Wikipedia

'Yancin Dan Adam a Sudan ta Kudu

Hakkokin dan Adam a Sudan ta Kudu wani batu ne da ake ta cece-kuce a kai, saboda a kalla a wani bangare na tarihin tashin hankalin kasar.

tanade-tanaden tsarin mulki

gyara sashe

Kundin tsarin mulkin Sudan ta Kudu ya bayyana kasar a matsayin "kabilun kabilu da al'adu daban-daban da harsuna da addinai da kabilu daban-daban inda irin wadannan bambance-bambancen ke zama tare cikin lumana". [1] Sashe na daya na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma bayyana cewa, "An kafa kasar Sudan ta Kudu bisa adalci, daidaito, mutunta mutuncin dan Adam da ci gaban 'yancin dan Adam da 'yancin walwala". [2]

Sashi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Sudan ta Kudu ya hada da kudirin kare hakkin bil adama kuma ya ba da cikakken bayanin hakki da yancin da aka kare a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Ya bayyana cewa "[duk] hakkoki da 'yancin da ke kunshe a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, alkawari da ka'idojin da Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da su ko kuma ta amince da su, za su kasance wani muhimmin bangare na wannan kudiri". Kudirin ya shafi hakki da dama a fagen siyasa, farar hula, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu kuma ya ba da fifiko kan 'yancin mata, yara, da nakasassu. Kudirin ya kuma kare ’yanci, kamar ‘yanci daga azabtarwa, ’yancin yin taro da tarayya, ’yancin yin ibada, da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, da dai sauransu.

Hukuncin gama-gari na farar hula

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Ana zargin sojojin kasa da ake kira da ‘yan tawayen Sudan, da kai wa fararen hula hari bisa zargin taimakawa ‘yan tawaye.

Kamfen na kwance damarar Shilluk

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A yakin da gwamnatin Sudan SPLA ta yi na yaki da ‘yan tawaye na kwance damarar ‘yan tawaye a tsakanin Shilluk da Murle, sun kona kauyuka da dama, da yi wa daruruwan mata da ‘yan mata fyade tare da kashe fararen hula da ba a gani ba. Fararen hula da ke zargin SPLA da azabtarwa sun yi ikirarin cewa an tsage farce, da kona buhunan robobi da aka diga a kan yara don sanya iyayensu su mika makamai da kuma mutanen kauyen da aka kona da ransu a cikin bukkarsu idan har ana zargin ’yan tawaye sun kwana a can. Hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton da yawa daga cikin wadannan take hakki, kuma daraktan da ya fusata na wata hukumar ba da agaji ta kasa da kasa mai hedkwata a Juba ya kira su "cin zarafin bil'adama a ma'aunin Richter ". Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa duka SPLA da kungiyar 'yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Johnson Olony ne ke da alhakin aikata ta'asa. [3]

Daukar 'Yancin Sudan ta Kudu

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Kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin Sudan ta Kudu (SSLM) karkashin jagorancin Peter Gadet ta yi wa gwamnatin SPLA tawaye. Don murkushe tawayen, an yi zargin cewa SPLA ta kona gidaje sama da 7,000 a jihar Unity a watan Mayun 2011.

Operation Maida Zaman Lafiya

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Tun a watan Maris din shekarar 2012 ne jami'an tsaro suka aiwatar da wani kamfen na kwance damarar makamai mai suna "Operation Restore Peace" a tsakanin al'ummar Murle a jihar Jonglei. Masu bincike na Amnesty International sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan jami'an tsaro sun yi wa fararen hula azaba da yawa, ciki har da yara kanana 'yan watanni 18. Rahoton Human Rights Watch ya bayyana yadda kungiyar ta SPLA ta yi zargin kona gidaje da sace-sacen gidaje, da lalata makarantu, coci-coci, da harabar kungiyoyin agaji da ke bayar da agajin ceton rai. Aikin kwance damara da aka fara ya ƙare da ɗan nasara.

Yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu

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A cikin yunwar Sudan ta Kudu ta 2017, gwamnatin Amurka da kungiyoyin agaji da dai sauransu na zargin gwamnati da amfani da yunwa a matsayin wata dabara ta tara azabtarwa ga al'ummar da ke goyon bayan 'yan tawaye ta hanyar hana agaji da gangan.

