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Yancin Dan adam a Misra

Yancin Dan Adam a Misra Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar  yana tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin wasu batutuwa na Babi na 3 Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Duk da haka, ana sukar yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar a baya da kuma na yanzu, musamman ma ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasashen waje irinsu Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch[1]Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ayyana cewa rikicin kare hakkin dan Adam na Masar a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba Abdel Fattah al-Sisi na daya daga cikin mafi muni...a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, kuma “dubun dubatar masu sukar gwamnati, gami da ‘yan jarida ne. , masu fafutuka masu zaman lafiya, da masu kare hakkin bil adama, suna ci gaba da tsare a gidan yari bisa zarge-zargen 'ta'addanci', da dama da ake tsare da su na tsawon lokaci kafin a yi shari'a."[2] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, irin su HRW da aka ambata da kuma Amnesty International, sun yi zargin cewa ya zuwa watan Janairun 2020, akwai fursunonin siyasa kusan 60,000 a Masar. Sauran korafe-korafe (da Human Rights Watch) ta yi na hukumomi na cin zarafi da tsare "'yan uwan ​​'yan adawa a kasashen waje" da kuma yin amfani da "zargin 'dabi'a" mara kyau don gurfanar da mutanen LGBT, masu tasiri na kafofin watsa labarun mata, da wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin jima'i.[3]Gwamnatin Masar ta sha yin watsi da irin wannan sukar, tana mai musanta cewa duk fursunonin da take tsare da su fursunonin siyasa ne. A zaben shugaban kasar Masar na baya-bayan nan, el-Sisi ya lashe kashi 97% na kuri'un da aka kada bayan "dukkan masu kalubalantar sahihancinsu sun janye, suna masu yin la'akari da yanke shawara na kashin kansu, matsin lamba na siyasa, matsalolin shari'a, da rashin adalci.[4]A zaben 'yan majalisu na 2020, "gamayyar kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati" sun lashe "mafi rinjayen kujeru" a majalisar dokokin Masar. Duk da haka, "kungiyoyin cikin gida da na duniya" sun nuna damuwa cewa "iyakan gwamnati game da ƙungiyoyi, taro, da kuma bayyana ra'ayi sun hana shiga cikin tsarin siyasa," a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka[5] Canjin tsarin mulkin 2019 ya kuma tsawaita wa'adin shugaban ƙasa daga shekaru huɗu zuwa shida kuma ya ba wa shugaba mai ci a yanzu damar yin tazarce karo na uku kuma na ƙarshe (ba tare da cin zarafin shugaban ƙasa na wa'adi biyu ba), don haka a zato ya ba shi damar zama shugaban ƙasa har zuwa 2030 idan zai lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2023. Kisan gilla mafi muni a tarihin zamani a Masar ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan 2013 yayin da 'yan sanda suka tarwatsa wani zaman dirshan da magoya bayan Marigayi Mohammed Morsi suka gudanar, inda aka kashe daruruwan masu zanga-zanga.[6]

Yancin Dan adam a Misra
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Misra
Wuri
Map
 27°N 29°E / 27°N 29°E / 27; 29

