Wikipedia

Bog

A bog ko bogland ne mai laushi wanda tara peat a matsayin ajiyar matattu shuka-shuke kayan - sau da yawa mosses, yawanci sphagnum moss.[1] Yana daya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan wurare huɗu na ruwa. Sauran sunayen bogs sun hada da laka, mosses, quagmire, da muskeg; ana kiran alkaline mires fens.   [bayani da ake buƙata] Bayhead wani nau'in bog ne da aka samu a cikin gandun daji na jihohin Gulf Coast a Amurka. Sau da yawa ana rufe su da heath ko heather shrubs da ke da tushe a cikin sphagnum moss da peat. Sannu a hankali tarin kayan shuka da suka lalace a cikin wani bog yana aiki azaman sink carbon. [2]

bog
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na wetland (en) Fassara da syntaxon (en) Fassara
Karatun ta bog ecology (en) Fassara
Wani daji a cikin Lauhanvuori National Park, Isojoki, Finland
Bidiyo na Drone na Kakerdaja bog a Estonia (Satumba 2021)
Ruwan sama yana tarawa a cikin bogs da yawa, suna samar da tafkuna, kamar Koitjärve bog a Estonia.
Wani tafki da aka tashe a cikin Óemeri National Park, Jūrmala, Latvia, an kafa shi kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata a lokacin postglacial kuma yanzu ya zama jan hankalin yawon bude ido.

Bogs suna faruwa inda ruwa a saman ƙasa yake da acidic kuma yana da ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki. Sau da yawa ana samun bog a cikin ruwa mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi kayan shuka da suka lalace wanda aka sani da peat. Ana samun su gabaɗaya a cikin yanayin sanyi na arewa kuma an kafa su ne a cikin tafkin da ba shi da kyau.[3] Sabanin fens, suna samun mafi yawan ruwan su daga hazo maimakon ƙasa mai wadataccen ma'adinai ko ruwa mai zurfi. Ruwa da ke gudana daga bogs yana da launi mai launin ruwan kasa, wanda ya fito ne daga narkewar peat tannins. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin haihuwa da yanayin sanyi suna haifar da saurin girma na shuke-shuke, amma lalacewa yana da saurin gaske saboda ƙananan matakan iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa. Saboda haka, turɓaya tana tarawa. Ana iya rufe manyan yankuna na wuri mai faɗi da zurfi da yawa a cikin peat.[1][4]

Bogs suna da nau'ikan dabbobi, fungal, da nau'in shuke-shuke, kuma suna da matukar muhimmanci ga bambancin halittu, musamman a cikin shimfidar wurare waɗanda ba a san su ba kuma ana noma su.

Rarraba da girman

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Tsire-tsire masu cin nama, irin su wannan shukar sarracenia purpurea na gabar tekun gabas na Arewacin Amurka, ana samun su a cikin bogi. Kame kwari yana samar da nitrogen da phosphorus, waɗanda yawanci ba su da yawa a irin waɗannan yanayi.

Bogs suna rarraba a ko'ina a cikin sanyi, yanayi zafi, galibi a cikin yanayin halittu a Arewacin Hemisphere. Yankin da ya fi girma a duniya shi ne peat bogs na Yammacin Siberiya Lowlands a Rasha, wanda ya rufe fiye da murabba'in kilomita miliyan. Manyan tuddai suna faruwa a Arewacin Amurka, musamman Hudson Bay Lowland da Mackenzie River Basin . [5] Ba su da yawa a Kudancin Hemisphere, tare da mafi girma shine Magellanic moorland, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin kilomita 44,000 (17,000 sq a kudancin Kudancin Amurka. An yadu da bogs na Sphagnum a arewacin Turai amma sau da yawa ana share su kuma ana zubar da su don noma.[6] Wata takarda da Graeme T. Swindles ya jagoranta a cikin 2019 ta nuna cewa wuraren da ke cikin Turai sun sha wahala cikin sauri a cikin ƙarni na baya saboda tasirin ɗan adam ciki har da magudanar ruwa, yankan peat da ƙonewa.[7]Wani balaguron 2014 da ya tashi daga ƙauyen Itanga, Jamhuriyar Kongo, ya gano wani turɓaya "babban kamar Ingila" wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa makwabciyar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

Ma'anar

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Kamar duk wuraren da ke da ruwa, yana da wahala a ayyana bogs sosai saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da bambance-bambance tsakanin bogs, yanayin tsakanin wuraren da ke tsakanin matsakaici tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa, da kuma ma'anoni daban-daban tsakanin tsarin rarraba wuraren da ke cikin ruwa. Koyaya, akwai halaye na kowa ga duk bogs waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar:

  1. Peat yana nan, yawanci ya fi 30 centimeters (12 in).
  2. Yankin yana karɓar mafi yawan ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga hazo (ombrotrophic) maimakon ruwa na sama ko na ƙasa (minerotrophic).
  3. Yankin ruwa ba shi da abinci mai gina jiki (oligotrophic).
  4. Yankin ruwa yana da karfi sosai (bogs kusa da yankunan bakin teku na iya zama ƙasa da acidic saboda yaduwar teku).

