Alurar rigakafin kwalara
Alurar rigakafin kwalara, wani maganin rigakafi ne wanda ke da tasiri wajen hana kwalara. A cikin watanni shida na farko bayan rigakafin yana ba da kusan kashi 85% kariyar, wanda ya ragu zuwa 50% kashi ko 62% bisa dari a cikin shekarar farko.[1] Bayan shekaru biyu matakin kariya yana raguwa zuwa ƙasa da 50% kashi dari. Lokacin da isassun yawan jama'a aka yi rigakafi, zai iya kare waɗanda ba a yi musu rigakafi ba zasu iyah samun matsalah(wanda aka sani da rigakafin garken garken).
 Alurar rigakafin kwalara | |
|---|---|
vaccine type (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
bacterial vaccine (en) |
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Waldemar Haffkine (en) , Jaume Ferran i Clua (en) da Wilhelm Kolle (mul) |
| Vaccine for (en) | ciwon kwalara/ Shawara |
| Pregnancy category (en) |
US pregnancy category C (en) |
| WordLift URL (en) | http://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/cholera_vaccine__what_you_need_to_know |
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da allurar rigakafin kwalara tare da wasu matakan a cikin wadanda ke cikin haɗari.[2] Tare da maganin baka, ana ba da shawarar allurai biyu ko uku. Tsawon lokacin kariyar shine shekaru biyu a cikin manya da watanni shida a cikin yara masu shekaru 2-5. Akwai allurar rigakafi guda ɗaya ga waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa yankin da kwalara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. A cikin shekarar 2010, a wasu ƙasashe an sami allurar rigakafin kwalara.[3]
Amfanin likitanci
gyara sasheA karshen karni na 20, an fara amfani da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara a cikin gaggarumar sikeli, inda aka yi wa miliyoyin alluran rigakafi, a matsayin wani makami na shawo kan barkewar cutar kwalara baya ga al'adun gargajiya na inganta samar da tsaftataccen ruwa, tsafta, wanke hannu, da dai sauransu. hanyoyin inganta tsafta. Alurar riga kafi na Dukoral monovalent daga kasar Sweden, wanda ya haɗu da formalin, da zafin-kashe dukkan ƙwayoyin Vibrio cholerae O1, da recombinant kwalara toxin B subunit, an ba shi lasisi a cikin shekarar 1991, galibi don matafiya.[4] Daga cikin allurai miliyan da aka sayar a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an ba da rahoton sakamako mara kyau guda 63. Maganin rigakafin shanchol bivalent (wanda kuma aka kera a ƙarƙashin sunan mORCVAX), wanda ya haɗa O1 da O139 serogroups, an ba shi lasisin asali a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 1997 kuma an ba shi a cikin allurai miliyan 20 ga yara a Vietnam cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, Vietnam ta ci gaba da haɗa allurar rigakafin kwalara a cikin shirinta na kiwon lafiyar jama'a, tare da gudanar da allurar rigakafin ta hanyar yawan alurar riga kafi na yara masu shekaru makaranta a yankunan kwalara. Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta hanyar 'yan bayan gida da kuma mutanen da ke ziyartar wuraren da akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kwalara. Duk da haka, tun da ba ya samar da rigakafi kashi 100 daga cutar, ana kuma ba da shawarar kiyaye tsaftar abinci yayin ziyartar yankin da ke da hatsarin kamuwa da cutar kwalara. Ko da yake an kwatanta kariyar da aka lura a matsayin "matsakaici", garkuwar garken garken na iya haɓaka tasirin rigakafin. An ba Dukoral lasisi ga yara masu shekaru biyu zuwa sama, Shanchol na yara masu shekara ɗaya da haihuwa. Gudanar da rigakafin ga manya yana ba da ƙarin kariya ta kai tsaye (kariyar garken garken) ga yara.