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa sojojin kasar sun kashe mutane fiye da 60 a cikin wani kwantena da ake zargi da goyon bayan 'yan adawa. [4]

Rikicin kabilanci

gyara sashe

A lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai, ‘yan kudu sun fi mutuwa a hannun juna fiye da kashe-kashen da ‘yan Arewa suka yi a sakamakon rikicin cikin gida. A kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Bor a shekarar 1991, kimanin fararen hula 2000 ne SPLA-Nasir da fararen hular Nuer da ke dauke da makamai suka kashe sannan an kiyasta wasu 25,000 sun mutu sakamakon yunwar da ta haifar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

A cikin 2010, kafin samun 'yancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu a shekara mai zuwa, CIA ta ba da gargadi cewa "nan da shekaru biyar masu zuwa ... wani sabon kisa ko kisan kare dangi zai iya faruwa a kudancin Sudan." Sojojin Nuer White Army na Lou Nuer sun fitar da sanarwa cewa " kawar da kabilar Murle baki daya a doron kasa a matsayin mafita daya tilo da za ta tabbatar da tsaron shanun Nuer na dogon lokaci." Masu fafutuka, ciki har da Ƙungiyar 'Yan tsiraru ta International, sun yi gargaɗi game da kisan kiyashi a Jonglei.

Yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu ya kashe fararen hula kusan 300,000, ciki har da manyan laifuka kamar kisan kiyashin Bentiu na 2014 . Akwai kabilanci tsakanin Dinka da Nuer a fadan. Ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a kasar a matsayin daya daga cikin munanan yanayi na kare hakkin bil'adama a duniya. Ta zargi sojoji da mayakan sa-kai da ke bai wa mayaka damar yi wa mata fyade a matsayin kudin biya, da kuma kai farmaki kan shanu a yarjejeniyar da ta ce "ku yi abin da za ku iya, ku dauki abin da za ku iya." Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015 ya zargi sojojin da yin fyade da kona ’yan mata da raye-raye. [5] Wani rahoto da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta fitar a shekara ta 2015 ya zargi bangarorin biyu da aikata fyade, azabtarwa da kuma tilastawa mutane cin mutunci. [6]

A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2020, Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ko da bayan kafa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa. Rahoton na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa fada tsakanin kabilun ya yi kamari kuma an fara shiga cikin tashin hankalin. Rikicin ya haifar da sace fararen hula, kashe daruruwan fararen hula, cin zarafin mata da kuma raba dubbai. [7]

'Yancin jama'a da 'yanci

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'Yancin siyasa

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Bayan da Sudan ta Kudu ta samu 'yancin kai a shekara ta 2011, an zabi Salva Kiir Mayardit a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Sudan ta Kudu kwaskwarima domin bai wa bangaren zartarwa karfi. Kiir ya yi amfani da dimbin karfin ikonsa da suka hada da gaza tsige shi da kuma ikon korar gwamnoni da rusa majalisar dokoki, wajen korar daukacin majalisar ministocinsa da mataimakinsa Riek Machar a shekarar 2013. [8] Tun daga shekara ta 2014 ne Kiir da masu rike da madafun iko ke gudanar da mulkin kasar ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Jama'a ba su da wani ra'ayi game da tsara manufofi kuma an yi watsi da su a tattaunawar samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da tattaunawar zaman lafiya don kawo karshen yakin basasa.

Tun a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban 2011 ake tsare da Abdel Rahman Sule, shugaban babbar kungiyar adawa ta United Democratic Forum, bisa zargin alakanta shi da kafa sabuwar kungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke yaki da gwamnati. Gabaɗaya SPLA ba ta jure wa adawa, kuma ko da yake akwai jam'iyyun adawa biyar a Sudan ta Kudu a hukumance, babu ɗayansu da ke da albarkatun ko gogewar da ya dace don samun ikon siyasa na gaskiya. [9]

'Yancin aikin jarida

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A cikin 2015, Salva Kiir ya yi barazanar kashe 'yan jaridun da suka yi rahoton "a kasar". Kwanaki bayan haka, a watan Agustan 2015, an kashe dan jarida Peter Moi a wani hari da aka kai masa, wanda shi ne dan jarida na bakwai da aka kashe a cikin wannan shekarar. Daga nan ne ‘yan jaridar Sudan ta Kudu suka yi watsi da labarai na sa’o’i 24. Sakamakon tabarbarewar yanayin aiki ga ‘yan jarida, da dama na yin aikin tantance kansu ko kuma sun bar kasar gaba daya. [9]

Kungiyoyin farar hula

gyara sashe

Kungiyoyin fararen hula na Sudan ta Kudu sun yi kira ga Kenya da ta binciki bacewar 'yan gwagwarmayar Sudan ta Kudu a Nairobi . Da dama dai na nuni da kasancewar jami'an tsaron Sudan ta Kudu a kasar Kenya da kuma zargin da wasu hukumomin kasar ta Kenya ke da shi.

