ta yi farin cikin barin ƴan gudun hijirar ba su da wayewa a baya kuma ta shiga Turai.[2] Kamar sauran matan zamani da suka yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Palestine, Benneson kuma ta "gabatar da wariyar launin fata ko stereotypical ra'ayin Bedouins". Ta "yiwa al'ummar Katolika na Falasdinu da Musulmai-larabawa kamar dai su al'umma ce ta kadaita", kuma "ta ga halaye masu kyau da wadannan mutane suke bi" lokacin da take mu'amala da mutanen Larabawa.[2]
Aiki
gyara sasheBayan da ta dawo daga rangadin duniya a shekarar 1885, Benneson ta gudanar da jerin laccoci kan tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi a biranen Amurka. An fara daga Quincy, inda ta ba da jawabai 17, Trueblood sun rubuta cewa “waɗanda suka yi balaguro da waɗanda ba su yi balaguro ba sun iske laccoci na koyarwa a ko’ina da waɗanda ba su yi ba, domin da horon hankalinta da fahimtarta sosai. ya iya ba da tawili haka nan kuma ya ba da labari na gaskiya”. [1] Benneson ya kuma yi aiki a taƙaice a matsayin editan rahotannin dokar West Publishing a cikin 1886. Ta koma Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a 1887 don haɗin gwiwa na tarihi a lokacin farfesa Woodrow Wilson.
A shekarar 1888, Benneson ta koma Boston, tana zaune a cikin wani gida da ke kewaye da "ababen tarihi da wallafe-wallafe, ... tsakiyar hanya tsakanin Washington Elm da gidan Longfellow, a cikin throw na Kwalejin Radcliffe da kuma gaban Harvard. " [1] Benneson ta buɗe makarantar ta ta shari'a - ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a New England don yin haka - kuma an shigar da ita a mashaya Massachusetts a 1894. A cikin shekarar 1895 Gwamnan Massachusetts Frederic T. Greenhalge ya naɗa ta a matsayin kwamishina ta musamman ga Majalisar Mashawarta. Daga 1897 zuwa 1902, Benneson ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Radcliffe, inda ta sami digiri na biyu. [2] An sabunta naɗin Benneson a matsayin kwamishina ta musamman a shekara ta 1905 kuma ta riƙe muƙamin har zuwa rasuwarta. [3]
Ko da yake ba wanda ya ayyana kansa ba ne, Benneson ya yawaita taruwa a gidan Stone. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Unity Clubs na Ann Arbor da Quincy, memba na Kwalejin, kuma ta haɗa da shawara ga Kamfanin Gidan Mace na Boston. [1] A cikin 1899, an zaɓe ta a matsayin ƴar'uwa{ungiyar {asashen Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya. An zaɓe ta sakatariyar Sashen Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar a 1900. Benneson kuma memba ce a League for Progressive Democracy, da kuma Marubuta League of America ; ta kasance memba na girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Jihar Illinois.[4]
Benneson ta yi lacca kuma tayi walla-wallafe a duk rayuwarta, rubuta takardu da gabatar da tattaunawa kan dokar tsarin mulki, ilimi, gwamnati, da al'adu. Benneson ta mayar da hankali ne musamman kan batutuwan mata. A cewar Ross-Nazzal, wanda ta kira ta mace ta farko, ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata mata su yi ƙoƙari don inganta bil'adama ta hanyar aikin sa kai, amma ya kamata mata su ci gaba da renon yara a gida a matsayin masu ilmantarwa. Ross-Nazzal ta bayyana cewa ko da yake Benneson mai son kawo sauyi ce, amma ta yi imanin cewa dole ne gyara ya zo ta hanyar inganta rayuwar mutum, maimakon tilastawa jama'a.[2]
Shekarar ƙarshe da rasuwar ta
gyara sasheBenneson ta rufe makarantar ta Shari'a a cikin shekarar 1918 kuma ta sadaukar da kanta don buɗe makaranta don " baƙin Amurka".