Wikipedia

Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka

Addinin gargajiya na afirka Imani da ayyukan mutanen Afirka sun bambanta sosai, gami da addinai daban-daban.[1][2]Gabaɗaya, waɗannan hadisai na baka ne maimakon nassi kuma ana watsa su daga wannan tsara zuwa wani ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, da bukukuwa, [3][4] [5]kuma sun haɗa da imani ga ruhohi da alloli na sama da na ƙasa, wani lokacin har da mafi girma, da kuma girmama matattu, da yin amfani da sihiri da magungunan gargajiya na Afirka. Yawancin addinai ana iya siffanta su a matsayin masu rai [6] [7]tare da bangarori daban-daban na shirka da abubuwan ban mamaki.[1] [8]Matsayin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ana kallonsa azaman ɗayan daidaita yanayi tare da allahntaka.[1][9]

Masu addinin gargajiya

A da, ana kiran addinin Afirka da 'gargajiya' amma wannan bai dace ba. An yi amfani da 'gargajiya' don bambanta addinin Afirka da addinin Ibrahim wanda ya zo nahiyar a sakamakon mulkin mallaka na addinai. Mulkin mallaka ya goyi bayan ra'ayin ƙarya na cewa Afirka ba ta da addini.[10][11]

Yaɗuwa

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An rarraba mabiya addinan gargajiya a Afirka a tsakanin kasashe 43 kuma an kiyasta sun haura miliyan 100.[12] [13]Ko da yake yawancin mutanen Afirka a yau mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne ko kuma Musulunci, mutanen Afirka sukan haɗa ayyukan aƙidarsu ta al'ada da ayyukan addinan Ibrahim [14][15][16][17][18]Waɗannan addinan biyu na Ibrahim sun yaɗu a faɗin Afirka, kodayake galibi sun fi mayar da hankali a yankuna daban-daban. Sun maye gurbin addinan Afirka na asali amma galibi ana daidaita su da yanayin al'adun Afirka da tsarin imani. Imani na addini na Ibrahim, musamman abubuwan tauhidi, kamar imani ga mahalicci guda ɗaya, an shigar da su cikin addinan Afirka na al'adar shirka da wuri.[19]

 
Addinin Gargajiya
 
Gargajiya

Ana kuma samun mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka a duniya. A ‘yan kwanakin nan, addinan kamar na Yarbawa da na Odinala (Addinin Ibo na gargajiya) na karuwa. Addinin Igbo da Yarbawa ya shahara a tsibiran Caribbean da wasu sassan Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu. A cikin Amurka, Voodoo ya fi rinjaye a cikin jihohin da ke kusa da Tekun Mexico.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag. Har ila yau, addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna da abubuwa na totemism, shamanism da kuma girmama kayan tarihi.[20]

Addinin gargajiya na Afirka, kamar sauran tsoffin al'adun gargajiya a duniya, sun dogara ne akan al'adun baka. Wadannan al'adu ba ka'idojin addini ba ne, amma asalin al'adu ne da ake yadawa ta hanyar labarai, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Al'umma da iyali guda, har ma da muhalli, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar mutum. Mabiya sun yi imani da ja-gorar ruhohin kakanninsu. A cikin yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, akwai shugabanni na ruhaniya da nau'ikan firistoci. Waɗannan mutane suna da mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da ta addini na al'umma. Akwai malaman sufaye da ke da alhakin warkarwa da 'duba' - wani nau'i na sa'a da nasiha, irin na shaman. Wadannan masu maganin gargajiya dole ne kakanni ko alloli su kira su. Suna samun horo mai tsauri kuma suna koyon ƙwarewa da yawa masu mahimmanci, gami da yadda ake amfani da ganyen halitta don warkarwa da sauran, ƙarin ƙwarewar sufa, kamar gano wani abu mai ɓoye ba tare da sanin inda yake ba. Addinin gargajiya na Afirka sun yi imanin cewa kakanni suna kiyaye alaƙar ruhaniya da danginsu masu rai. Yawancin ruhohin kakanni gabaɗaya suna da kyau kuma suna da kirki. Mummunan ayyuka da ruhohin kakanni ke yi shi ne haifar da qananan cututtuka don faɗakar da mutane cewa sun hau hanya mara kyau[21].

