Wikipedia

Yanayin na Afirka

Sauyin yanayi na Afirka nau'i ne na yanayi kamar yanayin Equatorial, yanayin zafi mai zafi da bushewa, yanayin damina, yanayin bushewa (Semi-desert and steppe), yanayin hamada (mai busasshiyar bushewa). , yanayi mai danshi, da kuma yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi. Yanayin zafi ba safai ba ne a duk faɗin nahiyar sai dai a cikin tudu masu tsayi sosai da gefen gefuna. A haƙiƙa, yanayin Afirka ya fi sauƙaƙa ta yawan ruwan sama fiye da yanayin zafi, wanda ke daɗa yawa. Hamadar Afirka ita ce mafi rana kuma mafi bushewar sassan nahiyar, saboda kasancewar kogin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa tare da raguwa, zafi, bushewar iska. Afirka tana da bayanan da ke da alaƙa da zafi: Nahiyar tana da yanki mafi zafi a duk shekara, wuraren da ke da yanayin bazara mafi zafi, tsawon lokacin hasken rana, da ƙari.

Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin hamadar Sahara (ja), Yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi da matsakaici (kore da rawaya), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, da ke tsakiyar Namibia, Botswana, da Afirka ta Kudu.[1]
Taswirar Afirka da ke nuna raguwar muhalli a kusa da hamadar Sahara

Dangane da matsayin Afirka a cikin keɓantattun latitudes na equatorial da na wurare masu zafi a cikin arewaci da kudanci, ana iya samun nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban a cikinta. Nahiyar ta fi ta'allaka ne a cikin yankin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Tropic of Cancer da Tropic na Capricorn, saboda haka yawan zafi mai ban sha'awa. Yawan ruwan sama ko da yaushe yana da girma, kuma nahiya ce mai zafi. Yanayin zafi da zafi sun mamaye duk faɗin Afirka, amma galibin yankin arewa yana da ƙazamin ƙazami da yanayin zafi. Yankin arewaci da na kudanci na nahiyar ne kawai ke da yanayin Bahar Rum. Equator ya ratsa tsakiyar Afirka, kamar yadda Tropic of Cancer da Tropic of Capricorn ke yi, wanda ya sa Afirka ta zama nahiya mafi zafi.

Yanayin zafi

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Matsakaicin kowane wata da mafi ƙarancin yanayin waje da na cikin gida a duk faɗin Afirka

A duk duniya, dumama ƙasa kusa da ma'auni yana haifar da yawan motsi sama da juzu'i tare da magudanar ruwan damina ko yankin Convergence Intertropical. Bambance-bambancen da ke kan tudun da ke kusa da equatorial yana haifar da tashin iska da nisa daga ma'aunin da ke sama. Yayin da yake matsawa zuwa tsakiyar Latitudes, iska tana yin sanyi da nitsewa, wanda ke haifar da raguwa kusa da layi na 30 na sassan biyu. Ana kiran wannan zagayawa da sunan Hadley cell kuma yana haifar da samuwar tudun wurare masu zafi. Yawancin hamadar duniya na faruwa ne sakamakon wadannan wuraren da ake fama da matsananciyar yanayi, ciki har da hamadar Sahara.

Zazzabi ya fi zafi a cikin yankunan Sahara na Aljeriya da Mali, kuma ya fi yin sanyi a kudancin kudanci da kuma sama da sararin samaniya a sassan gabashi da arewa maso yammacin nahiyar. Matsakaicin zafin jiki mafi zafi a Duniya shine a Dallol, Habasha, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) a duk shekara. Mafi zafi da aka rubuta a Afirka, wanda kuma shine tarihin duniya, shine 57.8 °C (136.0 °F) a 'Aziziya, Libya, a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1922. Wannan kuma an tabbatar da cewa karya ce, an samo shi daga rashin ingantaccen karatu na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Wurin da ya fi zafi a duniya a hakika shine Valley Valley, a California. Bayyanar yanayin zafi, hade da tasirin yanayin zafi da zafi, tare da Tekun Bahar Maliya na Eritrea da Tekun Aden na Somaliya yana tsakanin 57 °C (135 °F) da 63 °C (145 °F) a cikin sa’o’in rana. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka auna a cikin Afirka shine -24 °C (-11 °F) a Ifrane, Maroko, ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 1935. Duk da haka, babban yankin Afirka yana fuskantar matsanancin zafi a yawancin shekara, musamman hamada, hamada. , steppes da savannas. Hamadar Afirka za a iya cewa su ne wurare mafi zafi a doron kasa, musamman hamadar Sahara da dajin Danakil, dake yankin kahon Afirka.

