Wikipedia

Takardar bayan gida

Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.[1]

Takardar bayan gida (wani lokaci ana kiranta toilet tissue, toilet roll, ko toilet tissue) takarda ce ta natsuwa da farko da ake amfani da ita don tsaftace dubura da yankin najasa (bayan najasa), da kuma tsaftace al'aurar waje da yankin fitsari (bayan fitsari).

Cikakken takardar bayan gida
Takardar gidan wanka da mai riƙe da takardar gidan wanki; cibiyar allon takarda ta hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita tana bayyane a kan mai riƙe.
tagardan bahi

Ana ba da ita a matsayin doguwar ɗigon takarda mai ratsa jiki wanda aka naɗe da shi a jikin babban allo don adanawa a cikin na'ura kusa da bayan gida. Kunshin, ko nadi na takarda bayan gida, an san shi da nadi na bayan gida, ko nadi na bogi a Biritaniya.

Akwai sauran amfani da takarda bayan gida, domin samfurin gida ne da ake iya samu. Ana iya amfani da shi kamar kyallen fuska don busa hanci ko goge idanu. Wasu mutane na iya amfani da takarda don shayar da fitar jini da ke fitowa daga al'aurar a lokacin al'ada. Ana iya amfani da shi don goge gumi ko sha. Ana iya amfani da takardar bayan gida wajen tsaftacewa kamar tawul ɗin takarda da ba ta da ƙarfi. A matsayin wasa, takarda bayan gida wani nau'i ne na ɓarna na ɗan lokaci daga samari kuma galibi ana yi wa wanda zai share ɓarna.

Yawancin takarda bayan gida na zamani a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba an tsara su don lalacewa a cikin tankuna, yayin da wasu bandaki da kyallen fuska ba. Rigar takarda bayan gida tana saurin rubewa a cikin muhalli. Takardar bayan gida tana zuwa cikin lambobi daban-daban na plies ( layers of kauri), daga ɗaya- zuwa shida-ply, tare da ƙarin plies na baya-baya suna samar da ƙarfi da ɗaukar nauyi. Wasu mutane suna da fifiko don ko daidaitawar lissafin akan na'ura ya kamata ya ƙare ko ƙasa.

An rubuta amfani da takarda don tsafta a kasar Sin a karni na 6 miladiyya, inda aka kera musamman takardar bayan gida da yawa a karni na 14. Takardar bayan gida ta kasuwanci ta zamani ta samo asali ne a cikin ƙarni na 19, tare da haƙƙin mallaka na masu rarraba nadi a cikin 1883.

Tarihi

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Ko da yake an san takarda a matsayin abin nadi da nadi a kasar Sin tun daga karni na 2 BC, batun yin amfani da takarda bayan gida ya samo asali tun farkon c. 589 lokacin da babban jami'in Yan Zhitui (531-591) ya rubuta:

... they [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper.[1]

A lokacin daular Tang daga baya (618-907 AD), wani Balarabe matafiyi zuwa kasar Sin a shekara ta 851 miladiyya ya ce:

a common edition of Horace, of which he tore off gradually a couple of pages, carried them with him to that necessary place, read them first, and then sent them down as a sacrifice to Cloacina; thus was so much time fairly gained...[2]

A farkon karni na 14, an rubuta cewa a yankin da ake kira Zhejiang yanzu kadai, ana kera fakiti miliyan goma na takarda bayan gida daga 1,000 zuwa 10,000 kowace shekara. A lokacin daular Ming (1368-1644 AD), an rubuta a cikin 1393 cewa an samar da wadatar takardan bayan gida 720,000 na shekara-shekara (kimanin 2 ta 3 ft (60 ta 90 cm)) don amfanin gabaɗaya na kotun sarki. babban birnin kasar Nanjing. Daga cikin bayanan Ofishin Kula da Kayayyaki na Masarautar na wancan shekarar, an kuma rubuta cewa, ga dangin Sarkin Hongwu kadai, an yi wani takarda na musamman mai laushi 15,000 da aka yi, kuma kowane takardar bayan gida da aka yi da turare.