Hakkin taƙaitaccen kimantawa da taƙaitawa

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A cikin 2021, gidan yanci ya sanya Masar a matsayin "Ba 'Yanci ba" a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 'Yanci a Duniya. Ya ba Masar maki "Hakkokin Siyasa" na 6/40 da maki "Civil Liberties" na 12/60, tare da jimlar maki 18/100 A wannan shekarar   Reporters Without Borders  sun sanya Masar a matsayi na 166 a cikin ma'aunin 'Yancin 'Yancin Jarida na shekara.[7] Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu na kallon Masar a matsayin "mafi muni na uku a duniya", a bayan Turkiyya da Kasar sin Dubi Jerin ma'aunin 'yanci don ƙarin bayani kan waɗannan ƙimar da yadda aka ƙaddara su. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta "Rahotanni na Ƙasa na 2019 kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam" sun jera abubuwan da ake fahimta game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Masar: Muhimman batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da: kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da kisan gilla daga gwamnati ko jami'anta da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci; bacewar tilas; azabtarwa; tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; fursunonin siyasa; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; mafi munin nau'ikan hani kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yan jaridu, da intanet, gami da kamawa ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida, sa ido, toshe shafukan yanar gizo, da wanzuwar cin zarafi ba tare da tilastawa ba; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taro na lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi, kamar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan dokoki waɗanda ke tafiyar da ƙungiyoyin jama'a; ƙuntatawa kan shiga siyasa; tashin hankali da ya shafi tsirarun addini; tashin hankali da ake nufi da madigo, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) mutane; amfani da doka don kamawa da gurfanar da mutanen LGBTI ba bisa ka'ida ba; da kuma yi wa yara aiki tilas ko na tilas[7]Human Rights Watch ta koka da cewa "kuri'ar raba gardama ta rashin adalci" da hukumomi suka yi a shekarar 2019 ta kara gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin da ke karfafa "mulkin iko, da gurgunta yancin kan bangaren shari'a, da kuma fadada ikon soja na shiga tsakani a harkokin siyasa." Ta hanyar yin amfani da uzurin yakar 'yan ta'addar ISIS, "Hukumomin Masar sun nuna rashin mutunta doka da oda. Tun daga watan Afrilun 2017, shugaba Abdel Fattah al-Sisi ya [d] ya ci gaba da kafa dokar ta baci a fadin kasar, wadda ta baiwa jami'an tsaro. ikon da ba a bincika ba[8]Tun daga wannan lokacin, an dage dokar ta baci a hukumance, tun daga watan Oktoban 2021[9]Kungiyar da gwamnati ta nada don kare hakkin bil'adama a Masar ana kiranta da Majalisar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta kasa. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2022, Amnesty International ta fitar da wani rahoto mai taken "An cire haɗin kai daga Gaskiya: Dabarun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar Masar na rufawa rikicin 'yancin ɗan adam rufa-rufa". Rahoton ya gabatar da cikakken nazari kan dabarun kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Masar (NHRS) bisa la’akari da halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil adama a kasa, inda ya bayyana yadda hukumomi suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin farfaganda don rufe murkushe duk wani nau'i na adawa. Gwamnati ce ta tsara dabarun na tsawon shekaru biyar ba tare da tuntubar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu ba ko kuma hada hannu da jama'a[10]A cikin Maris 2023, Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa hukumomin Masar sun ƙi ba da takaddun shaida, kamar fasfo, ID na ƙasa da takaddun haihuwa, ga masu sukar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa mai yiwuwa Masar din ta yi yunkurin kawo cikas ga rayuwar 'yan adawa ta hanyar tilasta musu zabi tsakanin yadda ya kamata su fada cikin rukunin da ba su da takardu ko kuma su koma Masar, inda za a iya tsare su da azabtar da su.[11] Human Dokar 'yan jarida, dokar wallafe-wallafe, da kundin hukunta laifuka na Masar ne ke tsarawa da gudanar da aikin jarida. A cewar wadannan, sukar shugaban na iya zama ta hanyar tara ko dauri. Freedom House na ganin Masar ta sami 'yan jarida marasa 'yanci, ko da yake ta ambaci cewa ƙasar tana da tushe da yawa

