Bala'in Tafkin Nyos
| ||||
Iri |
natural disaster (en) limnic eruption (en) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kwanan watan | 21 ga Augusta, 1986 | |||
Wuri | Tafkin Nyos, Northwest (en) | |||
Ƙasa | Kameru | |||
Sanadi | limnic eruption (en) | |||
Adadin waɗanda suka rasu | 1,746 |
A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar ta 1986, fashewar wani abu a tafkin Nyos a arewa maso yammacin Kamaru ya kashe mutane 1,746 da dabbobi 3,500.
Fashewar ta haifar da sakin kusan tan 100,000-300,000 na carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). [1] [2] Gajimaren iskar gas ya fara tashi a kusan 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph; 28 m/s) sannan, kasancewar ya fi iska nauyi, ya gangaro zuwa kauyukan da ke kusa, inda ya shake mutane da dabbobi a cikin nisan 25 kilometres (16 mi) ta lake. [3] [4]
Tun lokacin da aka shigar da tsarin share fage a tafkin, da nufin rage yawan CO a cikin ruwa don haka hadarin kara fashewa. Tare da bala'in Lake Monoun shekaru biyu da suka gabata, yana ɗaya daga cikin fashe fashe biyu kacal a tarihi.
Fashewa da sakin iskar gas
gyara sasheBa a san abin da ya jawo tashin iskar gas ba. [1] [2] Yawancin masu binciken kasa na zargin zaftarewar kasa, amma wasu na ganin cewa wata karamar fashewar aman wuta ta faru a kan gadon tafkin. [3] Yiwuwa ta uku ita ce ruwan sama mai sanyi da ke fadowa a gefe guda na tafkin ya haifar da kifewar. Wasu har yanzu </link> sun yi imanin cewa an yi wata ƙaramar girgizar ƙasa, amma saboda shaidu ba su bayar da rahoton jin wani girgiza ba a safiyar da bala'in ya faru, wannan hasashen ba zai yiwu ba.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>Abin ] <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">ya</span> [ ya haifar da ruwa mai zurfi mai zurfi da sauri yana haɗuwa tare da manyan yadudduka na tafkin, inda rage matsa lamba ya ba da damar CO da aka adana don fitar da mafita. [4]
An yi imani cewa kusan 1.2 cubic kilometres (4.2×1010 cu ft) na iskar gas. [5] Ruwan tabkin da aka saba ya yi shuɗi ya zama ja mai zurfi bayan fitar da iskar gas ɗin, saboda ruwa mai wadatar baƙin ƙarfe daga zurfin da ke tashi zuwa saman kuma iskar ta yi oxidised . Matsayin tafkin ya ragu da kimanin mita [6] kuma bishiyoyin da ke kusa da tafkin sun rushe.
Masana kimiyya sun kammala daga shaidun cewa 100 m (330 ft) ginshiƙin ruwa da kumfa da aka kafa a saman tafkin, yana haifar da igiyar ruwa na akalla 25 metres (82 ft) wanda ya share bakin ruwa a gefe guda.
Tun da carbon dioxide ya ninka ninki 1.5 na iska, gajimaren ya rungume ƙasa ya gangara cikin kwaruruka, inda akwai ƙauyuka daban-daban. Taro ya kai kimanin 50 metres (160 ft) mai kauri, kuma yana tafiya ƙasa a 20–50 kilometres per hour (12–31 mph; 5.6–13.9 m/s) . Don kusan 23 kilometres (14 mi), gajimaren iskar gas ya tattara sosai ya shake mutane da yawa a cikin barcinsu a kauyukan Nyos, Kam, Cha, da Subum. [7] Kimanin mazaunan 4,000 sun tsere daga yankin, kuma yawancin waɗannan sun sami matsalolin numfashi, raunuka, da gurɓatacce sakamakon gajimaren iskar gas. [8]
Yana da yuwuwar cewa an saki wasu iskar gas mai aman wuta tare da CO , kamar yadda wasu waɗanda suka tsira suka ba da rahoton wani wari na gunpowder ko ruɓaɓɓen qwai, wanda ke nuna cewa sulfur dioxide da hydrogen sulfide sun kasance a cikin ƙima sama da kofofin warin su. Koyaya, CO shine kawai iskar gas da aka gano a cikin samfuran ruwan tafkin, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan shine mafi yawan iskar gas da aka saki kuma a saboda haka shine babban dalilin faruwar lamarin. [8]
Tasiri kan wadanda suka tsira
gyara sasheMasu aiko da rahotanni a yankin sun bayyana lamarin a matsayin "kamar yadda bam din neutron ya afku." Wani da ya tsira, Joseph Nkwain daga Subum, ya bayyana kansa a lokacin da ya farka bayan da iskar gas ta taso: [7]
I could not speak. I became unconscious. I could not open my mouth because then I smelled something terrible ... I heard my daughter snoring in a terrible way, very abnormal ... When crossing to my daughter's bed ... I collapsed and fell. I was there till nine o'clock in the morning (of Friday, the next day) ... until a friend of mine came and knocked at my door ... I was surprised to see that my trousers were red, had some stains like honey. I saw some ... starchy mess on my body. My arms had some wounds ... I didn't really know how I got these wounds ... I opened the door ... I wanted to speak, my breath would not come out ... My daughter was already dead ... I went into my daughter's bed, thinking that she was still sleeping. I slept till it was 4.30 in the afternoon ... on Friday (the same day). (Then) I managed to go over to my neighbours' houses. They were all dead ... I decided to leave ... (because) most of my family was in Wum ... I got my motorcycle ... A friend whose father had died left with me (for) Wum ... As I rode ... through Nyos I didn't see any sign of any living thing ... (When I got to Wum), I was unable to walk, even to talk ... my body was completely weak.