Addinai na asali na Afirka sun ta'allaka ne akan bautar kakanni, imani da duniyar ruhi, halittun allahntaka da yancin zaɓi (saɓanin ra'ayi na bangaskiya daga baya). Matattu (da dabbobi ko abubuwa masu mahimmanci) har yanzu suna wanzu a duniyar ruhu kuma suna iya yin tasiri ko mu'amala da duniyar zahiri. Siffofin shirka sun yadu a galibin tsoffin yankuna na Afirka da sauran yankuna na duniya, kafin bayyanar Musulunci, Kiristanci, da Yahudanci. Banda shi ne addinin tauhidi na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda Fir'auna Akhenaton ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya wajabta yin addu'a ga gunkinsa Aten (duba Atenism)[21]. Wannan gagarumin sauyi ga addinin Masar na gargajiya duk da haka ƙaramin ɗansa, Tutankhamun ne ya mayar da shi.[22][23][24][25] Manyan alloli, tare da wasu ƙwararrun alloli, ruhohin kakanni, ruhohin yanki, da halittu, jigo ne na gama gari a tsakanin addinan Afirka na gargajiya, suna nuna sarƙaƙƙiya da al'adun ci gaba na tsohuwar Afirka.[25][26][27]Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wasu ra'ayoyi na tauhidi, kamar imani da wani babban allah ko karfi (kusa da sauran alloli, alloli da ruhohi, wani lokaci ana ganin su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mutane da mahalicci) sun kasance a cikin Afirka, kafin gabatar da addinan Ibrahim. . Wadannan ra'ayoyi na asali sun bambanta da tauhidi da aka samu a cikin addinan Ibrahim [25]][28][29][26].

Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da addinan Afirka na gargajiya. A cewar Clemmont E. Vontress, al'adun addinai daban-daban na Afirka sun haɗu ta hanyar Animism na asali. A cewarsa, imani da ruhohi da kakanni shine mafi muhimmanci a cikin addinan Afirka. Allolin ko dai an halicce su ne ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ruhohi ko kakanni waɗanda mutane suka bauta wa. Ya kuma lura cewa yawancin addinan Afirka na zamani suna da tasiri sosai daga addinan da ba na Afirka ba, galibinsu Kiristanci da Musulunci kuma ta haka na iya bambanta da tsoffin nau'ikan.[7]

Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna riƙe da imani na rayuwa bayan mutuwa (duniya ta ruhu ko al'amuran, waɗanda ruhohi, amma kuma alloli suke zaune), tare da wasu kuma suna da ra'ayi na sake reincarnation, wanda mutanen da suka mutu za su iya komawa cikin zuriyarsu (jinin jini). ), idan suna so, ko kuma suna da abin da za su yi[30].

Yawancin lokaci ana samun kamanceceniya tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ke cikin yanki ɗaya. Afirka ta tsakiya, alal misali, tana da irin wannan al'adun addini a cikin ƙasashen Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Burundi, Zambia, da Malawi.[31] Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suke bin al'adun addini na gargajiya sukan girmama kakanni ta hanyar al'adu da bautar ƙasa ko kuma "allahntaka" ta hanyar " ƙungiyoyin yanki " ko " ƙungiyoyin ibada ", bi da bi.[31].

Jacob Olupona, Farfesa Ba’amurke Ba’amurke farfesa a addinan ’yan asalin Afirka a Jami’ar Harvard, ya taƙaita yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin hadaddun al’adun addini da imanin al’ummar Afirka kafin “mallakar” Kirista da Musulunci na Afirka. Girmama magabata ya kasance yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsakiyar ra'ayin duniya na Afirka. Magabata (fatalwa/ruhohin kakanni) wani bangare ne na gaskiya. Gabaɗaya an yarda kakanni suna zaune a cikin daular kakanni (duniya ta ruhu), yayin da wasu suka gaskata cewa kakanni sun yi daidai da ikon alloli.[32]

Ana yin hamayya da ma'anar ma'anar alloli da kakanni sau da yawa, amma gaba ɗaya, an yi imanin kakanni suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da ƴan adam masu rai kuma ana jin za su iya ba da albarka ko rashin lafiya ga zuriyarsu masu rai. Kakanni suna iya ba da shawara da ba da arziki da girma ga zuriyarsu masu rai, amma kuma suna iya yin buƙatu, kamar nacewa cewa a kula da wuraren ibadarsu da kyau da kuma gyara su. Imani ga kakanni ya kuma shaida yadda yanayin ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya haɗa ta ta hanyar nuna cewa magabatan da suka mutu har yanzu suna taka rawa a rayuwar zuriyarsu.