Hakin Magana

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Dokar 'yan jarida, dokar wallafe-wallafe, da kundin hukunta laifuka na Masar ne ke tsarawa da gudanar da aikin jarida. A cewar wadannan, sukar shugaban na iya zama ta hanyar tara ko dauri. Freedom House na ganin Masar ta sami 'yan jarida marasa 'yanci, ko da yake ta ambaci cewa ƙasar tana da tushe da yawa.[12]Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Reporters Without Borders (RsF) sun sanya Masar a matsayi na 166 daga cikin ƙasashe 180 a cikin 'yancin ɗan jarida.[13]'Yancin 'yan jarida ya tashi daga kasashe 143 cikin 167 a cikin 200[14]zuwa na 158 a duniya a shekarar 2013. Kungiyar RsF ta koka kan yadda gwamnatin Sisi ta “sanya manyan kungiyoyin yada labarai har ta kai ga cewa a yanzu haka ta ke iko da daukacin fadin kafafen yada labarai tare da kakaba takunkumi kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.[15]Majiyoyin biyu sun yarda cewa sauye-sauyen da aka yi alkawari a kan batun sun kasance cikin jinkiri ko rashin daidaito wajen aiwatar da su. Freedom House ta sami ɗan ƙima mai inganci wanda ke nuni da cewa ƙarin 'yancin tattaunawa ya faru.[16]Bayan guguwar Larabawa an yi fatan samun yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Masar. Koyaya, ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2012, ɗan jaridar talabijin Tim Sebastian ya ba da rahoton "sake bullar tsoro" a Masar. “An sake gaya mani cewa, Masarawa sun fara duba kafadarsu don ganin wanda zai saurare su, don yin taka-tsan-tsan da abin da suke fada ta wayar tarho, su fara la’akari da ko wanene za su iya kuma ba za su amince da su ba.[17]Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana damuwa a cikin watan Agustan 2012 game da 'yancin 'yan jarida a Masar, biyo bayan matakin da hukumomi suka dauka na gurfanar da masu sukar shugaban Masar Mohamed Morsi biyu a gaban kotu. Har ila yau ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta soki kasar Masar kan matakin da ta dauka kan Al-Dustour, wata karamar jarida mai zaman kanta, da tashar Al-Faraeen, wadanda dukkansu ke sukar Mursi da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi.[18]A watan Yulin 2016, Jami'an tsaron Masar suka kai farmaki gidan Liliane Daoud, 'yar jarida 'yar kasar Labanon-Birtaniya, tare da kai ta tashar jirgin sama. Ba tare da gargadin gaba ba, Ms. Daoud ta tsinci kanta a cikin jirgin zuwa Lebanon. Kafin a fitar da ita, an kori Ms. Daoud daga aikinta a tashar mai zaman kanta ‘yan makonni bayan wani dan kasuwa mai goyon bayan Sisi ya saya. A watan Agustan 2018, gwamnatin Masar ta gurfanar da Mohamed al-Ghiety mai gidan talabijin a gaban kuliya saboda yin hira da wani dan luwadi da ba a bayyana sunansa ba. Daga baya an daure shi, da tararsa da kuma yanke masa hukuncin aiki mai wuyar shekara. [19]A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, hukumomin Masar sun haramtawa mutane sama da 500, wadanda akasarinsu masu fafutuka ne balaguro a filayen jiragen sama na Masar tun daga watan Yulin 2013.[20]Amnesty International ta ce hukumomin Masar na ƙara yin amfani da matakan gwaji na sabani da wuce gona da iri a matsayin wata hanya ta muzgunawa masu fafutuka. An sanya musu matsanancin yanayi a wasu lokuta, inda masu fafutuka da aka sako daga gidan yari tilastawa su shafe sa'o'i 12 a rana a ofishin 'yan sanda. Jarrabawar 'yan sanda a Masar tana buƙatar fursunonin da aka saki da waɗanda ake tsare da su su shafe wasu adadin sa'o'i a ofishin 'yan sanda kullum ko mako-mako. Amnesty International ta tattara aƙalla shari'o'i 13 waɗanda matakan gwaji suka wuce gona da iri ko kuma aka sanya su ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan masu fafutuka. A wasu lokuta, ana tsare da masu fafutuka a karo na biyu a matsayin hanyoyin gwaji.< Amnesty International ta yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su dage duk matakan gwaji na sabani da ba da umarnin sakin masu fafutuka da aka tsare ba tare da wani sharadi ba[21].A karshen shekarar 2017, 'yan sandan Masar sun dauki matakin dakile sayar da wani abin wasa da aka yi wa lakabi da 'Gwajin Sisi' ko 'Sisi's pendulum', da yara kan yi amfani da su wajen yi wa shugaban kasa ba'a. 'Yan sanda sun " kama masu sayar da kaya 41 tare da kama nau'i-nau'i guda 1,403 na 'yar wasan wasa mai ban tsoro," a cewar jaridar al-Masry al-Youm.[22]A cikin 2018, dan adawar Masar, Mohamed Ali (wanda ke zaune a Spain a halin yanzu) ya buga bidiyon cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin Shugaban Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Bidiyon sun haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a Masar. Hukumomin Masar sun bukaci gwamnatin Spain da ta mika Mohamed Ali bisa zargin kin biyan haraji da kuma karkatar da kudade da aka yi a kasarsa ta haihuwa. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2020, Mohamed Ali ya bayyana a zaman share fage a gaban alkali na Spain inda aka ba shi wa'adin kwanaki 45 ya kawo karar dalilin da ya sa ba za a mayar da shi Masar ba.[23]A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2021, Amnesty International ta yi tir da ɗage dokar ta-baci a Masar, tana mai cewa ba ta ɗaukar matakin a matsayin wani mataki mai ma'ana. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta bayyana yadda ake ci gaba da shari'ar wasu masu fafutuka da ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, da masu kare hakkin bil'adama, da 'yan jarida, da 'yan siyasa da masu zanga-zangar lumana, inda shari'ar ba ta dace ba. Amnesty ta ce, dole ne Masar ta gaggauta sakin duk wadanda ke fuskantar shari'a ta hanyar amfani da 'yancinsu cikin lumana ba tare da wani sharadi ba, domin yanke shawararsu ta zama mai ma'ana.[24]

Abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 2020-2021

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A ranar 10 ga Maris 2020, wani lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam Zyad el-Elaimy, an daure shi na tsawon shekara guda da kuma tarar E£20,000. An tuhume shi da " yada labaran karya da nufin yada tsoro a tsakanin mutane da kuma tada hankalin jama'a", yayin wata hira da BBC a cikin 2017. Sai dai kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce an tuhumi el-Elaimy ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda yin magana a bainar jama'a. game da ɗaurin kurkuku na siyasa, bacewar tilastawa da azabtarwa a Masar[25]A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam guda hudu, game da munanan yanayin gidajen yari a cikin barkewar cutar Coronavirus, sun yi kira da a saki ma'aikatan da ke kurkuku saboda ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa. Koyaya, a maimakon haka, hukumomin Masar sun kama masu zanga-zangar tare da tuhume su da yada labarin karya, yayin da suke keta dokar hana zanga-zangar kasar.[26] A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2020, Amnesty International  ta rahoto cewa jami’an tsaron Masar sun yi garkuwa da ‘yar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Sanaa Seif daga wajen ofishin mai shigar da ƙara na gwamnati a New Alkahira. Rahotanni sun ce ta ziyarci ofishin ne domin shigar da kara kan wani mummunan hari da aka kai mata, wanda ita da danginta suka sha a wajen gidan yarin na Tora a ranar da ta gabata. Dan uwan ​​Sanaa Seif kuma sanannen mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, Alaa Abd El-Fattah yana ci gaba da tsare a gidan yarin Tora, tun watan Satumban 2019. Rahoton ya nuna cewa an kai Sanaa ofishin babban mai gabatar da kara na tsaro a birnin Alkahira, inda masu gabatar da kara suka shigar da kara. ya yi mata tambayoyi game da tuhumar da ake yi mata na " yada labaran karya", "harfafa laifukan ta'addanci" da "yin amfani da kafafen sada zumunta ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba"[27]A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2020, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa an kama ta a karo na uku[28]A watan Yulin 2020, an zargi gwamnatin Masar da kama 'yan kasar Amurka da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama wadanda suka soki ko kuma suka yi magana kan gwamnatin Masar. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun bayyana cewa kasar ta yi musu shiru ta hanyar cin zarafi da kuma barazana ga 'yan uwansu da ke zaune a Masar[29]A cewar ABC News, a cikin Yuli 2020 Hukumomin Masar sun kama likitoci 10 da 'yan jarida shida don murkushe suka game da yadda ake tafiyar da cutar ta COVID-19 a Masar ta gwamnatin karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[30]A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa hukumomin Masar sun kama ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da 'yan jarida, wadanda suka koka game da rashin kayan kariya na asibiti tare da sukar matakin da jihar ta dauka game da cutar ta COVID-19. Hukumomin Masar sun kuma kama likitocin da suka ba da rahoton bullar COVID-19 ba tare da izini ba. Likitoci sun ba da labarin barazanar da aka yi ta hanyar WhatsApp, wasiƙun hukuma ko kuma a cikin mutum[31]Ya zuwa ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta tattara bayanan kama a kalla likitoci shida da masu hada magunguna biyu. Membobi bakwai na kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Masar, wata kungiya ce ta gwamnati wacce ke wakiltar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an tsare su saboda tattaunawa da COVID-19 a shafukan sada zumunta.[32]A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2020, wasu mashahurai da yawa sun rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga hukumomin Masar don kubutar da fitaccen mai fafutuka Sanaa Seif da sauran fursunonin siyasa. Tun a watan Yuni ake tsare da ita a gidan yari kafin a yi mata shari'a a birnin Alkahira. Seif editan fim ne, wanda ya yi aiki a kan fim ɗin da ya shahara sosai a dandalin The Square. Ita ce kanwa ga Alaa Abdel Fattah mai fafutuka, wacce ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji a lokacin boren 2011 wanda ya kai ga hambarar da shugaba Hosni Mubarak  a shekarar 2011[33]A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2020, Masar ta yanke wa Bahey el-Din Hassan  hukuncin daurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari saboda zargin adawa da gwamnati. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, gami da Amnesty International da FIDH, sun yi tir da tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi wa Hassan a matsayin 'karya' kuma 'abin ban tsoro'. Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, baya ga daruruwan manyan jama'a, 'yan jarida, masana ilimi, 'yan wasa da masana daga ko'ina cikin duniya, suma sun yi tir da hukuncin. Hukuncin wani bangare ne na ramuwar gayya ga Hassan saboda inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Masar[34][35]Jami'an tsaron Masar sun kama wasu 'yan jarida biyu daga jaridar Al Youm Al Sabea, wato Hany Greisha da El-Sayed Shehta, bisa zargin yada labaran karya. An kama Greisha ne a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2020 kuma an tuhume shi da laifin yin amfani da kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, yada labaran karya, da kuma ci gaba da alaka da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, wata kungiyar ta'addanci. An tsare shi na tsawon kwanaki 15 kamar yadda rahotanni suka bayyana. Mutum na biyu, El-Sayed Shehta, wanda aka kama a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020 daga garinsu, an gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an keɓe shi a gidansa a lokacin. Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu (CPJ) ya bukaci a gaggauta sakin 'yan jaridar sakamakon barkewar cutar amai da gudawa. Hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin ‘yan sanda da na gidan yari ba su amsa sakon imel na CPJ da ta nemi jin ta bakinsu da kuma dalilin kame ‘yan jaridar ba.[36]A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da tsare dan jarida da mai kare hakkin bil adama, Esraa Abdelfattah.[37]Jami'an tsaro sun kama Esraa a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2019 kuma an zarge su da "shiga cikin kungiyar ta'addanci" da "shiga cikin yarjejeniyar laifi da aka yi niyyar aikata laifin ta'addanci daga cikin gidan yari".[38]A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, an gabatar da Esraa Abdelfattah a gaban Kotun Koli ta Tsaro ta Jihar (SSSP) don fuskantar tambayoyi game da binciken.[39]A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Amnesty International ta yi tsokaci kan ci gaba da tsare 'yar jarida Solafa Magdy ba bisa ka'ida ba game da tabarbarewar lafiyarta. An tsare Solafa Magdy tun ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 2019 a wani bangare na shiga zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati a watan Maris na 2019 tare da mijinta da kuma wasu 'yan jarida 2. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, Kotun Koli ta Tsaro (SSSP) ta yi wa Solafa Magdy tambayoyi, kan sabbin tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da shiga kungiyar ta'addanci.