[5] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da allurar rigakafi da kuma mai da hankali, tare da yin mahimman bayanai kamar haka: WHO ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara da ake da su a halin yanzu a matsayin madaidaicin kulawar gargajiya da matakan rigakafi a wuraren da cutar ke da yawa kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da su a wuraren da ke fuskantar barazanar barkewar cutar. Alurar riga kafi bai kamata ya kawo cikas ga samar da wasu manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya ba don sarrafawa ko hana barkewar cutar kwalara. Za'a iya yin la'akari da allurar rigakafin cutar ta hanyar iyakance girman barkewar cutar da aka dade, idan dai kayayyakin more rayuwa na cikin gida sun ba da damar hakan, da zurfin zurfi. An gudanar da nazarin bayanan kwalara da suka gabata da kuma gano takamaiman wurin da aka yi niyya.[6] Hukumar ta WHO a karshen shekarar 2013 ta kafa tarin juzu'i na allurai miliyan biyu na OCV. Kayayyakin yana karuwa zuwa miliyan shida yayin da kamfanonin Koriya ta Kudu suka fara samar da kayayyaki shekarar (2016), tsofaffin kayayyakin da ba su iya kula da bukatar WHO a Haiti da Sudan na shekarar 2015, ko kuma shekarun baya. GAVI Alliance ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 115 don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗi.[7]
Baka
gyara sasheDukoral: vial na rigakafin da ba a kunna ba tare da fakitin buffer sodium bicarbonate. Alurar rigakafin baki gabaɗaya nau'i biyu ne: marasa aiki da ragewa. Magungunan baka da ba a kunna ba suna ba da kariya a kashi 52 cikin 100 na lokuta a shekara ta farko bayan rigakafin da kuma kashi 62% cikin 100% na lokuta a shekara ta biyu. Bambance-bambancen biyu na allurar baka da ba a kunna ba a halin yanzu ana amfani da su: WC-rBS da BivWC. WC-rBS (an kasuwa a matsayin "Dukoral") allurar rigakafin da ba a kunna ta ba ce mai ɗauke da kisa duka ƙwayoyin V. cholerae O1 tare da ƙarin recombinant kwalara toxin B subunit. BivWC (an kasuwa kamar "Shanchol" da "mORCVAX") allurar rigakafin da ba a kunna ba ta bivalent wacce ke dauke da dukkan kwayoyin halittar V. cholerae O1 da V. cholerae O139.[8] Ana samun mORCVAX a cikin Vietnam kawai. Nau'in kwayoyin cuta na Inaba da Ogawa serotypes da na El Tor da na Classical biotypes suna cikin allurar. Ana ɗaukar Dukoral da baki tare da buffer bicarbonate, wanda ke kare antigens daga acid na ciki. Alurar riga kafi yana aiki ta hanyar haifar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a kan duka sassan ƙwayoyin cuta da CTB. Kwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji suna hana ƙwayoyin cuta mannewa ga bangon hanji, wanda hakan zai hana yin mulkin mallaka na V. cholerae O1. Magungunan rigakafi na hanji suna hana gubar kwalara ta ɗaure a saman mucosal na hanji, ta yadda za su hana bayyanar cututtuka na zawo mai guba. Alurar riga kafi na baka mai rai (CVD 103-HgR ko Vaxchora), wanda aka samo daga nau'in serogroup O1 na Inaba na gargajiya, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2016.[9]
Mai allura
gyara sasheKo da yake ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba, allurar rigakafin kwalara na da tasiri ga mutanen da ke zaune a inda cutar kwalara ta zama ruwan dare. Suna ba da wani mataki na kariya har zuwa shekaru biyu bayan harbi ɗaya, kuma na shekaru uku zuwa huɗu tare da haɓaka shekara-shekara. Suna rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kwalara da kashi 50 cikin ɗari a cikin shekara ta farko bayan rigakafin.[10]
Illoli
gyara sasheDukansu nau'ikan allurar baka da ake samu gabaɗaya suna da lafiya. Ciwon ciki mai sauƙi ko gudawa na iya faruwa. Suna da aminci a lokacin da suke ciki da kuma waɗanda ke da ƙarancin aikin rigakafi. Suna da lasisi don amfani a cikin ƙasashe sama da 60%.[11] A cikin kasashen da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ganin maganin yana da tsada.