 
Gargajiya

Olupona ya yi watsi da ma'anar tauhidi ta yamma/Musulunci kuma ya ce irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba za su iya nuna rikitattun al'adun Afirka ba kuma suna da sauƙi. Yayin da wasu hadisai suke da fiyayyen halitta (kusa da sauran alloli), wasu kuma ba su da. Tauhidi baya nuna yawan hanyoyin da ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya ɗauka na alloli, alloli, da ruhohi. Ya taƙaita cewa, addinan gargajiya na Afirka ba addini kaɗai ba ne, amma ra’ayin duniya, hanyar rayuwa.[32]


Bukukuwan Addinai

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Ayyukan addini na yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya suna bayyana kansu a cikin bukukuwan jama'a ko ayyukan tsafi waɗanda ƴan al'umma, waɗanda suka galabaita da ƙarfi (ko ashe, nyama, da sauransu), suke jin daɗin shiga cikin tunanin tunani don mayar da martani ga rhythmic ko rhythmic. tuƙin ganguna ko waƙa. Wani biki na addini da ake yi a Gabon da Kamaru shi ne na Okuyi, wanda wasu kabilun Bantu ke yi. A cikin wannan jiha, ya danganta da yankin, kaɗe-kaɗe ko kaɗe-kaɗe da mawakan da ake girmamawa (kowannensu ya keɓanta ga wani abin bautawa ko kakanni), mahalarta suna ɗaukar wani abin bautawa ko kakanni, kuzari ko yanayin hankali ta hanyar yin motsi na al'ada ko raye-raye. wanda ke kara inganta hayyacinsu[33].

 
Bukunkunan Addinan Gargajiya

Lokacin da aka shaida kuma aka fahimce wannan yanayi mai kama da hankali, masu bin suna keɓanta ga hanyar yin la'akari da tsaftataccen tsari ko alama ta wani tunani ko tsarin tunani. Wannan yana haɓaka ƙwarewa wajen raba ra'ayoyin da wannan tunanin ke haifar da su daga yanayin yanayin rayuwarsu a rayuwar yau da kullun. Irin wannan rarrabuwa da tunani na gaba na yanayi da hanyoyin samar da kuzari mai tsafta ko ji yana taimakawa mahalarta sarrafa su kuma karɓe su lokacin da suka taso cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa mafi kyawun sarrafawa da jujjuya waɗannan kuzari zuwa halaye masu kyau, dacewa da al'ada, tunani, da magana. Har ila yau, wannan al’adar za ta iya haifar da masu irin wannan tunanin suna furta kalamai wadanda idan aka yi tawilin wani mahaluki mai ilimin al’adu ko mai duba, zai iya ba da haske kan hanyoyin da suka dace da al’umma (ko wani mutum) za su bi wajen cimma manufarta[34].



Ruhi a Mahangar Addinai

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Mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna yin addu'a ga ruhohi daban-daban da kuma kakanninsu.[35] Wannan ya haɗa da yanayi, na farko da ruhohin dabba. Bambanci tsakanin ruhohi masu ƙarfi da alloli sau da yawa kadan ne. Yawancin al'ummomin Afirka sun yi imani da "manyan alloli" da yawa da kuma yawan ƙananan alloli da ruhohi. Akwai kuma wasu addinan da ke da filaye guda ɗaya (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, da sauransu).[36] Wasu sun san allah biyu da allahntaka kamar Mawu-Lisa.[37]

Addinan gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya sun yi imani da rayuwa bayan rayuwa, ɗaya ko fiye da duniyar ruhi, kuma bautar kakanni muhimmin ra'ayi ne a galibin duk addinan Afirka. Wasu addinan Afirka sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban ta hanyar tasirin Musulunci ko ma Hindu.[38][39]