A wani wurin kuma, masu hannu da shuni suna goge kansu da ulu, yadin da aka saka, ko gyale, yayin da masu hannu da shuni ke amfani da hannunsu wajen yin bahaya a cikin koguna, ko kuma su tsaftace kansu da kayan daban-daban kamar su tsummoki, aske itace, ganye, ciyawa, ciyawa, duwatsu, yashi, gansakuka. ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, ferns, husks na shuka, fatun 'ya'yan itace, ƙwanƙolin teku, ko ƙwanƙolin masara, ya danganta da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ko al'adun zamantakewa. A tsohuwar Roma, ana amfani da soso a kan sanda, kuma, bayan amfani da shi, an mayar da shi a cikin kwanon vinegar. Madogaran talmudic da yawa waɗanda ke nuna tsohuwar al'adar Yahudawa suna magana ne game da amfani da ƙananan tsakuwa, galibi ana ɗaukar su a cikin jaka ta musamman, da kuma amfani da busasshiyar ciyawa da santsin gefuna na fashe-fashe tulun tukwane (misali, Shabbat 81a, 82a, Yevamot 59b) . Waɗannan duka an kawo su a cikin maganin Likitan Littafi Mai Tsarki na gargajiya da na Talmudic na likitan Jamus Julius Preuss (Eng. trans. Sanhedrin Press, 1978).

Mawallafin satirical na Faransa na ƙarni na 16 François Rabelais, a Babi na XIII na Littafi na 1 na jerin littafinsa Gargantua da Pantagruel, yana da halinsa Gargantua yayi bincike mai yawa na hanyoyin tsarkakewa bayan gida. Gargantua ya yi watsi da amfani da takarda a matsayin mara amfani, yana mai cewa: "Wanda wutsiyarsa mai gogewa da takarda, Zai bar ballolinsa ya bar guntu." (Fassarar Turanci ta Sir Thomas Urquhart ta 1653). Ya ƙarasa da cewa "wuyan Goose, wanda ya ragu sosai" yana samar da matsakaicin tsafta mai kyau.[3]

Haɓaka bugu a ƙarni na goma sha takwas ya haifar da amfani da jaridu da bugu na litattafai masu arha don tsaftacewa. Lord Chesterfield, a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗansa a cikin 1747, ya faɗa game da wani mutum da ya saya

External video
  Documentarian Brian Gersten's short film about the 1973 shortage, The Great Toilet Paper Scare

A sassa da yawa na duniya, musamman ma inda takardar bayan gida ko kuma bututun da ake buƙata don zubarwa na iya zama babu ko kuma ba za a iya samun su ba, ba a amfani da takardar bayan gida. Har ila yau, a sassa da yawa na duniya mutane suna la'akari da amfani da ruwa ya fi tsafta da tsafta fiye da amfani da takarda. Ana yin tsaftacewa da wasu hanyoyi ko kayan aiki, kamar ruwa, misali ta amfani da bidet, lota, rags, yashi, ganye (ciki har da ciyawa), cobs na masara, gashin dabba, sanduna ko hannaye; bayan haka, ana wanke hannaye da ruwa da yuwuwar sabulu..

A matsayin kaya

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Joseph Gayetty ana yabawa da kasancewarsa wanda ya kirkiri takarda bayan gida na zamani da ake samun kasuwa a Amurka. Takardar Gayetty, wacce aka fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1857, ta kasance a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. An sayar da Takarda Magani na Gayetty a cikin fakitin fakitin lebur, mai alamar ruwa tare da sunan mai ƙirƙira. Tallace-tallacen asali na samfurin sun yi amfani da alamar tagline "Mafi girman larura na zamani! Takardar magani ta Gayetty don kabad na ruwa".