[40]A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2020, jami'an tsaron Masar sun tsare wasu mambobi uku na kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam mai zaman kanta, Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR). Kungiyar Amnesty International ta bayyana kamen a matsayin "kyakkyawan tashin hankali" na murkushe gwamnati. Wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun ce an kai wa masu fafutuka da dama hari da kame, hana tafiye-tafiye, da kuma hana kadarori, karkashin shugaba Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2020, ƙwararrun 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kira hukumar Masar ta yi watsi da tuhumar tare da sakin duk wasu masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam guda huɗu da ke aiki da EIPR. An kama uku kwanaki kadan bayan ganawar da jakadun kasashen waje 13 da jami'an diflomasiyya a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, bisa zargin ta'addanci da tsaron jama'a, yayin da aka kama mai binciken 'yancin jinsi na EIPR, Patrick Zaki a cikin Fabrairu 2020.[41]Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci kasashe mambobin kungiyar a cikin wani kudiri da aka fitar a watan Disamba 2020, da su kakaba wa Masar takunkumi saboda ayyukan da ta ke yi kan masu kare hakkin bil'adama, musamman na EIPR. Rikicin kasa da kasa kan Masar ya karu ne bayan da aka kama wasu masu fafutuka uku na EIPR. Daga baya an sake su, amma an tsare kadarorin[42]Ƙudurin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 18 ga Disamba 2020 kan tabarbarewar yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Masar". Majalisar Tarayyar Turai.Jami'an tsaron Masar sun kama wasu 'yan jarida biyu daga jaridar Al Youm Al Sabea, wato Hany Greisha da El-Sayed Shehta, bisa zargin yada labaran karya. An kama Greisha ne a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2020 kuma an tuhume shi da laifin yin amfani da kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, yada labaran karya, da kuma ci gaba da alaka da kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, wata kungiyar ta'addanci. An tsare shi na tsawon kwanaki 15 kamar yadda rahotanni suka bayyana. Mutum na biyu, El-Sayed Shehta, wanda aka kama a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020 daga garinsu, an gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma an keɓe shi a gidansa a lokacin. Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jaridu (CPJ) ya bukaci a gaggauta sakin 'yan jaridar sakamakon barkewar cutar amai da gudawa. Hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin ‘yan sanda da na gidan yari ba su amsa sakon imel na CPJ da ta nemi jin ta bakinsu da kuma dalilin kame ‘yan jaridar ba.[43]A cikin Maris 2021, ƙasashe 31 da suka haɗa da US, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia da Jamus, sun fitar da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa ga Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Bil’adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, suna nuna matuƙar damuwa game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Masar. Sanarwar ta kara da cewa, "tantace 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin taro cikin lumana, da takura wa kungiyoyin farar hula da 'yan adawar siyasa, da aiwatar da dokar ta'addanci kan masu sukar lumana.[44] A watan Maris, an yanke wa Sanaa Seif hukuncin daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari saboda " yada labaran karya". Maimakon samun adalci kan harin da ta fuskanta tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta a wajen gidan yarin na Tora, an zargi Seif da yin da'awar da ba ta da tushe game da yadda ake tafiyar da barkewar COVID-19 a gidajen yarin Masar. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta kira hukuncin daurin rai da rai bisa zarginta na bogi "wanda ya samo asali daga sukar ta cikin lumana"[45]Gwamnatin Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ta tabbatar a farkon Afrilu 2021 cewa tsohon Firayim Ministan Masar kuma wakilin IMF Hazem el-Beblawi ya amfana da kariya ta diflomasiyya daga karar da Mohamed Soltan ya shigar a kansa a shekarar 2020 tana mai da Hazem alhakin azabtar da shi a kurkuku. Soltan, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mazaunin Washington, D.C. ya yi iƙirari a cikin ƙararsa cewa a lokacin da aka daure shi na tsawon watanni 21 tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2015, an yi masa dukan tsiya da azabtarwa kuma an harbe shi da izini daga Beblawi. Kamar yadda kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayyana, gwamnatin Abdel Fateh Al Sisi, a karkashin dokar da Beblawi ta amince da ita, ta kama dubban fararen hula bisa dalilan siyasa, ciki har da 'yan kasar Amurka kamar Mustafa Kassem, wanda ya mutu a gidan yari a watan Janairun 2020.[46]Dalibin dan kasar Masar, Patrick Zaki, wanda aka kama shi a filin jirgin sama na birnin Alkahira bisa zargin yada labaran karya a shafukan sada zumunta wadanda suka haifar da zanga-zanga ba tare da izini ba, gwamnatinsu ta ba da izinin zama dan kasar Italiya ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a majalisar dattawa. Mafi rinjayen 'yan majalisar dattijai 208 zuwa 0 ne suka goyi bayan shawarar don a saki mai binciken mai shekaru 27 da wuri. An bayar da rahoton cewa, Zaki yana tsare sama da shekaru 2 kuma ba a yi masa shari'a ba, wanda ke da nasaba da take haƙƙin ɗan adam. A baya Rome ta bukaci a saki Zaki, amma bukatar ta ki amincewa[47]A watan Mayun 2021, Amnesty International ta ƙaurace wa hukumomin Masar saboda murkushe 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta ce a daya hannun al'ummar kasar na goyon bayan Gaza, yayin da a daya bangaren kuma suka yi garkuwa da wani mutum da ya daga tutar Falasdinu domin nuna goyon baya da su.[48]A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2021, HRW tare da wasu kungiyoyi 62 sun yi kira ga Shugaba Abdel Fattah al-Sisi  da ya gaggauta kawo karshen murkushe 'yan adawar lumana, 'yancin walwala, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun ce sun damu da halin da ake ciki a Masar wanda ya hada da kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsarewa, da sauran cin zarafi na shari'a na masu kare hakkin dan adam. A cikin bayanin nasu, sun kuma nuna goyon bayansu ga sakamakon binciken na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda suka bayyana damuwarsu dangane da rashin tausayi da rashin jin dadin zaman gidan yari, da kuma hana samun isasshen kulawar lafiya da gangan wanda ya haddasa ko kuma ya taimaka wajen hana mace-mace a gidan yari da kuma illa ga lafiyar fursunonin. . A cikin 2020 kadai, aƙalla mutane 35 sun mutu a gidan yari ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan bin matsalolin lafiya. Rikicin lafiya da na kare hakkin bil'adama a gidajen yari ya kara ta'azzara saboda gazawar hukumomi na magance barkewar COVID-19 yadda ya kamata.[49]A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2021, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama 14 sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Masar sun bace Salah Soltan da karfi a watan Yunin 2020, sakamakon fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da dansa. Soltan shine mahaifin fitaccen mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam na mazaunin Amurka, Mohamed Soltan. An tsare shi a cikin sharuɗɗan da za su kai ga azabtarwa ko wasu mugun nufi, gami da tsawaita ɗaurin kurkuku. Hukumomin gidan yarin sun hana shi samun kulawar lafiya da kayan masarufi na yau da kullun. Hukumomin Masar sun kuma yi ramuwar gayya kan wasu 'yan uwa na dangin Soltan[50]A watan Nuwamba 2021, wani bincike na Amnesty International ya kammala cewa hukumomin Masar na da hannu wajen murkushe ma'aikatan masana'antar da ke neman tsaro da karin albashi ta hanyar yajin aikin lumana. Kusan ma’aikata 2,000 na wani kamfani na kasar Masar, Lord International, sun shiga yajin aikin tsakanin ranakun 26 ga watan Yuli zuwa 1 ga watan Agusta, Amnesty ta bayyana cewa ma’aikatar kula da ma’aikata ta Masar ta gaza samar da wata mafita ga ma’aikatan da suka fuskanci ramuwar gayya kan shiga yajin aikin. Haka kuma, an yi watsi da korafe-korafen da ma’aikatan suka yi kuma an matsa musu lamba kan su kawo karshen yajin aikin da suke yi ba bisa ka’ida ba.[51]