Ayyuka da Al'adu Na Addinai

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Akwai kamanceceniya fiye da bambance-bambance a cikin dukkan addinan gargajiya na Afirka, [40] ko da yake Jacob Olupona ya rubuta cewa yana da wuya a haɗe su da gaske saboda yawan bambance-bambance da bambance-bambance tsakanin hadisai.[41] Ana girmama alloli da ruhohi ta hanyar liyafa ko hadaya (na dabbobi, kayan lambu, dafaffen abinci, furanni, duwatsu masu daraja da ƙananan karafa masu daraja). Mumini kuma yana neman nufin alloli ko ruhohi ta hanyar tuntubar gumaka ko duba[42]. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka sun rungumi al'amuran halitta - ebb da igiyar ruwa, wata mai kaɗewa da faɗuwa, ruwan sama da fari - da tsarin aikin noma. A cewar Gottlieb da Mbiti:

An cusa muhalli da yanayi ta kowane fanni na addinan gargajiya da al'adun Afirka. Wannan yana da yawa saboda ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya da imani suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da abubuwan al'amuran halitta da muhalli. Duk abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, tsawa, walƙiya, ruwan sama, rana, wata, rana, taurari, da sauransu na iya zama masu dacewa don sarrafawa ta hanyar ilimin sararin samaniya na mutanen Afirka. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a dabi'a suna da alhakin samar wa mutane bukatunsu na yau da kullun.[43]

 
Hotunan Gunkuna

Misali, a cikin addinin Serer, daya daga cikin taurari mafi tsarki a sararin samaniya ana kiransa Yoonir (Tauraron Sirius)[44]. Tare da dogon al'adar noma, manyan limamai da firistoci na Serer (Saltigue) suna gabatar da wa'azin kowace shekara a wurin bikin Xooy (bikin duba) a Fatick kafin lokacin Yoonir don yin hasashen watannin hunturu da baiwa manoma damar fara shuka.[45]Magungunan gargajiya sun zama ruwan dare a mafi yawan wurare, kuma ayyukansu sun haɗa da wani nau'i na addini zuwa nau'i daban-daban.


Yin Duba a Mahangar Addinai Gargajiya

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Yin Duba
 
Kayan Aikin Duba

Tun da Afirka babbar nahiya ce mai yawan kabilu da al'adu, babu wata dabara guda ɗaya ta yin duba. Ana iya yin aikin simintin gyare-gyare da ƙananan abubuwa, kamar ƙasusuwa, harsashi na cowrie, duwatsu, filayen fata, ko guntun itace. Ana yin wasu simintin gyare-gyare ta amfani da faranti na tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi da itace ko kuma a yi su a ƙasa (sau da yawa a cikin da'ira). A cikin al'ummomin Afirka na gargajiya, mutane da yawa suna neman masu duba akai-akai. Gabaɗaya babu wani hani game da wannan aikin. Ana kuma neman diviner (wanda aka fi sani da firist) don hikimar su a matsayin masu ba da shawara a rayuwa da kuma iliminsu na maganin ganye.






Ubuntu

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Ubuntu kalmar Nguni Bantu ce ma'ana "yan Adam". Wani lokaci ana fassara shi da "Ni saboda mu ne" (kuma "Ni saboda kai ne"), ko "'yan Adam zuwa ga wasu" (a cikin Zulu, umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu). A cikin Xhosa, ana amfani da kalmar ƙarshen, amma galibi ana nufin ta cikin ma'anar falsafa don nufin "imani da haɗin kai na duniya wanda ke haɗa dukkan bil'adama". Tari ne na dabi'u da ayyuka da mutanen Afirka ko na Afirka suke kallo a matsayin sanya mutane sahihan mutane. Duk da yake bambance-bambancen waɗannan dabi'u da ayyuka sun bambanta a cikin kabilu daban-daban, dukkansu suna nuni zuwa abu ɗaya - ainihin mutum ɗan adam wani ɓangare ne na mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin alaƙa, al'umma, al'umma, muhalli da duniyar ruhaniya.[46]