Tsarin adalci

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Social rights

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Hakkokin mata

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Mata da yawa a Sudan ta Kudu suna rayuwa "ba tare da tsarin tsaro na ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya ko kwanciyar hankali ba". [10] A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 33 cikin 100 na matan Sudan ta Kudu na fama da matsananciyar karancin abinci. [10]

Cin zarafin jinsi

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Cin zarafin mata ya yi kamari a Sudan ta Kudu. Rikici na tsawon lokaci a yankin yana haifar da mafi girman cin zarafi na jinsi, kamar "rushewar al'umma da tsarin iyali, kasancewar makamai, raunana hukumomin shari'a da tsaro, da kuma tashe-tashen hankula masu alaka da ƙaura". [11] Babbar barazanar cin zarafi ga mata ta fito ne daga cikin gida. [12] A cikin 2009, kashi 41 cikin 100 na masu amsa binciken sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fuskanci cin zarafi na jinsi a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, wanda mafi yawan nau'ikan su ne tashin hankali na jiki (47%), tashin hankali (44%), tashin hankali na tattalin arziki (30%), da cin zarafin jima'i (13%). [11] A cikin Ƙididdigar Tushen Tsaron Dan Adam na 2011, kashi 59 cikin 100 na matan da aka bincika sun fuskanci cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi a gida, kuma kashi 19 cikin 100 sun fuskanci cin zarafi a cikin al'ummarsu. A cikin binciken 2013, Jennifer Scott et al. ya sami "karɓar karɓuwar cin zarafin mata, daga mata da maza," a yawancin al'ummomi a Sudan ta Kudu. [11] Galibin masu binciken sun amince da cewa "akwai lokacin da mace ta cancanci a yi mata duka kuma mace ta hakura da tashin hankali domin ta hada danginta". [11]

Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 70% na matan da ke mafaka a sansanonin an yi musu fyade tun farkon rikicin, inda akasarin masu fyaden ‘yan sanda ne da sojoji. [13] An ruwaito cewa SPLA ta dauki ‘yan bindiga da samari a jihar Unity domin su kwato yankunan da ‘yan tawaye ke rike da su. An ba su bindigogi kuma albashinsu shi ne abin da za su iya wawashe da mata da za su iya kama, wadanda aka yi musu fyade.

A cikin 2021, hukumar lafiya ta Sudan ta Kudu ta mayar da martani ga kiyasin mutane 330 na cin zarafin mata kamar fyade, cin zarafi da sauran laifukan cin zarafin mata. Mai kula da cibiyar cin zarafin mata da mata, Samuel Legge, dake asibitin koyarwa na Juba, wanda shine babban asibitin da ke babban birnin Juba, ya ce babban batu shine jinkiri wajen kai rahoton cin zarafin mata ga cibiyar. [14]

Hakkokin yara

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Aikin yara

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Gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu ta yi kokarin kawar da bautar da yara da kuma inganta hakkin yara, amma yunkurin nasu bai yi tasiri ba. Duk da kaddamar da kamfen na Yara Ba Soja ba, shirin Ma'aikatar Tsaro da ke wayar da kan al'umma kan batun yara kanana a Sudan ta Kudu, rundunar 'yan tawayen Sudan ta SPLA na ci gaba da daukar yara kanana aikin soja tare da ajiye su a wuraren da ake fama da rikici ko kuma yi amfani da su azaman masu gadi. Gwamnati ta girke yara sojoji a fagen daga a hare-haren 'yan adawa daga Sudan People's Liberation Army - In Opposition (SPLA-IO). Haka kuma SPLA-IO na daukar yara kanana aikin soja domin yakar su a yankuna kamar Bentiu da sauran sassan jihar Unity. [15] Ko da yake mafi ƙarancin shekarun daukar aikin soja na son rai shine 18, kamar yadda dokar yara ta ƙaddara, yawancin yara sojoji sun fi ƙanana. [16]

A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, duk da kundin tsarin mulki da dokar yara ta tanade-tanade na ilimin firamare kyauta, iyaye yawanci sun ƙare da biyan albashin malaman 'ya'yansu, wanda sau da yawa yakan zama tsada ga iyalai. [17] Farashin rigunan riguna, da rashin abinci mai yawa, tsadar rayuwa, da rashin samun damar zuwa makarantu, sakamakon rashin wadatattun ababen more rayuwa, duk sun taimaka wajen rashin kammala karatun firamare a Sudan ta Kudu. [17] Kashi 32 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 ne ke zuwa makaranta, kuma adadin kammala karatun firamare ya kai kashi 37 cikin 100. [17] Kashi 46 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 suna aiki, kuma kashi 11 cikin ɗari suna haɗa aiki da makaranta. [17]