Iska

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Rafin jet na tsakiyar matakin gabas na Afirka da ke arewacin equator ana ɗaukarsa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a damina ta yammacin Afirka, kuma yana taimakawa samar da raƙuman ruwa masu zafi waɗanda ke ratsa tekun Atlantika masu zafi da kuma gabashin ɓangaren tekun Pacific a lokacin zafi. Jet yana nuna rashin zaman lafiya na barotropic da baroclinic, wanda ke haifar da sikelin synoptic, rikice-rikice na yaɗuwa zuwa yamma a cikin jet ɗin da aka sani da taguwar gabas na Afirka, ko raƙuman ruwa na wurare masu zafi. Ƙananan tsarin guguwar mesoscale da ke cikin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna tasowa zuwa guguwa mai zafi bayan sun tashi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa cikin wurare masu zafi na Atlantic, musamman a cikin watan Agusta da Satumba. Lokacin da jet ya kwanta kudu da al'ada a cikin watanni mafi girma na lokacin guguwar Atlantika, ana danne samuwar guguwar mai zafi.[2]

Ƙananan jiragen sama iskoki ne masu sauri waɗanda ke tasowa kusa da saman (a cikin kilomita 1.5). Suna shafar matakan sauyin yanayi da dama a duk faɗin Afirka. Jet mai saukar ungulu na Somaliya, wanda ya kasance a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka, yana ba da gudummawa ga wanzuwar hamadar Somaliya. An san ƙananan jiragen sama na sahara suna da mahimmanci don tayar da kura daga busasshiyar hamada. Misali, karamin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a kan kasar Chadi, shi ne direban fitar kura daga Bodélé Depression, mafi girma tushen kura a sararin samaniya. Jiragen saman gabas masu ƙanƙanta waɗanda ke tasowa a cikin kwarin kogin da ke yankin Gabashin Afirka na Rift System suna samar da miliyoyin tan na tururin ruwa wanda ya samo asali daga Tekun Indiya a Gabashin Afirka da kuma dajin Kongo. A yin haka, suna barin Gabashin Afirka da bushewar da ba a saba gani ba don latitude. Ƙananan matakan kudu maso yamma da ke fitowa daga mashigin tekun Guinea sune tushen tushen danshi ga damina ta yammacin Afirka a lokacin rani na arewaci..[3]

Jirgin na Tropical Easterly Jet, wanda ke da tsayi a sararin samaniya, mai nisan kilomita 15-17 a saman saman, wani muhimmin al'amari ne. Bambance-bambancen gudu da matsayi na wannan rafi na jet na iya shafar ruwan sama a cikin Basin Kongo da Sahel.[4]

Ruwan sama

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Matsakaicin taswirar ruwan sama

Manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka da kuma Gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya suna da yanayin hamada mai zafi, ko kuma yanayin zafi mai ɗanɗano don wuraren damina. Hamadar Sahara a Arewacin Afirka ita ce hamada mafi girma a duniya kuma tana daya daga cikin wurare mafi zafi, bushewa da rana a Duniya. Da yake kudu da hamadar sahara, wani yanki ne mai kunkuntar sahara (wani yanki mai cike da bushewa) da ake kira Sahel, yayin da mafi yawan kudancin Afirka ke dauke da filayen savanna, kuma yankin tsakiyarsa, gami da Kogin Kongo, yana dauke da daji mai yawan gaske (dajin damina). ) yankuna. Yankin equatorial na yamma shine yanki mafi ruwan sanyi na nahiyar. A kowace shekara, bel ɗin ruwan sama yana ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a watan Agusta, sannan ya koma kudu zuwa kudu ta tsakiya a cikin Maris. Yankunan da ke da yanayi na savannah a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, kamar Ghana, Burkina Faso, Darfur, Eritriya, Habasha, da Botswana suna da lokacin damina. El Nino ya haifar da bushewa fiye da na al'ada a Kudancin Afirka daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, kuma yanayin da ya fi na yau da kullun a yankin Equatorial Gabashin Afirka a lokaci guda.[5][6][7][8][9][10].[11]

A Madagaska, iskar kasuwanci tana kawo danshi a gangaren gabashin tsibirin, wanda ake ajiyewa a matsayin ruwan sama, kuma yana kawo bushewar iskar da ke gangarowa zuwa yankunan kudu da yamma, ta bar sassan yammacin tsibirin cikin inuwar ruwan sama. Wannan yana haifar da samun ruwan sama mai yawa akan sassan arewa maso gabashin Madagascar fiye da yankin kudu maso yamma. Kudancin Afirka na samun mafi yawan ruwan sama daga guguwa mai raɗaɗi na rani, yanayin zafi, tsarin daɗaɗɗen mesoscale. Guguwar iska mai zafi da ke ratsa cikin Westerlies, na iya kawo gagarumin ruwan sama na hunturu. Sau ɗaya cikin shekaru goma, guguwa mai zafi suna haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a faɗin yankin.[12]

