Rukuni:Tarihin Somaliya

Somaliya, ƙasar gabashin Afirka, a kusurwar Afirka.  Ya zarce daga kudancin Equator arewa zuwa Tekun Aden kuma ya mamaye wani muhimmin matsayi na yanki tsakanin yankin Saharar Afirka da kasashen Larabawa da kudu maso yammacin Asiya.  Babban birnin kasar, Mogadishu, yana arewacin arewacin Equator a Tekun Indiya.

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Shugaban Gwamnati: Firayim Minista: Mohamed Hussein Roble2

Babban birnin: Mogadishu

Yawan jama'a: (2021 est.) 14,354,000

Shugaban kasa: Shugaban kasa: Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed2

Tsarin Mulki: jamhuriyyar tarayya2 tare da gidaje biyu na majalisar dokoki (Gidan Jama'a [275]; Upper House [54])

Somaliya kasa ce da ke da iyaka sosai.  Sauyin yanayi yafi bushewa da zafi, tare da shimfidar wurare na savanna busasshen bishiyoyi da semidesert, kuma mazaunan Somalia sun haɓaka daidai da buƙatun dabarun rayuwa na tattalin arziki.  Baya ga yankin bakin teku mai tsaunuka a arewa da kuma wasu kwaruruka na kogi, yawancin ƙasar tana da faɗi ƙwarai, tare da ƙarancin shingayen yanayi don ƙuntata motsi na makiyaya da dabbobinsu.  Al’ummar Somaliya Musulmai ne na kabilanci, kuma kusan kashi uku cikin biyar na bin tsarin rayuwa ta tafi-da-gidanka, suna biye da kiwo ko kiwo.

An kafa Jamhuriyar Somaliya ne a shekarar 1960 ta tarayyar wani tsohon mulkin mallaka na Italiya da kuma wani masarautar Burtaniya.  Mohamed Siad Barre (Mohamed Siyaad Barre) ya yi mulkin kama-karya a kasar daga watan Oktoban 1969 zuwa watan Janairun 1991, lokacin da aka hambarar da shi a wani yakin basasa na jin kai da 'yan daba suka yi.  Bayan faduwar Siad daga mulki, yaƙe -yaƙe ya ​​ci gaba kuma ƙasar ba ta da ingantaccen gwamnati mai ƙarfi - matsalolin da suka ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 21.  Bugu da ƙari, wata gwamnati ta zahiri ta ba da sanarwar kafa Jamhuriyyar Somaliland mai cin gashin kanta a arewa a 1991. Hakazalika, a cikin 1998 yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa (Jihar Puntland ta Somalia) ya kasance mai ayyana kansa a arewa maso gabas.

Shekaru da dama na tashin hankali ya kusan lalata tattalin arzikin Somaliya da ababen more rayuwa tare da raba kasar zuwa yankuna karkashin ikon hukumomi daban -daban.  Lokacin da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Somalia ta mika mulki ga sabuwar gwamnati a shekarar 2012, sabuwar Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya da aka ayyana tana da iyakantaccen iko akan kasar.  Akwai, duk da haka, fatan cewa sabuwar gwamnatin za ta kawo sabon zamani, wanda a cikinsa za a sami zaman lafiya kuma 'yan Somaliya za su iya mai da hankali kan sake gina ƙasarsu.

Ƙasa

Somaliya tana iyaka da Tekun Aden zuwa arewa, da Tekun Indiya zuwa gabas, Kenya da Habasha a yamma, da Djibouti zuwa arewa maso yamma.  Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka yanke iyakokin yammacin Somaliya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta raba filayen da mutanen Somaliya suka saba mallaka.  A sakamakon haka, ana kuma samun al'ummomin Somaliya a Djibouti, Habasha, da Kenya,

Taimako

Tsibirin Somaliya ya kunshi filayen tebur na samarin farar ƙasa da tsarin yashi.  A cikin matsanancin arewa, kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum, akwai ƙaramin fili mai gabar teku da ake kira Guban, wanda ke faɗaɗa arewa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera.  Wannan yana ba da hanya zuwa cikin tudun teku tare da tsattsarkan arewa mai fuskantar arewa.  Kusa da Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) wani dutse da ake kira Surud Cad ya kai mafi tsayi a ƙasar, kimanin ƙafa 7,900 (mita 2,408).  A kudu akwai faffadan tsaunukan Galgodon (ko Ogo) da yankunan Sool da Hawd, waɗanda a hankali suke sauka zuwa kudu zuwa Tekun Indiya.