Tarihin cigaba
gyara sasheAlurar rigakafin kwalara ta wata ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar Guinea ta yin amfani da allurar jet a Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973 An samar da allurar rigakafin kwalara na farko a ƙarshen karni na 19. Akwai majagaba da yawa a cikin haɓakar rigakafin: Wani sanannen ƙoƙari na farko na rigakafin cutar kwalara Louis Pasteur ne ya yi shi kuma an yi shi ne don hana cutar kwalara a cikin kaji. Wannan ita ce rigakafin farko da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Daga baya amfani da shi ya nuna wannan rigakafin kwalara na farko ba shi da amfani. A cikin shekarar 1884, likitan ɗan Spain Jaume Ferran i Clua ya ƙirƙiri wani maganin rigakafi mai rai wanda ya keɓe daga masu cutar kwalara a Marseilles, kuma ya yi amfani da shi a kan mutane sama da 30,000 a Valencia a lokacin annobar wannan shekarar. Duk da haka, maganin rigakafinsa da allurar rigakafinsa ya kasance mai yawan cece-kuce kuma takwarorinsa da kwamitocin bincike da yawa sun ƙi su, amma ya ƙare yana nuna tasirinsa kuma an gane shi da shi.[12] A shekara ta 1892, Waldemar Haffkine ya samar da maganin rigakafi mai inganci tare da rashin lahani, daga baya ya gwada shi akan mutane fiye da 40,000 a yankin Calcutta daga 1893 zuwa 1896. Alurar rigakafinsa ta sami karbuwa daga al'ummar likitoci, kuma ana la'akari da shi a matsayin rigakafin cutar kwalara na farko na ɗan adam. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1896, Wilhelm Kolle ya ƙaddamar da wani maganin kashe zafi wanda ya fi sauƙi a shirya fiye da na Haffkine, yana amfani da shi a babban sikelin a Japan a shekarar 1902.An fara fara amfani da allurar cutar kwalara a cikin 1990s.
Al'umma da al'adu
gyara sasheMatsayin shari'a
gyara sasheA cikin 2016, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da Vaxchora, allurar baki guda ɗaya don hana kwalara ga matafiya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2016, Vaxchora ita ce kawai maganin da FDA ta amince da shi don rigakafin kwalara.[13]
Tattalin Arziki
gyara sasheKudin rigakafin cutar kwalara yana tsakanin dalar Amurka 0.10 zuwa dalar Amurka 4.00 ga kowace allurar. Alurar rigakafin Vaxchora na iya kashe sama da dalar Amurka $250.[14]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Dukoral suspension and effervescent granules for oral suspension, Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 7 December 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Summary for ARTG Entry:94483 Dukoral oral inactivated cholera vaccine liquid vial and buffer granules sachet". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Vaxchora – cholera vaccine, live, oral kit". DailyMed. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Vaxchora – cholera vaccine, live, oral kit". DailyMed. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Eukoral EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Vaxchora EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ↑ "Vaxchora Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ↑ Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T (August 2010). "Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (8): CD000974. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2. PMC 6532721. PMID 20687062.
- ↑ Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM (March 2011). "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (3): CD008603. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2. PMC 6532691. PMID 21412922.
- ↑ "Vaxchora (Cholera vaccine, Live, Oral)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ↑ "Vaxchora approval letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Samfuri:Source-attribution
- ↑ Stanberry LR (2009). Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic. p. 870. ISBN 978-0-08-091902-7. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ↑ Martin S, Lopez AL, Bellos A, Deen J, Ali M, Alberti K, et al. (December 2014). "Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 92 (12): 881–93. doi:10.2471/blt.14.139949. PMC 4264394. PMID 25552772.
- ↑ "New Cholera Vaccine for Adult Travelers". Medscape. 17 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
This vaccine can cost more than $250, and travelers may have to pay out of pocket if their insurance does not cover travel vaccines