A ƙarƙashin dokokin yanzu, ana buƙatar yara kawai su halarci makaranta har zuwa shekara 13. Duk da haka, ba a yarda da yara su yi aiki ba har sai sun kai shekaru 14, wanda ya sa su kasance mafi haɗari ga cin zarafin yara a lokacin 13 da 14. [17]

Hukumomin shari'a a Sudan ta Kudu sun dauki matakai na yaki da bautar da yara wajen samar da kwamitocin gwamnati don kafa hanyoyin mika rahoto da magance cin zarafi, amma wadannan hukumomin ba su yi aiki ba. [17]

Auren yara

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Kusan rabin ‘yan mata masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake aurarwa, inda wasu ‘yan matan tun suna shekara 12 aka tilasta musu aurensu. A dalilin auren yara, kashi 37 cikin 100 na ‘yan mata ne ke zuwa makarantar firamare, yayin da kashi 51 na maza ke zuwa. Duk da dokar da aka kafa ta 2008 da ta kare 'yan mata daga auren wuri, auren yara yana da yawa sosai. [18] Hakan ya faru ne saboda ra'ayoyin al'adu da suka yaɗu na cewa yin aure da wuri yana da amfani ga 'yan mata, tun da yake yana ba iyalai damar samun albarkatun da aka saba biya a cikin sadaki. [18]

Hakkokin tsirarun kabilanci

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Sudan ta Kudu kasa ce mai bambancin kabila, tana da manyan kabilu sama da 60. [19] Manyan kabilun su ne Dinka, Nuer, da Shilluk . [20] Saboda bambancinsa, a cewar wani masani Jok Madut Jok, "rashin tsaro da ya rungumi kabilanci zai iya haifar da rugujewar irin hadin kan siyasar da aka samu a yakin neman 'yanci da adawa da arewacin Sudan." [21] Rikicin kabilanci ya mamaye yawancin Sudan ta Kudu tare da lalata yunƙurin samar da haɗin kan kabilanci. [21] Har ila yau, yana ƙarfafa talauci da dagula dangantakar ƙabilanci, "wanda ke haifar da gasa ta kabilanci a kan ƙarancin albarkatu da ofisoshin siyasa." [21] Rikicin kabilanci yana sa ci gaba kusan ba zai yiwu ba saboda rashin tsaro da tashin hankalin da yake haifarwa. [21]

Dokokin cikin gida na Sudan ta Kudu ta haramta kalaman nuna kiyayya tare da hukunta masu tayar da hankali da daurin shekaru 1 zuwa 20 a gidan yari. Sai dai kuma ana ci gaba da yin kalaman nuna kyama ga kananan kabilu a Sudan ta Kudu. [22] Wani rahoto na UNMISS ya bayyana cewa, "tattaunawar ra'ayi, ƙirƙira da amfani da hotunan 'maƙiyi', [da] kalaman ƙiyayya da suka kai ga haifar da tashin hankali su ma sun ta'azzara rikice-rikice." [22] Wadannan sakonnin sun hada da shawarwarin shafe al'ummomi da kuma kawar da kabilu daga yankunansu. [22]

Hakkokin tsirarun addini

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Kundin tsarin mulkin Sudan ta Kudu ya ayyana raba addini da kasa tare da haramta wariyar addini. Ya ce “[duk] addinan za a yi musu daidai, kuma ba za a yi amfani da addini na akidar addini don raba kan juna ba. [23]

A cikin 2022, yawancin al'ummar Sudan ta Kudu Kirista ne (60.5%), tare da yawan mabiya addinan ra'ayi (33%); akwai kuma ƴan tsirarun musulmi masu girman gaske (6%). [24]

Shugabanni daga dukkan manyan kungiyoyin addini a Sudan ta Kudu sun halarci bukukuwan al'umma. [24] Ilimin addini gabaɗaya yana haɗawa a cikin makarantun sakandare na gwamnati da na jami'a; Makarantun addini na Kirista da Musulmi masu zaman kansu na iya tsara nasu tsarin koyarwa na addini ba tare da shigar da gwamnati kan abubuwan da suke ciki ba. [24]

'Yancin addini

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A shekarar 2023, kasar ta samu maki 1 cikin 4 don ‘yancin addini; [25] wannan ya faru ne saboda barazanar tashin hankalin kabilanci.