Bayan fashewar, an yi jinyar wadanda suka tsira a babban asibitin Yaoundé, babban birnin kasar. An yi imanin cewa da yawa daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa sun sha guba ne ta hanyar iskar gas mai tushen sulfur. Guba da waɗannan iskar zai haifar da ƙona idanu da hanci, tari da alamun shaƙa kamar shakewa.
Tattaunawar da aka yi da waɗanda suka tsira da kuma nazarin ilimin cututtuka sun nuna cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa sun ɓace cikin hanzari kuma cewa CO asphyxiation ya haifar da mutuwa. [9] A matakan da ba na mutuwa ba, CO na iya haifar da hallucinations na azanci, kamar yadda mutane da yawa da aka fallasa ga CO suna ba da rahoton warin mahaɗan sulfuric lokacin da babu ɗaya. [9] Raunin fata da aka samu akan wadanda suka tsira suna wakiltar raunukan matsa lamba, kuma a cikin wasu lokuta suna nunawa ga tushen zafi, amma babu wata shaida na konewar sinadarai ko na walƙiya mai ƙonewa daga fallasa ga iskar gas mai zafi. [9]
De-gassing
gyara sasheGirman bala'in ya haifar da bincike mai yawa kan yadda za a iya hana sake faruwa. Masu bincike da yawa sun ba da shawarar shigar da ginshiƙai masu zubar da ruwa daga rafts a tsakiyar tafkin. [10] [11] Ka'idar ita ce a sannu a hankali a huce CO ta hanyar ɗaga ruwa mai yawa daga kasan tafkin ta hanyar bututu, da farko ta hanyar amfani da famfo, amma sai dai har sai an fitar da iskar gas a cikin bututun ta dabi'a ta ɗaga ginshiƙi na ruwa, yana sanya aiwatar da kai. [12]
An fara daga 1995, an yi nasarar gudanar da nazarin yuwuwar, kuma an shigar da bututun degassing na farko a tafkin Nyos a 2001. An shigar da ƙarin bututu biyu a cikin 2011. [12] [13] A cikin 2019 an ƙaddara cewa zubar da ruwa ya kai matsayi mai tsayi kuma ɗaya daga cikin bututun da aka sanya zai iya ɗaukar kansa da kansa a cikin tsarin zubar da ruwa zuwa gaba, yana kiyaye CO a matakin aminci, ba tare da wata bukata ba. don ikon waje. [14]
Ana zargin irin wannan hatsari a tafkin Kivu
gyara sasheBayan bala'in tafkin Nyos, masana kimiyya sun binciki sauran tabkunan Afirka don ganin ko irin wannan lamari na iya faruwa a wani wuri. A cikin 2005, tafkin Kivu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, 2,000 wanda ya fi girma fiye da tafkin Nyos, an kuma gano cewa yana da girma, kuma masana kimiyyar ƙasa sun sami shaidar cewa abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da tafkin sun faru kusan kowace shekara dubu. [15]
Koyaya, binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2018 kuma aka fitar dashi a cikin 2020 ya sami lahani a cikin binciken na 2005, gami da yuwuwar son rai a cikin jujjuya abubuwan tattarawa zuwa matsi na juzu'i, zuwa wuce gona da iri, ko kuma matsalar daidaita na'urori masu auna firikwensin a babban matsin lamba. Binciken na 2020 ya gano cewa lokacin da aka lissafta waɗannan kurakuran, haɗarin fashewar iskar gas a tafkin Kivu ba ya ƙaruwa da lokaci. [16]
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Lake Monun
- Jerin bala'o'i ta adadin wadanda suka mutu
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cotel, Aline J. (March 1999). "A trigger mechanism for the Lake Nyos disaster". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 88 (4): 343–347. Bibcode:1999JVGR...88..343C. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00017-7. ISSN 0377-0273.
