Ayyukan yara mata a Najeriya suna nufin babban abin da ya faru (haɗarin, yawan, ko yawan cuta, laifi, ko wani abu mara kyau) na ƴan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 5-14 waɗanda ke da hannu a ayyukan tattalin arziki a waje da ilimi da nishaɗi.[1] Yaɗuwar aikin yara mata a Najeriya yafi yawa saboda arzikin gida, amma wasu dalilai sun hada da: nasarar ilimi na iyaye,[2] matsin lamba da abubuwan da ake buƙata kamar babban buƙata don taimakon gida da ma'aikatan jima'i duk suna ba da gudummawa ga babban abin da ya faru na aikin yara mata na ƙasar.[3] Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin yankunan karkara da Musulmai a Arewacin Najeriya, ana tambayar yara a wasu lokuta su taimaka wa mata ko uwaye masu zaman kansu a cikin addini wajen gudanar da ayyuka.[4]

Aikin yara Mata a Najeriya
Bayanai
Ƙasa Najeriya
inda ake koyar da Yara mata
yara mata

Ƴan mata da yawa suna aiki a matsayin taimako, mataimakan shago, da masu sayar da titi. Amfani da 'yan mata a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki yana fallasa su ga haɗari wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da cin zarafin jima'i, kaɗaici, fushi, rashin kulawar iyaye, da cin zarafi.[5] Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan 'yan mata ba a amince da su ta hanyar doka ba kuma kowane irin fa'idar ma'aikaci ba shi da mahimmanci.

A Najeriya, aikin yara yana motsawa ne ta hanyar zamantakewa, yawan jama'a, da tattalin arziki kamar talauci da asarar aiki na iyaye, asarar iyaye ko mai kula da iyali, ƙaura daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane, girman iyali mai girma, da ka'idojin al'adu kamar auren mata da yawa. Sauran direbobi sun haɗa da rarraba makarantu mara kyau, rashin samun dama, da kuma tsadar karatun.[6]Kwanan nan, rikice-rikice da ta'addanci sun haifar da ƙaura ta cikin gida na mutane da lalacewar wuraren makaranta, suna tura yara da yawa cikin aikin yara. Bugu da ƙari, kisan kiyashi na al'ummomi da 'yan fashi suka yi a arewacin Najeriya sun ba da gudummawa ga samar da ƙarin marayu da wadanda ke fama da aikin yara.[7]

Farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, kasar da maza suka kasance mafi yawan ma'aikata a bangaren al'ada, sun tilasta mata da yawa su kara yawan aikin su a bangaren da ba a sani ba amma mai yawan aiki don kara yawan kudin shiga na gida ban da aiki a kan ayyukan cikin gida. A Najeriya, dabarun da mata ke ɗauka a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da yin aiki na dogon lokaci a kasuwanni da kuma amfani da yaransu don sayar da kayayyaki a kan tituna don rage nauyin. Baya ga ɗalibai da suka ɓace, 'yan mata da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya da aminci ciki har da gajiya, yunkurin cin zarafin jima'i da satar mutane.[8] Tun farkon Shirin Gyara Tsarin a Najeriya, Najeriya, Najeriya ta shiga cikin wani lokaci na wahalar tattalin arziki inda iyalai suka inganta sabbin dabarun don tsira, daga cikinsu akwai fataucin yara da aika yara zuwa biranen a matsayin 'yan mata na gida. [9] A shekara ta 2003, kasar ta kafa Dokar 'Yancin Yara don kare yara daga cin zarafin su kuma sun hana hakkinsu a matsayin kananan yara.

A cikin yankunan karkara, an yi imanin cewa aikin yara mata yana taimakawa 'yan mata wajen bunkasa ƙwarewar gida, taimaka wa wasu, da hadin kan iyali. Ayyuka sun haɗa da tattara itace.[10] Saboda haka irin wannan zamantakewa shine babban dalilin da ya sa ake fi son 'yan mata fiye da yara maza a cikin daukar ma'aikata. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'ikan aikin da ake yi wani lokaci suna hana damar ilimi na 'yan mata. A wasu al'ummomin Fulani na Arewacin Najeriya, yarinyar tana taimaka wa mahaifiyarta ta hanyar sayar da madara ko wasu kayan daga gonar danginsu ko kuma mahaifiyar ta yi.