Shekarar 2022

gyara sashe

A watan Maris din 2022, Kotun Tattalin Arziki ta Iskandariya ta yanke wa wasu mawakan Masar biyu Hamo Beeka da Omar Kamal hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da tara. An yanke musu hukunci kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu na "cin zarafin dangi a cikin al'ummar Masar da kuma cin gajiyar faifan bidiyo da suka hada da rawa da waka". Tarar da aka ci ta na E£10,000 (US$538), tare da ƙarin E £10,000  don dakatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Rahotanni sun ce an tuhume su ne saboda wani faifan bidiyo na waka, inda mutanen biyu suka rera waka da rawa tare da wani dan kasar Brazil mai rawan ciki. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin sun yi Allah wadai da cewa tuhume-tuhumen ya saba wa ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki na mawakan biyu[52]

Shekarar 2023

gyara sashe

Sakamakon zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati da aka gudanar a shekarar 2019 ba ta kai ga cimma ruwa ba tukuna a Masar, don haka gwamnati ta sanar da yanke hukunci kan mutane 82 a watan Janairun 2023. An yanke wa mutane 38 hukuncin daurin rai da rai da suka hada da Mohammad Ali. A halin da ake ciki kuma an yanke wa wasu 44 hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 5 zuwa 15. Hukuncin dai ya hada da yara 22 da suka shiga zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati a shekarar 2019.[53]A cikin Janairu 2023, Masar ta kama wasu masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki na kafofin watsa labarun guda biyar saboda buga zanen ban dariya game da ziyarar gidan kurkukun Masar. An buga faifan bidiyo mai taken "Ziyarar" a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2023, kuma an kalli ta a kafafen sada zumunta. Lauyan biyu daga cikin wadanda aka kama, Mokhtar Mounir, ya ce suna fuskantar tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da "shiga kungiyar ta'addanci, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, buga labaran karya da kuma amfani da shafukan sada zumunta wajen aikata ta'addanci".[54]Human Rights Watch ta buga wani rahoto a cikin Maris 2023 da ke bayyana cewa hukumomin Masar sun ki baiwa masu sukar da ke zaune a kasashen waje takardun shaidarsu, da suka hada da fasfo, takaddun haihuwa, da katunan shaida. Rahoton ya ce da alama manufar mahukuntan na kawo cikas ga rayuwar ‘yan adawa, inda za a tilasta musu zabi tsakanin ba su da takardun zama ko kuma su dawo Masar, inda za su fuskanci dauri ko azabtarwa.[55]