Saboda duk bogs suna da peat, suna da nau'in peatland. A matsayin tsarin halittu mai samar da peat, ana rarraba su a matsayin mires, tare da fens. Bogs sun bambanta da fens, a cikin wannan fens suna karɓar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa mai wadataccen ma'adinai ko ruwa mai zurfi, yayin da bogs ke karɓar ruwa le abubuwan gina jiki site da hazo. Saboda ana ba da fens tare da ruwa mai wadataccen ma'adinai, suna da yawa daga dan kadan acidic zuwa dan kadan na asali, yayin da bogs koyaushe suna da acidic saboda hazo ba shi da ma'adanai da aka narke (misali calcium, Magnesium, carbonate) waɗanda ke aiki don hana acidity na halitta na carbon dioxide na yanayi.[8] Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa dukansu suna tasiri ga ilimin ruwa: kamar yadda abun da ke cikin ma'adanai na ƙasa ke nuna ilimin ƙasa, ana iya samun bambancin da yawa a wasu ions na yau da kullun (misali Manganese, baƙin ƙarfe) yayin da kusanci da yankunan bakin teku ke da alaƙa da mafi girman sulfate da sodium.[9]

Ecology da kariya

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Yankin da ke cike da ruwa na Sphagnum a cikin Frontenac National Park, Quebec, Kanada. Ana iya ganin itatuwan spruce a kan wani gandun daji a bango.

Akwai dabbobi masu yawa na musamman, fungi, da tsire-tsire da ke da alaƙa da mazaunin bog. Yawancin suna iya jurewa da haɗuwa da ƙananan matakan abinci mai gina jiki da ruwa.[1]: ch. 3  Sphagnum yana da yawa, tare da bishiyoyi masu tsayi.[10] Shrubs sau da yawa suna da kore, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye abubuwan gina jiki. A wurare masu bushewa, itatuwa masu tsayi na iya faruwa, a wannan yanayin bog ya haɗu da kewaye da gandun daji mai tsayi. Sedges suna daya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka fi sani da su. Tsire-tsire masu cin nama kamar sundews (Drosera) da tsire-tsalle masu cin abinci (misali Sarracenia purpurea) sun saba da yanayin rashin abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar amfani da invertebrates a matsayin tushen abinci mai gina ciki. Orchid sun saba da waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar amfani da mycorrhizal fungi don cire abubuwan gina jiki.[1]: 88 Wasu shrubs kamar Myrica gale (bog myrtle) suna da tushe nodules wanda nitrogen fixation ke faruwa, don haka samar da wani ƙarin tushen nitrogen.

 
Ana samun nau'o'in shrubs da yawa a cikin bogs, kamar shayi na Labrador.

Bogs an gane su a matsayin muhimmiyar / takamaiman nau'in mazaunin ta wasu hukumomin gwamnati da na kiyayewa. Za su iya samar da wurin zama ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar su Caribou, Moose, da beavers, da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu shayar da ruwa, kamar su Siberian cranes da yellowlegs. Bogs suna dauke da nau'o'in dabbobi masu rarrafe irin su tururuwa.[11] Bogs har ma suna da kwari na musamman; bogs na Ingilishi suna ba da gida ga kwari mai launin rawaya da ake kira gashin canary fly (Phaonia jaroschewskii), kuma bogs a Arewacin Amurka mazaunin malam buɗe ido ne da ake kira bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe). A Ireland, lizard mai rai, wanda aka sani kawai a cikin ƙasar, yana zaune a cikin bogland.[12]

Ƙasar Ingila a cikin Shirin Ayyuka na Biodiversity ta kafa wuraren zama na bog a matsayin fifiko don kiyayewa. Rasha tana da babban tsarin ajiya a Yammacin Siberiya. Matsayi mafi girma mai kariya yana faruwa a Zapovedniks (IUCN category IV); Gydansky da Yugansky sune manyan misalai guda biyu.[13]  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span>]