Snow da kankara

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Snow a cikin tsaunukan Atlas a Maroko

Dusar ƙanƙara kusan shekara ce da ke faruwa a wasu tsaunukan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda suka haɗa da na Cedarberg da kewayen Ceres a Cape South-Western Cape, da Drakensberg a Natal da Lesotho. Gidan shakatawa na Tiffendell, a cikin Drakensberg, ita ce kawai wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana da "ingantacciyar damar yin dusar ƙanƙara" ta ba da damar yin gudun kan tsawon watanni uku na shekara. Ƙungiyar tsaunukan Afirka ta Kudu (MCSA) da Dutsen da Ski Club (MSC) na Jami'ar Cape Town duka sun samar da bukkoki na kankara a cikin tsaunukan Hex River. Gudun kankara gami da hawan dusar ƙanƙara a Cape al'amari ne da ba a rasa ba, duka dangane da lokacin saukar dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma ko akwai isasshiyar dusar ƙanƙara da za ta rufe duwatsu.

Dutsen Tebur yana samun ƙurar dusar ƙanƙara mai haske akan Teburin Gaba da kuma a kololuwar Iblis kowane ƴan shekaru. Dusar ƙanƙara a kan Tebur ta faru a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2013; 30 ga Agusta 2013; 5 ga Agusta 2011; kuma a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2010[13]

Dusar ƙanƙara ba kasafai ba ce a birnin Johannesburg; Ya fadi a cikin Mayu 1956, Agusta 1962, Yuni 1964, Satumba 1981, Agusta 2006, da kuma a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2007, ya tara har zuwa santimita 10 (3.9 in) a cikin yankunan kudanci.

Bugu da ƙari, dusar ƙanƙara a kai a kai tana faɗowa a tsaunin Atlas a cikin Maghreb, da kuma yankunan Bahar Rum da tsibirin Sinai na Masar. Dusar ƙanƙara kuma abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai a Dutsen Kenya da Dutsen Kilimanjaro na Tanzaniya.

An samu dusar kankara ta dindindin a tsaunin Rwenzori, da ke kan iyakar Uganda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango. Koyaya, a cikin 2010s, glaciers sun koma baya, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa ta yanayin zafi.[14]

Canjin yanayi

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Samfuri:ExcerptA babi na 9 na rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC, an bayar da rahoton cewa, duk da cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi na cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a Afirka, sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam ya yi matukar barazana ga rayuwar yau da kullum. Mutane suna fuskantar matsananciyar karancin abinci, yawan mace-mace, babban hasarar rayayyun halittu, da sauransu sakamakon dumamar yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, saboda raguwar ayyukan tattalin arziki da haɓaka da rashin daidaito a cikin kudade, ikon daidaitawa ga waɗannan yanayi kuma yana raguwa.[15]

Yanayi mai tsanani

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Hoton tauraron dan adam na Cyclone Kenneth a cikin 2019 ya buge Mozambique

Guguwa

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Guguwa na iya faruwa akai-akai a Afirka ta Kudu tare da gabar gabashin Tekun Indiya.

Guguwa mai zafi

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Guguwa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tana shafar kudu maso gabashin Afirka a kai a kai. A matsakaita, guguwa mai zafi 1.5 ta afkawa Madagascar a kowace shekara, wanda shi ne yankin da ya fi shafa a Afirka. A cikin Maris 1927, guguwa mai zafi ta afkawa gabashin Madagascar, inda ta kashe mutane aƙalla 500. A cikin Maris 2004, Cyclone Gafilo ta afkawa arewa maso gabashin Madagascar a matsayin daya daga cikin guguwa mafi karfi da aka taba yi a tsibirin, inda ta kashe mutane 363, tare da barnatar dalar Amurka miliyan 250. A watan Maris na 2019, guguwar Idai ta afkawa tsakiyar Mozambique kuma ta kashe mutane 1,302 a fadin Kudancin Afirka, - wanda ya shafi mutane sama da miliyan 3. Jimlar barnar da aka yi daga Idai a fadin Mozambik, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, da Malawi an kiyasta ta kai aƙalla dala biliyan 2.2 (US $2019). Kusan wata guda bayan haka, guguwar Kenneth ta afkawa arewacin Mozambique a matsayin mafi karfi da aka taba kaiwa kasar. A cikin 2020, Cyclone Freddy ta afka wa Mozambique a wurare daban-daban guda biyu, ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya kashe mutane 1,434 a kan hanyarta, akasari a Malawi.[16][17] 