Tsarin dokokin kasa da kasa

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Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu da son rai ta yi alkawari a watan Oktoban 2013 don tsayawa takara a kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam. Ta bayyana cewa, sha'awarta ta shiga hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta samo asali ne daga "muradinta na bayar da gudummuwarta ga inganta 'yancin dan adam, bisa ka'idojin da suka karfafa gwagwarmayar 'yantar da ita, da kuma yin amfani da damar zama mambobinta don bunkasa iliminta na bil'adama na duniya. hakkoki da kuma gina karfinta don ingantawa da kare waɗannan hakkoki".

A cikin 2013, Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da wasu yarjejeniyoyin tare da mika su ga Majalisar Dokoki don karbe su. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun haɗa da: [2]

  • Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa, 1966
  • Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu, 1966
  • Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a, 1981
  • Yarjejeniyar Gudanar da Musamman Abubuwan Matsalolin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a Afirka, 1969
  • Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata da Yarjejeniyar Zabin sa, 1979
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, 1965
  • Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara, 1989
  • Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Azaba da Sauran Mummunan Mummunan Magani na Hukunci, 1984
  • Yarjejeniya kan Haramcin Amfani, Tattalin Arziki, Ƙirƙira da Canja wurin ma'adinan Anti-Personnel da Rushewarsu, 1997

A shekarar 2015, Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa guda biyar. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sune Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da ka'idojinta na zabi, Yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muggan laifuka, rashin mutuntawa da cin mutuncin azabtarwa da ka'idarsa ta zabi, da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara. [26]

Duba kuma

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  • Hakkin LGBT a Sudan ta Kudu

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ name=":6">"Annex to the letter dated 31 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly". United Nations. UN General Assembly. October 31, 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Annex to the letter dated 31 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly". United Nations. UN General Assembly. October 31, 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016."Annex to the letter dated 31 October 2013 from the Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly". United Nations. UN General Assembly. October 31, 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016.
  3. ↑ "Southern Sudan: Abuses on both sides in Upper Nile clashes". Human Rights Watch. 2011-04-19. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
  4. ↑ Beaubien, Jason (10 March 2016). "South Sudan Soldiers Suffocated 60-Plus Men And Boys, Report Says". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  5. ↑ "UN accuses South Sudan army of raping girls and burning them alive". newsweek.com. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  6. ↑ "African Union accuses warring South Sudanese parties of torture and forced cannibalism". newsweek.com. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  7. ↑ "South Sudan: Accountability Critical to ending Grave Human Rights Violations in South Sudan". Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  8. ↑ name=":10">"South Sudan". Freedom in the World 2015. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "South Sudan". Freedom in the World 2015. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2016-04-08."South Sudan". Freedom in the World 2015. Freedom House. Archived from the original Archived 2018-11-16 at the Wayback Machine on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sherwood, Leah F. (2012). "Women at a Crossroads: Sudanese Women and Political Transformation". Journal of International Women's Studies. 13 (5): 77–90.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Scott, Jennifer; Averbach, Sarah; Modest, Anna Merport; Hacker, Michele R; Cornish, Sarah; Spencer, Danielle; Murphy, Maureen; Parmar, Parveen (2013-03-06). "An assessment of gender inequitable norms and gender-based violence in South Sudan: a community-based participatory research approach". Conflict and Health (in Turanci). 7 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-7-4. PMC 3599371. PMID 23497469.
  12. ↑ name=":0">Sherwood, Leah F. (2012). "Women at a Crossroads: Sudanese Women and Political Transformation". Journal of International Women's Studies. 13 (5): 77–90.Sherwood, Leah F. (2012). "Women at a Crossroads: Sudanese Women and Political Transformation". Journal of International Women's Studies. 13 (5): 77–90.
  13. ↑ "South Sudan emergency session". United Nations. 14 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "South Sudan reports over 300 cases of gender-based violence in 2021". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  15. ↑ "World Report 2015: South Sudan". Human Rights Watch. 2015.
  16. ↑ name=":2">"2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: South Sudan" (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 2014.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: South Sudan" (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 2014."2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: South Sudan" (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Aurelio, Dimo S. (June 16, 2015). "South Sudan Struggles to Uphold Children's Rights". VOA News. VOA. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015.
  19. ↑ "South Sudan country profile". BBC News. BBC. December 7, 2015.
  20. ↑ "The World Factbook: South Sudan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 July 2022.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Jok, Jok Madut (August 2012). "Insecurity and Ethnic Violence in South Sudan: Existential Threats to the State?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 - South Sudan". RefWorld. Minority Rights Group International. July 3, 2014.
  23. ↑ name=":9">"South Sudan 2022 International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of State.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "South Sudan 2022 International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of State."South Sudan 2022 International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of State.
  25. ↑ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  26. ↑ "Status of Ratification Interactive Dashboard". UN Office of the High Commissioner Human Rights. UN OHCHR.
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