Bogs suna da rauni a yanayin halittu, kuma suna lalacewa da sauri, kamar yadda masu binciken tarihi da masana kimiyya ke ganowa kwanan nan. Abubuwan ƙashi da aka samo a cikin bogs sun hanzarta lalacewa daga bincike na farko a cikin shekarun 1940. [14] An gano wannan daga canji a cikin ruwan kasa da karuwa a cikin acidity a ƙananan yankuna na bogs wanda ke shafar kayan kwayoyin halitta masu arziki.[15] Yawancin waɗannan yankuna sun shiga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci tare da iskar oxygen, wanda ke bushewa da fashewa. Akwai wasu mafita na wucin gadi don gwadawa da gyara waɗannan batutuwan, kamar ƙara ƙasa zuwa saman wuraren da ke fuskantar barazana, duk da haka ba sa aiki a cikin dogon lokaci.[14] Yanayi mai tsanani kamar lokacin rani mai bushewa shine mai yiwuwa dalilin, yayin da suke rage ruwan sama da teburin ruwa na ƙasa. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan batutuwan za su karu ne kawai tare da hauhawar zafin jiki na duniya da canjin yanayi. Tun da yake bogs suna ɗaukar dubban shekaru don samarwa da ƙirƙirar wadataccen peat wanda ake amfani da shi azaman hanya, da zarar sun tafi suna da wuyar dawowa. Yankunan Arctic da sub-Arctic inda yawancin bogs ke dumama a 0.6 ° C a kowace shekara goma, adadin sau biyu fiye da matsakaicin duniya.  Saboda bogs da sauran peatlands sune sinks na carbon, suna fitar da iskar gas mai yawa yayin da suke dumi.[16] Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da raguwar halittu da nau'ikan jinsuna na peatlands a duk faɗin Arewacin Turai.[14]

Nau'ukan

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Mazaunan Bog na iya haɓakawa a yanayi daban-daban, ya danganta da yanayi da yanayin yanayi. [17]

Ta wurin wuri da tushen ruwa

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Ana iya rarraba bogs akan yanayin yanayin su, kusancin ruwa, hanyar caji, da tara kayan abinci. [18]

Kwarin da ke kwarin

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manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ "Peatlands and climate change". IUCN (in Turanci). 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  3. ↑ "Bog". Education | National Geographic Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  4. ↑ Gorham, E. (1957). "The development of peatlands". Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (2): 145–66. doi:10.1086/401755. S2CID 129085635.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named P.A. Keddy 2005
  6. ↑ Adamovich, Alexander (2005). "Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Latvia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  7. ↑ Swindles, Graeme T.; Morris, Paul J.; Mullan, Donal J.; Payne, Richard J.; Roland, Thomas P.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Lamentowicz, Mariusz; Turner, T. Edward; Gallego-Sala, Angela; Sim, Thomas; Barr, Iestyn D. (2019-10-21). "Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries". Nature Geoscience (in Turanci). 12 (11): 922–928. Bibcode:2019NatGe..12..922S. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 202908362. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Alt URL
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  9. ↑ Newman, Michael C.; Schalles, John F. (1990). "The water chemistry of Carolina bays: A regional survey". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 118 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/118/1990/147.
  10. ↑ "Home Organization Selection". doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00458.x. S2CID 84241035. Retrieved 2021-02-23. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ Tutterow, Annalee M.; Graeter, Gabrielle J.; Pittman, Shannon E. (June 2017). "Bog Turtle Demographics within the Southern Population". Ichthyology & Herpetology. 105 (2): 293–300. doi:10.1643/CH-16-478. ISSN 2766-1512. S2CID 90491294.
  12. ↑ Farren, Aodan; Prodöhl, Paulo; Laming, Peter; Reid, Neil (2010-01-01). "Distribution of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and landscape favourability for the species in Northern Ireland". Amphibia-Reptilia (in Turanci). 31 (3): 387–394. doi:10.1163/156853810791769428. ISSN 1568-5381.
  13. ↑ "Russian Zapovedniks and National Parks". Russian Nature. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Boethius, Adam; Kjällquist, Mathilda; Magnell, Ola; Apel, Jan (July 29, 2020). "Human encroachment, climate change and the loss of our archaeological organic cultural heritage: Accelerated bone deterioration at Ageröd, a revisited Scandinavian Mesolithic key-site in despair". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0236105. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1536105B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236105. PMC 7390309. PMID 32726345.
  15. ↑ Sperle, Thomas; Bruelheide, Helge (25 October 2020). "Climate change aggravates bog species extinctions in the Black Forest (Germany)". Diversity and Distributions. 27 (2): 282–295. doi:10.1111/ddi.13184.
  16. ↑ Schuur, E. A. G.; McGuire, A.; Schadel, C. (9 April 2015). "Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback". Nature. 520 (7546): 171–179. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..171S. doi:10.1038/nature14338. PMID 25855454. S2CID 4460926.
  17. ↑ Glaser, P.H. (1992). "Raised bogs in eastern North America: regional controls for species richness and floristic assemblages". Journal of Ecology. 80 (3): 535–54. Bibcode:1992JEcol..80..535G. doi:10.2307/2260697. JSTOR 2260697.
  18. ↑ Damman, A.W.H. (1986). "Hydrology, development, and biogeochemistry of ombrogenous bogs with special reference to nutrient relocation in a western Newfoundland bog". Canadian Journal of Botany. 64: 384–94. doi:10.1139/b86-055.
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