Seth Wheeler na Albany, New York, ya sami lasisin farko na Amurka don takarda bayan gida da masu rarrabawa, nau'ikan da a ƙarshe aka saba amfani da su a wannan ƙasa, a cikin 1883. Takardar bayan gida da aka rarraba daga rolls ta shahara lokacin da Kamfanin Scott Paper ya fara tallatawa. a cikin 1890.[4]

Kera wannan samfurin yana da dogon lokaci na gyare-gyare, la'akari da cewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, wani wurin siyar da kamfanin Northern Tissue shine cewa takardar bayan gida ta kasance "kyauta". Rikicin bandaki da yaɗuwa ya ƙara yin amfani da takarda bayan gida, saboda takarda mai nauyi ta fi saurin toshe tarkon da ke hana iskar gas ɗin wucewa ta bayan gida.[5]

Mai laushi, an gabatar da nadi na bayan gida biyu a Biritaniya a cikin 1942, na St Andrew Mills a Walthamstow; wannan ya zama sanannen Andrex.[6]

Takardar bayan gida mai danshi, mai suna goge goge, Andrex ne ya fara gabatar da shi a cikin Burtaniya a cikin 1990s. An inganta shi a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don tsaftacewa fiye da busassun takarda bayan gida bayan gida, kuma yana iya zama da amfani ga mata a lokacin al'ada. An tallata shi azaman samfuri mai gogewa amma yana da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar kitse; Ya zuwa shekarar 2016 wasu kananan hukumomi sun fara yakin neman ilimi suna shawartar mutane da kada su wanke rigar da aka yi amfani da su.

Fiye da nadi biliyan bakwai na takarda bayan gida ake sayar da su duk shekara a Amurka inda ake amfani da matsakaita Rolls 23.6 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.[7]

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    Kayan tsaftacewa na hanci da aka sani dachūgiDaga zamanin Nara (710 zuwa 784) a Japan. (Rolls na zamani a bango don kwatanta girman.)
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    Wani bugawa naWilliam HogarthMayu da aka dauka A Just View of the British Stage daga 1724 wanda ke nunaRobert Wilks,Colley Cibber, daBarton Boothsuna maimaita wasan kwaikwayo tare da 'yan tsana da ke aiwatar da kurkuku. "Wasan" ba shi da komai sai takardar bayan gida, kuma rubutunHamlet, inter al., takardar bayan gidan ne.
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    Wani zane-zane naJuyin Juya Halin Faransaa shekara ta 1792, wanda ke nuna yawan mutanen Faransa ta amfani da Manifesto a cikin Monarchist Brunswick a matsayin takardar bayan gida.
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    Rubutun takardar bayan gida, wandaNokiasamar da ka cikin shekarun 1960, aCibiyar Gidan Tarihi ta VapriikkiaTampere,Finland
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    Ɗaya daga cikinTroubadour (Faransanci) - kunshin takardar bayan gida a shekarun 1960

A cikin 1973, Johnny Carson ya yi ba'a a cikin littafinsa na Tonight Show game da kalaman da ɗan majalisa na Wisconsin Harold V. Froehlich ya yi game da yiwuwar ƙarancin takarda bayan gida. Daga baya, masu siye sun sayi adadin da ba na al'ada ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin gaske a Amurka na tsawon watanni da yawa.[8]

Takardar bayan gida ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki da ke fuskantar karancin abinci a Venezuela wanda ya fara a cikin 2010s; gwamnati ta kwace wata masana'antar takarda bayan gida daya a kokarinta na shawo kan matsalar..[9]

A yayin barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin takarda bayan gida a cikin Maris 2020 a cikin ƙasashe da yawa saboda tara kuɗi da siyan firgita. Da farko, kaɗan sun yi imanin cutar za ta yi tsanani. Daga baya, mutane sun gane cewa suna iya buƙatar tara wasu abubuwa idan an yi odar matsuguni, ko kuma idan ba su san tsawon lokacin da irin wannan odar za ta kasance ba; masu samar da kayayyaki ba za su iya tabbatar da cewa za su iya ci gaba da buƙata ba. Duk da haka, masana'antun sun ci gaba da samar da fiye da yadda suke da su a da. Bukatar nau'ikan takarda bayan gida da ake amfani da su a gida ya yi yawa saboda mutane da yawa suna gida waɗanda za su yi amfani da takarda bayan gida daga gida. A wasu kasashe an riga an kalli bidet a matsayin mafita, kuma wani bincike kafin barkewar cutar ya nuna karuwar adadin Amurkawa za su yi sha'awar. A cikin firgicin da aka yi a lokacin bala'in, alamar takardar bayan gida ta Australiya Quilton ta ba da gudummawar miliyon na takarda bayan gida ga 'yan Australiya masu rauni waɗanda ke kokawa sakamakon ƙarancin takardar bayan gida.[10]