Nagarta da Mugunta a Addinan Gargajiya

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Halin kirki a cikin addinin gargajiya na Afirka yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da wajibai na al'amuran rayuwa. Misalai sun haɗa da halayen zamantakewa kamar girmama iyaye da dattawa, renon yara yadda ya kamata, ba da baƙi, da gaskiya, amana, da jajircewa. A wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka, ɗabi’a na da alaƙa da biyayya ko rashin biyayya ga Allah game da yadda mutum ko al’umma ke rayuwa. Ga Kikuyu, bisa ga mahaliccinsu na farko, Ngai, wanda ke aiki ta wurin ƙananan alloli, an yi imani da shi yana magana da kuma iya jagorantar mutumin kirki a matsayin lamirinsa. A yawancin lokuta, 'yan Afirka da suka koma wasu addinai har yanzu sun ci gaba da yin al'adu da al'adunsu na gargajiya, suna haɗa su ta hanyar da ta dace.[47]

Wurare masu Tsarki a Addinan Gargajiya

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Wasu wurare masu tsarki ko masu tsarki na addinin gargajiya sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga Nri-Igbo ba, Wurin Sangomar, Yaboyabo, Fatick, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem-Bornu, Igbo-Ukwu, da Tulwap Kipsigis. , da sauransu.

Zaluntar Addinin Gargajiya

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Addinan Afirka na gargajiya sun fuskanci zalunci daga Kiristoci da Musulmai.[48] [49]Masu bin wadannan addinai an musulunta da kirista da karfi da karfi, an mai da su aljanu da wariya[50]. Ta’addancin ya hada da kashe-kashe, yakin yaki, ruguza wurare masu tsarki, da sauran ayyukan ta’addanci.[51] [52]Saboda zalunci da wariya da rashin jituwa da al’ummar gargajiya da al’adu da akidar ‘yan asali, al’ummar Dinka sun yi watsi da koyarwar Musulunci da Kiristanci.[53]

Kimiyya da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Gargajiya

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Bandama da Babalola (2023) ya ce: [54]

Ra'ayin kimiyya a matsayin "aikin da aka haɗa," wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ada, alal misali, ana ɗaukarsa "kimiyya," "kimiyya na ƙarya," ko "sihiri" a hangen nesa na Yamma. A Afirka, akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin duniyar zahiri da ta duniya. Abubuwan bautawa da alloli su ne manzannin Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki da kuma majiɓintan da ke kula da aiwatar da ayyukan da abin ya shafa. A cikin Ile-Ife pantheon, alal misali, Olokun - allahn arziki - ana daukar majibincin masana'antar gilashi don haka ana tuntubar su. Ana miƙa sadaukarwa don gamsar da ita don yin nasara cikin nasara. Haka abin yake ga aikin ƙarfe. Karatun karatu na yanzu ya ƙarfafa gudummawar tsohuwar Afirka ga tarihin kimiyya da fasaha na duniya.[54]

Al'adun Daga Yankuna Afrika

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Wannan jeri ya iyakance ga wasu sanannun labaran daga ko wani sashen:

Afirka ta Tsakiya

  • Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka)
  • Tarihin Bushongo (Congo)
  • Addinin Kongo (Congo)
  • Tatsuniyar Lugbara (Congo)
  • Tatsuniyar Baluba (Congo)
  • Tarihin Mbuti (Congo)
  • Hausa Aniism (Chad, Gabon)
  • Tarihin Lotuko (Sudan ta Kudu)

Gabashin Afirka

  • Tatsuniyar Kushite (Sassan Tsakiyar Sudan da Asalin Al'adun Kerma)
  • Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka)
  • Tatsuniyar Gikuyu (Kenya)
  • Ya fada tatsuniyoyi
  • Tatsuniyoyi (Kenya)
  • Dinka (South Sudan)
  • Tarihin Malagasy (Madagascar)
  • Tarihin Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania, Ouebian)
  • Tatsuniyar Kalenjin (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania)
  • Addinin Shaidan (Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya)
  • Bauta (Ethiopia da Kenya)
  • Tatsuniyar Somaliya (Somaliya)

Arewacin Afirka

  • Addinin Masar na dā (Misira, Sudan)
  • Kemetism
  • Tatsuniyar Kushite (tare da kwarin Nilu a Sudan)
  • Addinin Punic (Tunisia, Algeria, Libya)
  • Addinin Berber na gargajiya (Morocco (ciki har da Sahara ta Yamma), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Masar, Mauritania, Mali, Nijar, Chadi, Burkina Faso)