Hanyoyin aiki

gyara sashe

Taimako na cikin gida

gyara sashe

Saboda rarraba aiki bisa ga jinsi a cikin gidaje kuma saboda zamantakewa, yawancin gidajen Najeriya sun fi son amfani da 'yan mata a matsayin ma'aikata. 'yan mata masu shekaru kasa da 15 da ke aiki a matsayin ma-aiki a cikin gidajen iyalai da ke cikin mafi girman kuɗin shiga. [2] A sakamakon haka, dangin da suka fi arziki suna biyan iyayenta ko kuma suna ba da horo a wasu ƙwarewa ko a cikin ƙananan lokuta.[11] A cikin ƙananan ƙananan yankuna. Bukatar taimakon cikin gida a Najeriya da ƙasashen Afirka da ke kusa da ita sun kara yawan mutanen da ke fataucin yara. Wannan tsari yana ingantawa ta hanyar rashin ganuwa na 'yan mata a cikin aikin gida saboda ana ɗaukarsa al'ada a cikin gidaje da yawa na birane.

Cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka tsara suna samun aikin yara a jihohin Kudancin ciki har da Rivers, Akwa Ibom, Imo, Cross River, Ekiti, da Oyo. Ana jigilar yara zuwa wasu jihohi don aikin gida.

Kasuwancin tituna

gyara sashe

Yawancin 'yan mata da ba su kai shekara 15 ba suna sayar da kayayyaki a kan hanyoyi, jigilar kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki, da kuma rokon sadaka. A matsakaici, 'yan mata masu zuwa makarantar firamare da sakandare suna shiga kasuwancin titi fiye da yara maza. 'Yan mata suna zaɓar takamaiman hanyoyi da hanyoyin da za su sayar da kayayyaki kafin su dawo gida da yamma. Baya ga hawking, wasu 'yan mata suna shiga cikin addu'ar titi wani lokacin da ake kira al majeri a Arewa.[12]

Matsaloli

gyara sashe

Kimanin kashi 8% na masu sayar da 'yan mata sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i ciki har da shari'o'in fyade da cin zarafin lalata.[13] Har ila yau, 'yan mata matasa suna fuskantar ƙalubalen manya da halayyar karkatarwa tun suna ƙanana yayin da ba su da lokacin halartar azuzuwan da kammala aikin makaranta.

Baya ga fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya, cin zarafin yara, da cin zarafin jima'i, aikin yara mata a Najeriya ya haifar da karuwar aikin jima'i[14] na matasa wanda ke fallasa 'yan mata ga haɗarin rayuwar titi tun suna ƙanana. Wasu 'yan mata suna fataucin su ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa da aka tsara waɗanda ke karya wa' yan mata da iyayensu cewa za su zama ma'aikatan gida a cikin birni.[14]

== Manazarta == 

  1. Carter, Arielle; Togunde, Dimeji (2008). "In Their Own Words: Consequences of Child Labor in Urban Nigeria" (PDF). Journal of Social Science. 16 (2): 173–181. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  2. Kazeem, Aramide (2012). "Children's Work in Nigeria: Exploring the Implications of Gender, Urban–Rural Residence, and Household Socioeconomic Status". The Review of Black Political Economy. 39 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1007/s12114-011-9126-y. S2CID 153464998.
  3. Bhalotra, Sonia. "Child labour in Africa". OECD. Retrieved May 29, 2020.[permanent dead link]
  4. Rain, David (1997). "The women of Kano: internalized stress and the conditions of reproduction, Northern Nigeria". GeoJournal. 43 (2): 175–187. doi:10.1023/A:1006815632077. ISSN 0343-2521. JSTOR 41147132. S2CID 152898830.
  5. Empty citation (help)
  6. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PAN
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  9. Omokhodion 2009.
  10. Empty citation (help)
  11. Agbu, Osita (2009). Children and Youth in the Labour Process in Africa.
  12. Hoechner, Hannah (2013). Search for Knowledge and Recognition. IFRA.[permanent dead link]
  13. Tinuola Femi. "The challenges of girl-child education and alternative jobs in Nigeria". Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1:101-121. P. 114
  14. 14.0 14.1 Bamgbose, Oluyemisi (2002). "Teenage Prostitution and the Future of the Female Adolescent in Nigeria". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 46 (5): 569–570. doi:10.1177/030662402236741. PMID 12365144.