A cikin 2022, fakitin takarda bayan gida na Burtaniya ya fara nuna alamun cutar kansar hanji don wayar da kan jama'a, biyo bayan yakin neman zabe daga mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma 'yar jarida Deborah James, wacce daga baya ta mutu sakamakon cutar a watan Yuni 2022. A lokacin, rabin dukkan 'yan Birtaniyya ba su iya bayyana sunan ko daya daga cikin manyan. alamun ciwon daji na hanji. Andrex sune alamar farko da suka jagoranci kan lamarin, sannan manyan kantuna daban-daban sun bi sawu.[11][12]  

Bayyanawa

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Ana samun takardar bayan gida a cikin takarda iri-iri, salo iri-iri, kayan ado, da kayan kwalliya, kuma ana iya dasa ta ko kuma ana yin kamshi, duk da cewa wasu lokutan ƙamshi na haifar da matsala ga masu amfani da ke fama da rashin lafiyar turare. Matsakaicin ma'auni na nadi na zamani na takarda bayan gida shine c. 10cm (3 15/16 in.) faɗi, da 12 cm (4 ⁠23/32 inci) a diamita, kuma yana auna tsakanin 85 g (3.0 oz) da 196 g (6.9 oz). Madadin hanyar tattara zanen gadon tana amfani da zanen gadon da ba a haɗe ba a cikin kwalaye, ko kuma cikin girma don amfani a cikin masu rarrabawa. An yi amfani da takarda mai ɗauri na "Hard" da kuma nau'i mai laushi mai laushi.

Girman takarda

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Tsarin kowane zanen gado na takarda bayan gida, wanda aka bayar ta layin perforation, ya bambanta a cikin ƙasa. A cikin Jamus, Holland, Faransa, Poland, Switzerland, alal misali, game da girman katin waya shine daidaitattun (kimanin 100 × 140 mm), don haka game da tsarin DIN (DIN A6 105 × 148 mm). A Ingila, tsarin da aka saba ya riga ya ɗan faɗi, kusan 115 × 135 mm. Mafi girman tsarin shimfidar wuri tare da 115 × 102 mm yana cikin Thailand. Mafi girman tsarin hoto (ba ƙidayar takarda bayan gida ba tare da huɗa ba) shine 100 × 366 mm; takardan bayan gida na talla daga Schmidt Spiele a Jamus. Takardar bayan gida da aka kera a Amurka girmanta ya kai 4.5 in (110 mm) × 4 in (100 mm). Tun 1999 girman takardar yana raguwa; Kimberly-Clark ya rage tsawon takardar zuwa 4.1 in (100 mm). Scott, a cikin 2006, sun rage tsawon samfurin su zuwa 3.7 in (94 mm). An rage faɗin zanen gadon daga baya yana ba da babban girman takarda na 3.7 in (94 mm) tsayi da faɗin 4.1 in (100 mm). Akwai manyan girma dabam.

Rubuce-rubuce

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Rufin takardar bayan gida yana nufin adadin yadudduka a kowane takarda. Rolls yawanci ana samun su a cikin guda ɗaya, 2-ply, 3-ply, da 4-ply.

Tsawon Roll

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Kalmomi kamar "rubu ɗaya", "biyu nadi", "rol ɗin sau uku", "jumbo roll", da "mega roll" da aka fi amfani da su a tallan dillalan suna nufin adadin zanen gado kowane nadi (ko da yake ainihin adadin zanen gado shi ma yawanci yakan kasance. bayyana akan marufi). Ana buƙatar maye gurbin nadi mai tsayi sau da yawa, amma mafi girman girman bai dace da duk masu ba da takarda bayan gida ba, musamman a cikin tsofaffin gidaje.

Kayan aiki

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Yawanci ana yin takarda bayan gida ne daga itacen ɓaure, amma kuma a wasu lokuta ana yin su ne daga samfuran rake ko bamboo.