Lokaci-lokaci, guguwa a cikin Bahar Rum na iya shafar arewacin Afirka, wanda kuma yana da halaye na guguwar yanayi mai zafi. A watan Satumban 2023, guguwar Daniel ta koma gabar tekun Libiya kuma ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da ambaliya bayan da madatsun ruwa biyu suka gaza. Guguwar ta kashe aƙalla mutane 4,333 a ƙasar, wadda ta zama guguwa mafi muni da ta afkawa Afirka a tarihi. A watan Satumban 1969, guguwa a tekun Bahar Rum ta kashe kusan mutane 600 a Tunisiya da Libiya. Guguwa daga Tekun Indiya na iya afkawa yankin Kahon Afirka. A watan Nuwamban 2013, wani matsanancin damuwa ya afku a Somaliya tare da kashe mutane 162 yayin da kuma yayi sanadin barna mai yawa. Bambancin yanayin zafi da ke tsakanin Hamadar Sahara mai zafi da ke arewacin Afirka da ruwan sanyi na Gulf of Guinea a kudu yana samar da jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda ke haifar da raƙuman ruwa na wurare masu zafi, ko kuma wani yanki mai tsayi na ƙarancin matsin lamba. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa galibi sune tushen samuwar guguwar Atlantika da Pacific.[18]

Infrastructure na hasashen yanayi

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Hanyoyin hasashen yanayi na Afirka ba su da haɓaka sosai, wanda ke shafar ikonta na sarrafa munanan yanayi. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan biliyan 1.2, Afirka tana da tashoshin radar yanayi 37 kawai, sabanin tashoshi 636 na Amurka da Tarayyar Turai. Wannan ƙarancin tashoshi na yanayi da tsarin faɗakarwa na farko yana haifar da rashin isassun shirye-shiryen bala'i da mayar da martani, wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan kulawa tare da yawancin tsarin radar da ake da su. Rashin ingantattun ababen more rayuwa yana haifar da yawan mace-mace da barna mai yawa yayin bala'i. Misali, a cikin 2023, mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar kasa a kewayen tafkin Kivu sun yi sanadin mutuwar aƙalla 600, kuma Cyclone Idai a Gabashin Afirka ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar sama da 1,000 saboda rashin isassun gargaɗin farko. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun nuna gaggawar saka hannun jari a tsarin gargadin farko, wanda zai iya rage lalacewa da ceton rayuka. Hukumar kula da yanayi ta duniya ta nuna cewa zuba jarin dala miliyan 800 a kasashe masu tasowa zai iya hana asarar dala biliyan 3 zuwa dala biliyan 16 a duk shekara.[19]

Dubi kuma

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  • Yanayin yanayi na Afirka ta Kudu
  • Yanayin ruwan sama na duniya

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data (in Turanci). 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
  2. ↑ Climate Prediction Center (November 1997). "Figure 7". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
  3. ↑ Thorncroft, C. D., H. Nguyen, C. Zhang, and P. Payrille (2011), Annual cycle of the West African monsoon: Regional circulations and associated water vapour transport, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 129–147.
  4. ↑ Nicholson, SE, Klotter, D. The Tropical Easterly Jet over Africa, its representation in six reanalysis products, and its association with Sahel rainfall. Int J Climatol. 2021; 41: 328– 347. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6623
  5. ↑ Laux, Patrick; et al. (2008). "Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 28 (3): 329–342. Bibcode:2008IJCli..28..329L. doi:10.1002/joc.1542. S2CID 129309284.
  6. ↑ Laux, Patrick; et al. (2009). "Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (7): 937–954. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..937L. doi:10.1002/joc.1852. S2CID 129107711.
  7. ↑ Vandervort, David (2009). "Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season". Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  8. ↑ Mebrhatu, Mehari Tesfazgi; M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). "A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea". Archived 2019-06-15 at the Wayback Machine New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  9. ↑ Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.
  10. ↑ The Voice (2009). "Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  11. ↑ "La Niña Weather Likely to Last for Months | Scoop News".
  12. ↑ Mngadi, Pearl; Petrus J. M. Visser; Elizabeth Ebert (October 2006). "Southern Africa Satellite Derived Rainfall Estimates Validation" (PDF). International Precipitation Working Group. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-01-05.[dead link]
  13. ↑ "Icy Weather Brings Snow to Table Mountain". Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  14. ↑ Carrington, Dalsy (2014). "Last chance to see: Disappearing glaciers in the 'Mountains of the Moon'". 3 April 2014 CNN.
  15. ↑ Trisos, Christopher H. "Chapter 9: Africa" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  16. ↑ "Cyclone Freddy Flash update (As of 29 March 2023, 12:00 CAT)". Relief Web. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  17. ↑ "Malawi Declares 537 Missing Persons Dead After Storm Freddy". BOL News. AP World. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  18. ↑ Jonathan Belles (August 28, 2018). "Why Tropical Waves Are Important During Hurricane Season". Weather.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  19. ↑ OTTO, FRIEDERIKE (2023-10-31). "Without Warning: A Lack of Weather Stations Is Costing African Lives". Yale E360 (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-29.
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