Yan Siyasar Gidan Yari

gyara sashe

A cewar Salah Sallam, (“wani tsohon mamba ne a kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama da gwamnatin Masar ta nada”), ya sabawa doka a kira “wani wanda ya kulla wa kasar makirci a matsayin fursunonin siyasa,” wanda hakan ya saba wa doka don nuna rashin amincewa da kamun. irin wannan ta hanyar kiran su fursunan siyasa.[56]Duk da haka, ya zama ruwan dare a cikin " kurkuku da kotu ", don "masu gadi da alkalai suna magana a fili ga fursunonin da ba su da alaka da tashin hankali a matsayin 'siyasa', a cewar "tsoffin fursunoni da lauyoyi"[57] A cewar jaridar New York Times, gwamnatin Masar ta dade tana musanta cewa tana tsare da wasu ‘yan siyasa, amma a ‘yan makonnin da suka gabata ya zuwa karshen watan Yunin 2022, “wasu jami’ai sun fara amincewa da al’adar daure mutane saboda ra’ayinsu na siyasa”, yana mai cewa "ya zama dole a maido da kwanciyar hankali" bayan juyin juya halin Larabawan 2011 a Masar[58] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun ba da rahoton cewa akwai fursunonin siyasa kusan 60,000 a Masar[59]An yi tunanin cewa gwamnatin Masar na fuskantar matsin lamba don inganta ayyukanta na kare hakkin bil'adama bayan mutuwar fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki Ayman Hadhoud a gidan yari "wanda ya shafi kanun labaran duniya", Hadhoud ya yi zargin cewa jami'an tsaron kasar sun azabtar da su har lahira, wanda bai damu da sanar da shi ba. iyalansa har sama da wata guda bayan rasuwarsa.[60]A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2022, wani fursunan siyasa, Mahmoud Othman, ya mutu a cikin gidan yarin Borg El Arab , yammacin Alexandria, Masar, sakamakon munanan yanayin tsarewa. Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2022, kusan mutane 1,163 sun mutu a cikin cibiyoyin tsare mutane da gidajen yari a Masar tun daga shekara ta 2013. A cikin rahotonta mai taken " gidajen yarin Masar: wuraren gyara ko kaburburan kare hakkin bil'adama", kungiyar da ke kula da shari'a ta bayyana hukuncin da aka yanke. da dama daga cikin masu kare hakkin dan Adam da siyasa a Masar. Rahoton ya kuma zayyana sakamakon binciken da aka samu na cin zarafi, da suka hada da cin zarafi 7,369 a wurare 66 na hukuma da kuma wadanda ba na hukuma ba. Laifukan da aka rubuta sun kasance mafi girma ta hanyar hana 'yanci ba bisa ka'ida ba, sannan kuma bacewar tilastawa, rashin yanayin tsarewa, azabtarwa, da kuma mace-mace a wuraren tsare mutane.[61]Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masar na 2014 ya bayyana cewa "Musulunci shine addinin kasa...kuma ka'idojin shari'ar musulunci sune manyan tushen dokoki.