Kayayyakin takarda na bayan gida sun bambanta sosai a cikin abubuwan fasaha masu bambanta, kamar girman, nauyi, rashin ƙarfi, laushi, ragowar sinadarai, juriya na yatsa, sha ruwa, da dai sauransu. Manyan kamfanoni suna da cikakkun bayanai, binciken kasuwa na kimiyya don sanin wanene. sassan tallace-tallace suna buƙata ko buƙatar wane daga cikin halaye na fasaha da yawa. Takardar bayan gida na zamani na iya samun haske mai haske na aloe ko ruwan shafa ko kakin zuma da aka yi aiki a cikin takardar don rage rashin ƙarfi.

Yawanci ana ƙididdige inganci ta adadin plies (rubutun da aka tattara), rashin ƙarfi, da karko. Takardar bayan gida mai ƙarancin daraja yawanci na takarda mafi ƙasƙanci ne, tana da fale-falen guda ɗaya ko biyu kawai, tana da ƙaƙƙarfan gaske kuma wani lokacin tana ƙunshe da ɗan ƙaramin takarda mara bleached/wanda ba a bugu; yawanci ana kiranta "hard" takarda bayan gida. An kera wata alama da aka lalata da carbolic acid a Sheffield, United Kingdom a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar Izal ta Newton Chambers har zuwa 1981. Tsakanin-aji biyu an ɗan yi rubutu don samar da ɗan laushi kuma ya ɗan fi ƙarfi. Takardar bayan gida na ƙila tana da ruwan shafa fuska da kakin zuma kuma tana da fenti biyu zuwa huɗu na takarda mai tsauri sosai. Idan ana sayar da shi a matsayin “al’ada”, ana iya yi masa gwangwani ko ɗigo (sake), turare, mai launi ko tsari, magani (da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta), ko kuma a shayar da shi da Aloe ko wasu turare.

Don ci gaba da bazuwar takarda a cikin tankuna na septic ko magudanar ruwa, takardar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da guntun zaruruwa fiye da nama na fuska ko takarda rubutu. Mai sana'anta yana ƙoƙarin cimma ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin saurin bazuwa (wanda ke buƙatar gajerun fibers) da ƙarfi (wanda ke buƙatar fibres masu tsayi). Ƙunƙarar takarda bayan gida a cikin layukan magudanar ruwa, kamar a cikin toshe, yana hana tarwatsewar fiber kuma galibi yana dakatar da aikin rushewa.

Wani dan kasar Jamus ya ce takardar bayan gida na Nazi Jamus yana da tsauri kuma yana da kauri wanda kusan ba za a iya amfani da shi ba, don haka mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da tsoffin batutuwa na Völkischer Beobachter maimakon, saboda takardar ta fi laushi.[13]

Launi da zane

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Takardar bayan gida mai launi na Apricot

Takardar bayan gida kala kala kamar ruwan hoda, lavender, shudi mai haske, haske kore, purple, kore, da rawaya mai haske (ta yadda mutum zai iya zabar launin takardan bayan gida wanda yayi daidai ko ya dace da kalar gidan wanka) yawanci ana siyarwa a cikin Amurka daga shekarun 1960. Har zuwa 2004, Scott yana ɗaya daga cikin masana'antun Amurka na ƙarshe da suka rage har yanzu suna samar da takarda bayan gida a cikin launin ruwan hoda, shuɗi, da ruwan hoda. Duk da haka, kamfanin ya yanke samar da takarda mai launi gaba ɗaya.

Takardar bayan gida kala-kala ta kasance ana samun ta a wasu ƙasashen Turai. Anan a cikin tushe mai launi mai launi na bayan gida, ban da sautunan yanayi tsakanin fari da launin toka ko m, inuwar pastel sun yi nasara: ruwan hoda, apricot, rawaya mai haske da shuɗi mai haske. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, ana iya samun kodadde shunayya ko kodadde kore. Duk da haka, ba a cika amfani da launuka masu kyau ba, irin su baki, ruwan inabi ja, kore neon, blue blue. Takardar bayan gida lebur ba sabon abu bane. Idan akwai bugu, sau da yawa launi ɗaya ne. Launukan bugu na yau da kullun sune ruwan hoda da ruwan hoda ja, haka nan shudi, da wuyar shuni, orange, ruwan kasa ko kore.

