Yaren Panara
Panará (Panará panãra pẽẽ [panə̃ˈɾa ˈpẽj̃]</link> :131), kuma aka sani da Kreen Akarare (daga Mẽbêngôkre Krã jakàràre [ˈkɾʌ̃ jaˈkʌɾʌɾɛ]), yaren Jê ne da mutanen Panará na Mato Grosso, Brazil ke magana. Ita ce zuriyar Kudancin Kayapó . Ko da yake an rarraba shi azaman harshen Arewacin Jê a cikin karatun farko, [2] :547[3] Panará ya bambanta sosai da harsunan Arewacin Jê a cikin morphosyntax [4] :454kuma an yi jayayya cewa ya zama yaren ƴan uwa ga Arewacin Jê maimakon ɗan wannan ƙungiyar.
| Yaren Panara | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kre |
| Glottolog |
pana1307[1] |
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheConsonants
gyara sashe| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | A fili | p ⟨ p ⟩ | t ⟨ t ⟩ | k ⟨ ⟩ | |
| Geminate | pː ⟨ pp ⟩ | tː ⟨ tt ⟩ | kː ⟨ kk ⟩ | ||
| Ƙarfafawa | A fili | s ⟨ s ⟩ | |||
| Geminate | sː ⟨ ss ⟩ | ||||
| Nasal | A fili | m ⟨ m ⟩ | n ⟨ n ⟩ | ɲ ⟨ n ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ n ⟩ |
| Geminate | mː ⟨ mm ⟩ | nː ⟨ nn ⟩ | |||
| Kusanci | w ⟨ w ⟩ | ɾ ⟨ ⟩ | j ⟨ j ⟩ | ||
Hancin da ke ƙasa /mn ɲ ŋ/ suna bayan baki zuwa [mp nt ns ŋk] gabanin wasalin baka ko ɗaya daga /w ɾ j/, :18kamar yadda yake cikin intwêê /nweː/ [iˈntɥej] 'sabo'.
Geminates suna faruwa duka a cikin tushen da ba a yi amfani da su ba (irin su ippẽ [ipˈpẽ] 'bare') da kuma a mahadar morpheme, kamar a cikin tepi / tɛp / 'kifi' + ty /tɯ / 'matattu' → [tɛtˈtɯ] 'mataccen kifi'. :19Tsawon baƙon sauti ne a cikin Panará, don haka haɗa nau'ikan geminates ban da abubuwan hana Panará da ke akwai. [5] :17–18Geminate baƙon abu ne wanda ke riƙe na tsawon lokaci fiye da baƙaƙe ɗaya. Geminate /ss/ an gane shi azaman [t͡s] ta yawancin masu magana a matsayin bambancin zamantakewa tsakanin tsararraki. Amfani da [t͡s] yana da alaƙa da tuntuɓar tuntuɓar masu mulkin mallaka don haka tsofaffin ƙarni na masu magana da Panará ke amfani da su. Ƙananan tsara suna amfani da [t͡s] da kuma geminate [ss] yayin da harshe ke canzawa. [5] :21
Wasula
gyara sasheWayoyin wasali na Panará sune kamar haka. :21
Wasan wasalan /oː, ɔː, õː, eː, ẽː/ ana gane su ne a matsayin diphthongs [ow, ɔw, õw̃, ej, ẽj̃] sakamakon ka'idar sautin dogon wasali. Hakanan ana amfani da rage rage wasali a cikin Panará; ana iya rage wasalin /a/ zuwa [ɐ] ko [ə] lokacin da ba a damuwa. :23
Sillabi tsarin
gyara sasheAbubuwan da aka sani da za a iya haɗawa don kalmomi a cikin Panará sune kamar haka: V, CV, C 1 C 2 V, V:, CV:, C 1 C 2 V:, CVC 3, CV: C 3, C 1 C 2 VC 3 ; C 1C 2V :C 3 . Hakanan lura cewa jeri lokacin da C 1 da C 2 ke raba articulator iri ɗaya an hana su.
| Alama | Wayoyin Wayoyin Halatta |
|---|---|
| C | Duk wani baki |
| V | Kowane wasali |
| V: | Duk wani dogon wasali |
| C 1 | Hanci ko tsayawa (ko dai singleton ko rabin geminate) |
| C 2 | Kusanci |
| C 3 | Baƙin hanci ko baƙar fata ba |
Rubutun Rubutu
gyara sasheMalaman Panará ne suka haɓaka rubutun rubutun na Panará, tare da taimako daga tarurrukan karatu, cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Taswirorin da ke biyowa na duka baƙaƙe da wasula sune sakamakon bita da aka ambata a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Panará da masana ilimi, musamman Bernat Bardagil-Mas da Myriam Lapierre, a cikin 2016 da 2017 kuma suna wakiltar rubutun da aka ɗauka tun lokacin.
An nuna rubutun Panará a sama ta amfani da maƙallan kusurwa a cikin teburan sauti.
[i] epenthesis
gyara sasheAn yi jayayya cewa yawancin kalmomi-farko da kalmomin-ƙarshe na [i] suna da alaƙa a cikin Panará. Kalma-farko [i] epenthesis ya yi daidai da tebur mai zuwa inda [T] ke nufin tsayawar singleton, [CC] yana nuni da geminate, kuma [NT] yana nufin fahimtar dakatarwar hanci, kamar: [m͡p, n͡t, n͡s., Ƙaddamarwa. [6]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Panara". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid
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