Yancin Yin Addini

gyara sashe

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masar na 2014 ya bayyana cewa "Musulunci shine addinin kasa...kuma ka'idojin shari'ar musulunci sune manyan tushen dokoki. [62]Musulunci da Kiristanci da Yahudanci ne kawai gwamnati ta amince da su a matsayin addini ta yadda tsirarun addinai irin su Bahaushe da kafirai su fuskanci tarnaki na wariya wajen samun ID da muhimman takardu, kamar takardar shaidar aure da mutuwa.[63]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
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  2. ↑ "Egypt". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
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  5. ↑ 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  6. ↑ Kareem Fahim; Mayy El Sheikh (13 November 2013), "Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests", The New York Times, The New York Times, archived from the original on 25 March 2017, retrieved 19 July 2022
  7. ↑ "2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021
  8. ↑ World Report 2020. Egypt. Events of 2019". Human Rights Watch. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. ↑ Yee, Vivian (2021-10-25). "Egypt's Leader Ends State of Emergency, Says It's No Longer Needed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12
  10. ↑ "Egypt: Human rights crisis deepens one year after national human rights strategy launched". Amnesty International. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022
  11. ↑ "Exile or Prison: Egypt's Offer To Critics Abroad flowing".
  12. ↑ freedomhouse.org: Freedom of the Press". Freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2017
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  17. ↑ Empty Talk on Tahrir Square By TIM SEBASTIAN| nytimes.com| 19 February 2012
  18. ↑ US 'concerned' about media freedom in Egypt". AFP. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012
  19. ↑ "Egypt TV host Mohamed al-Ghiety jailed for interviewing gay man". BBC. 2019-01-21. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  20. ↑ A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, hukumomin Masar sun haramtawa mutane sama da 500, wadanda akasarinsu masu fafutuka ne balaguro a filayen jiragen sama na Masar tun daga watan Yulin 2013.
  21. ↑ "'Sisi's balls': Egypt cracks down on popular children's toy". The New Arab. 9 Nov 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019
  22. ↑ 'Sisi's balls': Egypt cracks down on popular children's toy". The New Arab. 9 Nov 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  23. ↑ Minder, Raphael; Walsh, Declan (14 July 2020). "Egyptian Dissident Battles Extradition in Spanish Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020
  24. ↑ Egypt: Stop trials by emergency courts". Amnesty International. 31 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  25. ↑ "Egypt: Politician and human rights lawyer sentenced to a year in prison for BBC interview". Amnesty International. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  26. ↑ "Egypt: Human rights activist arrested outside Public Prosecutor's office"
  27. ↑ "Egypt: Human rights activist arrested outside Public Prosecutor's office"
  28. ↑ EGYPT: HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST DETAINED FOR A THIRD TIME: SANAA SEIF". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020
  29. ↑ Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  30. ↑ "Egypt arrests doctors, silences critics over virus outbreak". abcnews. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020
  31. ↑ Egypt arrests doctors, silences critics over virus outbreak". abcnews. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  32. ↑ Egypt: doctors targeted for highlighting Covid-19 working conditions". The Guardian. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020
  33. ↑ Hollywood actors, renowned writers urge Egypt to free activist". France 24. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020
  34. ↑ Egypt: Human rights defender Bahey el-Din Hassan handed outrageous 15-year prison sentence". Amnesty International. 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020
  35. ↑ "Egypt: Veteran Human Rights Defender Bahey eldin Hassan sentenced to 15-Years in Prison". International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  36. ↑ Egypt detains 2 journalists, including 1 with COVID-19 who was quarantined, now hospitalized". CPJ. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020
  37. ↑ Egypt: Detained Journalist Accused of Terrorism: Esraa Abdelfattah". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020
  38. ↑ Egypt files new charges against 3 journalists held in pretrial detention since 2019". CPJ. 2 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  39. ↑ Detained journalist accused of terrorism". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  40. ↑ Journalist Interrogated Over New Terrorism Charges" (PDF). Amnesty International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  41. ↑ "UN experts call for release of Egyptian human rights defenders jailed after meeting diplomats". United Nations Human Rights Office Of High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020
  42. ↑ "EU Parliament calls for action over Egypt's human rights abuses". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  43. ↑ Egypt detains 2 journalists, including 1 with COVID-19 who was quarantined, now hospitalized". CPJ. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020
  44. ↑ General Debate Item 4:Human Rights Situations that require the Council's attention Joint Statement on Egypt" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021
  45. ↑ "Sanaa Seif: Egypt rights activist jailed for 'spreading false news'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2020
  46. ↑ Biden administration upholds former Egyptian leader's immunity from torture lawsuit by U.S. citizen". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021
  47. ↑ "Italy's Senate asks govt to give imprisoned Egyptian citizenship". Thomson Reuters Foundation News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021
  48. ↑ Amnesty: Egypt continues crackdown on freedom of expression". Middle East Monitor. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2021
  49. ↑ Egypt: President Should Act to Unshackle Freedoms". Human Rights Watch. June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  50. ↑ Egypt: US Advocate's Father Held Incommunicado". Human Rights Watch. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  51. ↑ Egypt: Authorities fail to protect striking workers from reprisals". Amnesty International. 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2021
  52. ↑ "Egypt: Two Singers Convicted on 'Morality' Charges". Human Rights Watch. 27 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2022
  53. ↑ Egyptian court sentences 82, including 22 children, for participating in 2019 anti-government protests". Peoples Dispatch. 17 January 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023
  54. ↑ Egyptian content creators arrested over spoof prison visit video". Reuters. February 2023. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023
  55. ↑ Exile or Prison: Egypt's Offer To Critics Abroad". HRW. Retrieved 28 March 2023
  56. ↑ Yee, Vivian; McCann, Allison; Holder, Josh (16 July 2022). "Egypt's Revolving Jailhouse Door: One Pretrial Detention After Another". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  57. ↑ Yee, Vivian; McCann, Allison; Holder, Josh (16 July 2022). "Egypt's Revolving Jailhouse Door: One Pretrial Detention After Another". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2022
  58. ↑ Yee, Vivian; McCann, Allison; Holder, Josh (16 July 2022). "Egypt's Revolving Jailhouse Door: One Pretrial Detention After Another". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  59. ↑ "Egypt's Political Prisoners Recount Horrific Conditions". The New York Times. 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022
  60. ↑ Egypt to release new round of prisoners today as 60,000 remain behind bars". Middle East Monitor. 26 April 2022. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022
  61. ↑ "Egypt: Political prisoner dies in prison in Alexandria due to poor detention conditions". Committee For Justice. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2022
  62. ↑ "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Egypt". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2021
  63. ↑ "World Report 2020. Egypt. Events of 2019". Human Rights Watch. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021
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