Tsarin

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Shafuka a matsayin zane a kan takardar bayan gida

A yau, a Amurka, an maye gurbin takardan bayan gida a fili mara kyau da takardan bayan gida, yawanci farar fata, tare da zane-zane na ado ko zane mai launuka daban-daban da girma dabam dangane da alamar. Alamun suna a mafi yawan lokuta "tsarin watsawa", wato, ana rarraba motif ("warwatse") sau da yawa (ba bisa ka'ida ba) a saman saman. Rarrabuwa da ƙirar ɗigo ba safai ba ne. Lokaci-lokaci, takaddun bayan gida suna da ƙaƙƙarfan kada, kalaman ruwa, da'ira ko tsarin duba. Wasu kuma ana buga su. Kayan ado yawanci suna tsayawa da kansu azaman raka'a masu zaman kansu. Ba su taɓa yin katsewa ba (misali, a matsayin iyaka) daga takarda ta farko zuwa ta ƙarshe.[14]

Dalilan da ya sa aka yi

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Takardar gidan wanka tare da jigon takardun Yuro 50

Mafi mahimmanci shine duk abin da ke da alaƙa da "taushi" da "tafi". Akwai kayan ado tare da bears, cats, rabbits, fuka-fukan ƙasa, girgije. Wani abu kuma shine abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da "haske": Clouds, downy fuka-fukan, ganye na kowane nau'i, butterflies, tsuntsaye masu tashi. Wani haɗin kai shine duk wani abu da ke da alaƙa da ƙanshi mai daɗi: musamman furanni na kowane nau'i. Abubuwan da ba su da yawa da aka nufa su bayyana masu daraja, kamar su Bourbon lily. Rashin amfani da ruwa, kamar kifi, kwarangwal da sauran halittu na ruwa.[14]

Hakanan ana ba da takardun bayan gida tare da rubutu (barkwanci, waƙa), abubuwan barkwanci (bayanin banki) ko tambarin talla.

Yanayi

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Kirepe na biyu na kayan wanka

Ana ba da takardar bayan gida a cikin halaye daban-daban. Takardun bayan gida mafi arha suna da rubutu kusa da takarda crêpe. Sau da yawa ana yin su da kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida. Takardun bayan gida masu tsada ana yin su ne daga takarda ta musamman mai sha, mai laushi. Takardar bayan gida yawanci tana da santsi. Tare da niyya da yawa, lokaci-lokaci ana lissafta shi. A gefe guda, embossing na iya yin aiki don daidaita takarda. Bugu da ƙari, shafa zai iya zama mafi tasiri. Na uku, akwai dalilan ƙira. A Switzerland, musamman, ana yawan samun takarda bayan gida tare da burs. A Jamus, ana ɗaukar adadin plies azaman sifa mai inganci. A cikin Amurka, Burtaniya da Japan, fasalin ingancin shine cewa takarda bayan gida yana da laushi kuma yana da kyau sosai.[14]

Abubuwan da aka kara

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Shigarwa

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Masu rarraba

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Fiye da daidaitawa
 
a ƙarƙashin jagorancin

Rikicin naɗaɗɗen bayan gida, wanda kuma aka sani da dispenser, wani abu ne da ke riƙe da nadi na takarda bayan gida. Akwai aƙalla nau'ikan masu riƙewa guda bakwai:

  1. Yankin waya a kwance wanda aka ɗora a kan maɓallin, wanda ke rataye daga ƙofa ko bango.
  2. Wani axle a kwance ya shiga cikin bango.
  3. A tsaye axle a cikin bango
  4. A kwance axle saka a kan wani m frame.
  5. Wani sanda mai tsaye mai zaman kansa a kan tushe.
  6. Wani bangon da aka ɗora na'urar rarrabawa, yawanci yana dauke da fiye da ɗaya. Ana amfani da wannan a kasuwar kasuwanci / waje-daga gida.
  7. Wani bangon da aka ɗora na'urar rarrabawa tare da nama da aka haɗa a cikin "S"-type fold don mai amfani ya iya cire nama takarda ɗaya a lokaci guda.

Wasu takardan bayan gida na kasuwanci ko na hukuma an naɗe su a kusa da silinda zuwa yawancin kauri na daidaitaccen takardan bayan gida.