A kudancin Somalia gindin gindin da ke kan kudancin kudancin Baydhabo (Baidoa) a cikin sifar ginshiƙai da ake kira inselbergs.  Waɗannan suna ba da nisa zuwa kudu zuwa filayen rayuwa, waɗanda ke rarrabuwa daga bakin tekun ta babban ɗimbin duniyoyin da ke da nisan sama da mil 600 (kilomita 1,000) daga kudancin Kismayo (Chisimaio) zuwa arewacin Hobyo (Obbia).

Magudanar ruwa

An katse lalatattun tsaunukan Somalian da wasu kwaruruka masu zurfi.  Farawa daga arewa maso gabas, waɗannan sune kwarin Dharoor da Nugaaleed (Nogal);  duka biyun wadis ne waɗanda, a cikin lokacin, suna da koguna da ke kwarara cikin Tekun Indiya a Xaafuun da Eyl, bi da bi.  A kudu maso yamma sune koguna na dindindin a Somalia, Jubba da Shabeelle (Shebeli).  Asalinsu daga tsaunukan Habasha, waɗannan rafuffuka guda biyu sun tsinci kansu cikin tudun kafin su ratsa cikin filayen alluvial zuwa bakin teku.  Yayin da Jubba ke kwarara kai tsaye daga arewacin Kismayo zuwa tekun Indiya, Shabeelle ta nufi kudu maso yamma kai tsaye zuwa arewacin Mogadishu kuma ta shiga cikin babban fadama kafin ta isa Jubba.  Jubba tana ɗauke da ruwa fiye da na Shabeelle, wanda a wasu lokutan yana bushewa a ƙasan sa a cikin shekaru masu ƙarancin ruwan sama a tsaunukan Habasha.  A lokacin rani waɗannan kogunan sune babban tushen ruwa ga mutane da dabbobi.  Saboda a mafi yawan ƙasar teburin ruwa yana da zurfi ko ruwan ƙasa yana da ma'adinai mai yawa, kiyaye kiyaye zubar ruwa yana da mahimmanci.

Ƙasa

Nau'o'in ƙasa sun bambanta gwargwadon yanayi da dutsen iyaye.  Yankunan da suke bushewa a arewa maso gabashin Somalia galibi suna da ƙananan hamada.  Ƙananan tudun ƙasa na tsaka-tsakin yanayi suna da launin toka mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi zuwa ƙasa mai ɗanɗano mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don aikin noman ruwan sama.  Ana samun ƙasa mai ɗorewa a filayen alluvial na kogin Jubba da Shabeelle.  Waɗannan zurfin vertisols an lulluɓe su da baƙar fata da aka samo daga ɓatattun duwatsun da aka fi sani da "ƙasa auduga baƙar fata" (saboda galibi ana yin auduga a cikinsu).  Waɗannan ƙasa suna da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa kuma galibi ana amfani da su don noman ban ruwa.

Yanayi

Somaliya tana kan iyakar Equator, amma sabanin yanayin da ake iya gani a wannan mazugin, yanayin Somaliya yana daga m a arewa maso gabas da yankuna na tsakiya har zuwa tsakiyar damina a arewa maso yamma da kudu.

Shekarar yanayi ta ƙunshi yanayi huɗu.  Gu, ko babban damina, yana daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni;  damina na biyu, wanda ake kira dayr, yana daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba.  Kowane yana biye da lokacin bushewa - babba (jilaal) daga Disamba zuwa Maris da na biyu (xagaa) daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.  A lokacin rani na biyu, ruwan sama yana fadowa a yankin gabar teku.

Ruwan ruwan sama na dogon lokaci yana nufin ƙasa da inci 4 (100 mm) a arewa maso gabas da kusan inci 8 zuwa 12 (200 zuwa 300 mm) a tsakiyar tsaunuka.  Kudu maso yamma da arewa maso yamma suna samun matsakaicin inci 20 zuwa 24 (500 zuwa 600 mm) a shekara.  Yayin da yankunan bakin teku ke fuskantar zafi, gumi, da yanayi mara daɗi duk shekara, ciki yana bushe da zafi.  Somaliya tana da mafi girman yanayin zafi na shekara -shekara a duniya.  A Berbera, a bakin tekun arewa, matsakaicin rana ya kai sama da 100 ° F (38 ° C) daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.  Matsakaicin maxima har ma ya fi girma a cikin ƙasa, amma a gefen tekun Tekun Indiya yanayin zafi ya yi ƙasa sosai saboda sanyin ruwan teku.  Matsakaicin matsakaicin rana a Mogadishu, alal misali, ya kasance daga ƙananan 80s F (tsakiyar zuwa sama 20s C) a Yuli zuwa ƙananan 90s F (low 30s C) a watan Afrilu.

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<\https://m.dw.com/en/somalias-tumultuous-60-year-journey-after-independence/a-53977180\>

<\https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/endless-war-brief-history-somali-conflict/>

<\http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?historyid=ad20/>