- ↑ Rouwet, Dmitri; Tanyileke, Greg; Costa, Antonio (2016-07-12). "Cameroon's Lake Nyos Gas Burst: 30 Years Later". Eos. 97. doi:10.1029/2016eo055627. eISSN 2324-9250. ISSN 0096-3941. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ↑ Rice, A (April 2000). "Rollover in Volcanic Crater Lakes: A Possible Cause for Lake Nyos Type Disasters". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 97 (1–4): 233–239. Bibcode:2000JVGR...97..233R. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00179-1. ISSN 0377-0273. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ↑ Kusakabe, Minoru; Ohsumi, Takashi; Aramaki, Shigeo (November 1989). "The Lake Nyos gas disaster: chemical and isotopic evidence in waters and dissolved gases from three Cameroonian crater lakes, Nyos, Monoun and Wum". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 39 (2–3): 167–185. Bibcode:1989JVGR...39..167K. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(89)90056-5. ISSN 0377-0273. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ↑ Alex (2007-05-21). "The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century". Neatorama. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ↑ "Gas cloud kills Cameroon villagers". HISTORY (in Turanci). A&E Television Networks. 2009-11-13. Archived from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Camp, Vic (2006-03-31). "Lake Nyos (1986)". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-12-19. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "SDSU" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Baxtor, Peter J.; Kapila, M.; Mfonfu, D. (1989-05-27). "Lake Nyos disaster, Cameroon, 1986: the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide?" (PDF). The BMJ. 298 (6685): 1437–1441. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6685.1437. eISSN 1756-1833. ISSN 0959-8138. JSTOR 29704127. PMC 1836556. PMID 2502283. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "BMJ298" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kling, George W.; Clark, Michael A.; Compton, Harry R.; Devine, Joseph D.; Evans, William C.; Humphrey, Alan M.; Koenigsberg, Edward J.; Lockwood, John P.; Tuttle, Michele L.; Wagner, Glen N. (1987-04-10). "The 1986 Lake Nyos Gas Disaster in Cameroon, West Africa". Science. 236 (4798): 169–175. Bibcode:1987Sci...236..169K. doi:10.1126/science.236.4798.169. JSTOR 1698383. PMID 17789781. S2CID 40896330. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ↑ Halbwachs, Michel; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe (2001-04-20). "Removing [[:Samfuri:CO2]] from Lake Nyos in Cameroon". Science. 292 (5516): 438. doi:10.1126/science.292.5516.438a. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 3082763. PMID 11330293. S2CID 37879846. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
- ↑ Schmid, Martin; Halbwachs, Michel; Wüest, Alfred (2006-06-01). "Simulation of [[:Samfuri:CO2]] concentrations, temperature, and stratification in Lake Nyos for different degassing scenarios". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 7 (6): 1–14. Bibcode:2006GGG.....7.6019S. doi:10.1029/2005GC001164. ISSN 1525-2027. S2CID 135335849. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Halbwachs, Michel; Grangeon, Jacques; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe; Wong, Brice (c. 2001). "Degassing Lake Nyos project". mhalb.pagesperso-orange.fr. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "Halbwachs-Grangeon-etal-c2001" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Le degazage du lac Nyos". Universcience.fr. Cité des sciences et de l'industrie – Paris: Expositions, conférences, cinémas, activités culturelles et sorties touristiques pour les enfants, les parents, les familles (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
- ↑ Halbwachs, Michel; Sabroux, Jean-Christophe; Kayser, Gaston (2020). "Final step of the 32 year Lake Nyos degassing adventure: Natural [[:Samfuri:CO2]] recharge is to be balanced by discharge through the degassing pipes". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 167: 103575. Bibcode:2020JAfES.16703575H. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103575. ISSN 1464-343X. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
- ↑ Schmid, Martin; Halbwachs, Michel; Wehrli, Bernhard; Wüest, Alfred (July 2005). "Weak mixing in Lake Kivu: New insights indicate increasing risk of uncontrolled gas eruption". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 6 (7): Q07009. Bibcode:2005GGG.....6.7009S. doi:10.1029/2004GC000892. S2CID 67818415. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ↑ Bärenbold, Fabian; Boehrer, Bertram; Grilli, Roberto; Mugisha, Ange; von Tümpling, Wolf; Umutoni, Augusta; Schmid, Martin (25 August 2020). "No Increasing Risk of a Limnic Eruption at Lake Kivu: Intercomparison Study Reveals Gas Concentrations Close to Steady State". PLoS One. 15 (8): 11. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1537836B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237836. PMC 7446963. PMID 32841245. S2CID 221325800.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)