Jagora

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Fiye da daidaitawa
 
a ƙarƙashin jagorancin

Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu na daidaitawa lokacin amfani da mariƙi tare da axle a kwance daidai da bango: takarda bayan gida na iya rataya sama ko ƙarƙashin littafin. Zaɓin babban al'amari ne na fifikon mutum, wanda al'ada ta tsara. A cikin binciken masu amfani da Amurka da na ƙwararrun wanka da dafa abinci, 60-70% na masu amsa sun fi son fiye. An ce wannan yana nuna jin daɗi, wanda ya shafi ƙwai kawai, amma ga takarda bayan gida. Yawancin Amurkawa suna tunanin ya kamata ya wuce saman, kamar magudanar ruwa..[15]

Kayan ado

gyara sashe

  Toilegami yana nufin takarda bayan gida origami. Kamar napkins na tebur, wasu kyawawan otal ɗin Japan suna ninka faɗuwar farko na takarda bayan gida a kan kayan aikinta don gabatar da su ta hanyar gaye.[16]

Amfani da nishaɗi

gyara sashe

A Amurka, takarda bayan gida ta kasance kayan aiki na farko a cikin wasan wasa da aka sani da "TP-ing" (mai suna "teepeeing"). TP-ing, ko "toilet papering", sau da yawa samari suna fifita shi kuma shine aikin jifa nadi na takarda bayan gida akan motoci, bishiyoyi, gidaje da lambuna, yana haifar da takardar bayan gida ta buɗe tare da rufe kadarorin, haifar da rikici mara kyau.[17]

Yara da kuliyoyi na iya buɗe takardar bayan gida gabaɗayan nadi ta hanyar jujjuya ta har sai ta watse a ƙasa, ko kuma a matsayin wasan yara suna karkata gefe ɗaya, suna saka ta cikin kwanon bayan gida ba tare da yage ta ba sannan su yi amfani da ruwan wanka. don jawo sabon takarda zuwa bayan gida, tare da manufar tarwatsa gabaɗayan nadi zuwa sashin bayan gida a lokaci guda ba tare da karyewar takardar bayan gida ba. An ƙirƙira maƙallan saka takarda na musamman na bayan gida mai siffar ɗorewa don hana ci gaba da buɗewa ba tare da yaga don hana wannan aikin ba. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Takardun banɗaki na wasan motsa jiki sun haɗa da masu riƙe takarda na banɗaki na kiɗa da sakawa waɗanda aka kunna ta hanyar buɗe takardan bayan gida kuma za su buga waƙa mai ban sha'awa da ƙarfi tana mai da hankali ga mutumin da ke bayan gida. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Sauran gags sun haɗa da takarda bayan gida na al'ada da aka buga tare da barkwanci, labarai ko hotunan ɗan siyasa.

Injiniya

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Alexander Balankin da mawallafa sun yi nazarin halayen takarda bayan gida a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai ƙarfi da lokacin jika da konewa

An yi amfani da takardar bayan gida a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi don nuna ra'ayoyin juzu'i, lokacin inertia, da lokacin angular; da kuma kiyaye kuzari da kuzari..[18][19][20][21]

Bayani game da muhalli

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Wasu mutane sun shimfiɗa takardar bayan gida a kan kujerun bayan gida na jama'a kafin su zauna.

Itace guda tana samar da kusan rodi 800 (fam 400 (kilogram 180)) na takarda bayan gida kuma ana samar da kusan nadi miliyan 83 kowace rana. Samar da takarda bayan gida na duniya yana cinye itatuwa 27,000 a kullum..[22]

Fiye da nadi biliyan bakwai na takarda bayan gida ake sayar da su duk shekara a Amurka kadai. Amurkawa suna amfani da matsakaicin nadi 141 ga kowane mutum a shekara wanda yayi daidai da kilogiram 12.7 (28 lb) na takarda a kowace shekara. Wannan adadi ya kai kusan kashi 50% fiye da na sauran ƙasashen yammacin duniya ko Japan. Ana iya bayyana mafi girman amfani a cikin Amurka ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙasashe mutane suna amfani da bidet ko fesa hoses don tsaftace kansu. Ana girbe miliyoyin bishiyoyi a Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka suna barin damuwa ta yanayin muhalli..[23]