Kudancin Afirka

  • Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka)
  • Tatsuniyar Lozi (Zambia)
  • Tatsuniyar Tumbuka (Malawi)
  • Addinin Gargajiya na Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu)
  • Badimo (Botswana)
  • San addini (Botswana, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu)
  • Masu maganin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu
  • Addinin asali a Zimbabwe

Yammacin Afirka

  • Ƙarin bayani: Addinin Yammacin Afirka
  • Addinin Abwoi (Nigeria)
  • Addinin Akan (Ghana, Ivory Coast)
  • Addinin Dahomean (Benin, Togo)
  • Addinin Efik (Nigeria, Kamaru)
  • Addinin Edo (Benin, Nigeria)
  • Hausa animism (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo)
  • Cocin addini (Cocin mutane, Najeriya)
  • Godianism (addinin da ake zargin ya ƙunshi dukan addinan gargajiya na Afirka, da farko bisa Odinala)
  • Odinala (Igbo, Nigeria)
  • Asaase Yaa - Bono People mp3
  • Serer Religion (A ƭat Roog) (Senegal, Gambiya, Mauritania)
  • Addinin Yarbawa (Nigeria, Benin, Togo)
  • Vodou (Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria)
  • Addinin Dogon (Mali)
  • Addinin Ifa (Nigeria)

Al'ummar Afirka

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Addinai na Afro-Amurka sun haɗa da bautar kakanni kuma sun haɗa da abin bautawa mahalicci tare da ruhohin allahntaka kamar Orisha, Loa, Vodun, Nkisi da Alusi, da sauransu. Baya ga syncretism na addini na waɗannan al'adun Afirka daban-daban, da yawa kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa na Katolika na Folk ciki har da tsarkakan jama'a da sauran nau'o'in addinin Jama'a, Addinin Amirka na Amirka, Ruhaniya, Ruhaniya, Shamanism (wani lokaci har da amfani da Entheogens) da kuma tarihin Turai. Hakanan akwai hadisai na ruhaniya iri-iri na “likita” kamar su Obeah da Hoodoo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar ruhi.[55] Al'adun addini na Afirka a cikin Amurka na iya bambanta. Suna iya samun tushen Afirka da ba a san su ba ko kuma suna iya zama kusan gaba ɗaya na Afirka a yanayi, kamar addinai kamar Trinidad Orisha.[56]

Duba kuma

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(Folk religion) Addinin Jama'a - Bayanin addini ya bambanta da koyarwar hukuma na tsarin addini

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante
  2. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34114180
  3. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64084086
  4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-94002-3
  5. ↑ https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Religious/article/view/20246
  6. ↑ https://doi.org/10.4102%2Ftd.v2i2.277
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 https://sk.sagepub.com/books/integrating-traditional-healing-practices-into-counseling-and-psychotherapy/n11.xml
  8. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml
  9. ↑ https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_note-10
  11. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_note-11
  12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557258397
  14. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C&q=%22often+mix%22&pg=PA15
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22many+African+Christians%22
  16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA266
  17. ↑ https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=-IDfqT6589kC&pg=PA40
  19. ↑ http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm
  20. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-traditional-religion
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hornung
  22. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-24
  23. ↑ https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0003-9659_1963_num_16_1_1996
  24. ↑ https://journal.fi/scripta/article/download/67031/27329
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166258
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=traditional+african+religions+polytheism&pg=RA1-PA185
  27. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzGsr1bw6cC&q=christianity+judaism+islam+afroasiatics
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=0K0p8wCNKTQC&q=Christopher+Ehret+Niger+Congo+religion
  29. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  30. ↑ https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/
  33. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-Karade,_B._pages_39-46_35-0
  34. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-36
  35. ↑ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/
  36. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4472-4
  37. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-39
  38. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)
  39. ↑ https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405
  40. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-89591-5
  41. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781
  42. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-44
  43. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517872-6
  44. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1
  45. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9
  46. ↑ https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajsw/article/view/195112
  47. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-49
  48. ↑ https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa00bail
  49. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ
  50. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564
  51. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418
  52. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972
  53. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931096
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-023-09545-6
  55. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXEzQZQmawC&pg=PA88
  56. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-58
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