Ya zuwa 2009, tsakanin 22% da 48% na takarda bayan gida da ake amfani da su a Amurka sun fito ne daga gonakin bishiyoyi a Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, tare da sauran galibi suna fitowa ne daga tsoffin dazuzzukan girma na biyu, kuma, wasu daga gandun daji na budurwa..[7]

Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen amfani da itacen budurwa

gyara sashe

Takardar bayan gida da aka yi daga takarda da aka sake yin fa'ida na guje wa tasirin muhalli kai tsaye na sare bishiyoyi, kuma ana samun ciniki. Jaridar da aka sake fa'ida zata iya ƙunsar BPA, mai ɓarnawar endocrine[24]

Takardar bayan gida da ake samarwa daga bamboo ana samun ciniki ne, kuma ta wasu hanyoyi ta fi dacewa da muhalli fiye da itacen budurwa, saboda bamboo yana girma da sauri, yana ɗaukar ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa. Ga masu amfani da Arewacin Amurka, Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa ta ba da shawarar sake yin amfani da ɓangaren litattafan bishiya a kan takarda bayan gida na bamboo, saboda dazuzzukan bishiyoyi suna haɓaka ɗimbin halittu kuma samfuran bamboo dole ne a jigilar su daga Asiya.[25]

Takardar bayan gida da ake samarwa daga bagasse, samfurin rake, ana samun ta a kasuwa, kuma tana guje wa yanke duk wani tsire-tsire saboda an riga an shuka rake don samar da sukari.[24]

Dubi kuma

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  • Tsabtace hanci
  • Sabon
  • Xylospongium, kwatankwacin tsohuwar

Bayani

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123.
  2. ↑ Quoted in Maxted, Ian. "Sic transit gloria cloacarum". Website of The Ephemera Society. The Ephemera Society. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  3. ↑ Rabelais, François (20 April 2007). "Gargantua and Pantagruel". eBooks@Adelaide. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  4. ↑ Toilet paper takes center stage amid coronavirus outbreak. Be thankful we no longer use corncobs and rope ends.
  5. ↑ Our only good news: Toilet paper won't run out / How Americans fell for toilet paper.
  6. ↑ "History Feature: Walthamstow – The birthplace of soft toilet paper". East London and West Essex Guardian Series (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Mr. Whipple Left It Out: Soft Is Rough on Forests" by Leslie Kaufman, The New York Times, 25 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  8. ↑ Crockett, Zachary (9 July 2014). "The Great Toilet Paper Scare of 1973". Priceonomics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  9. ↑ "Venezuelan Government Seizes Toilet Paper Factory Amid Shortage". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "Quilton donates a million rolls of toilet paper to struggling Australians amid coronavirus panic-buying". Perth Now. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  11. ↑ Al Mustaqeem, Syraat (21 June 2022). "Deborah James prompts Andrex to add bowel cancer symptoms to toilet roll packs". Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  12. ↑ Shufflebotham, Bethan (27 June 2022). "Asda, Waitrose, Tesco and Morrisons join Aldi and M&S in making important update to toilet roll". The Independent. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  13. ↑ Read, Anthony and Fisher, David The Fall of Berlin London: Pimlico, 1993.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Gudehus, Juli. "toilet paper – design for the arse • a collection". Juli Gudehus (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-07. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Yenisey, Zeynep (5 April 2016). "What the Direction Your Toilet Paper Hangs Says About You According to Science: Under or over?". Maxim. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  16. ↑ "Toilet Paper Origami". Origami Resource Center. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  17. ↑ "Hey kids, TPing is not a crime!". tribunedigital-dailypilot. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  18. ↑ Harkay 2006.
  19. ↑ Goodwin 1985.
  20. ↑ Walker 1975.
  21. ↑ Ehrlich 1997.
  22. ↑ "Toilet paper wipes out 27,000 trees a day – National Geographic's Green Guide". National Geographic. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  23. ↑ Lindsey (26 February 2009). "Destroying forests to make toilet paper is 'worse than driving Hummers'". Green Peace. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The Hidden Danger in Recycled Toilet Paper". HuffPost (in Turanci). 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2021-05-12. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "huffpo" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Which toilet paper is the most eco-friendly? Bamboo vs. Recycled
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