Wikipedia

Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi

Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi (ADHD) cuta ce ta tabin hankali na nau'in ci gaban neurodevelopment.[1][2] Ana siffanta shi da wahalar kulawa, wuce gona da iri, da aiki ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon ba, wanda in ba haka ba bai dace da shekarun mutum ba.[3][4] Wasu mutane tare da ADHD kuma suna nuna wahalar daidaita motsin rai ko matsaloli tare da aikin zartarwa.[5][6][7][4] Don ganewar asali, bayyanar cututtuka ya kamata ya bayyana kafin mutum ya kai shekaru goma sha biyu, ya kasance fiye da watanni shida, kuma ya haifar da matsala a akalla wurare biyu (kamar makaranta, gida, ko ayyukan nishaɗi).[8][9] A cikin yara, matsalolin kulawa na iya haifar da rashin aikin makaranta.[3] Bugu da ƙari, akwai haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu cututtuka na tunani da rashin amfani da kayan aiki.[10] Kodayake yana haifar da rashin ƙarfi, musamman a cikin al'ummar zamani, mutane da yawa tare da ADHD na iya ci gaba da kula da ayyukan da suka sami ban sha'awa ko lada (wanda aka sani da hyperfocus).[11][12]

Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi
Description (en) Fassara
Iri specific developmental disorder (en) Fassara, hyperkinetic disorder (en) Fassara, cuta
neurodevelopmental disorder (en) Fassara
Specialty (en) Fassara psychiatry (en) Fassara
child and adolescent psychiatry (en) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara executive disfunction (en) Fassara, impulsivity (en) Fassara, emotional dysregulation (en) Fassara, hyperfocus (en) Fassara, rejection sensitive dysphoria (en) Fassara
distractibility (en) Fassara
Genetic association (en) Fassara ARSB (en) Fassara, GRIK4 (en) Fassara, BCL11A (en) Fassara, GRM5 (en) Fassara, LRRC7 (en) Fassara, SEMA3A (en) Fassara, STIP1 (en) Fassara, FERMT3 (en) Fassara, EMP2 (en) Fassara, BMPR1B (en) Fassara, ELOVL6 (en) Fassara, ZNF544 (en) Fassara, FHIT (en) Fassara, FOXP1 (en) Fassara, ADAMTS2 (en) Fassara, SULF2 (en) Fassara, KIRREL3 (en) Fassara, PAWR (en) Fassara, ATP8B1 (en) Fassara, MOBP (en) Fassara, MAP1B (en) Fassara, UNC5B (en) Fassara, MAN2A2 (en) Fassara, ASTN2 (en) Fassara, CSMD2 (en) Fassara, DNM1 (en) Fassara, PPM1F (en) Fassara, ITGAE (en) Fassara, NT5DC3 (en) Fassara, MMP24 (en) Fassara, ITGA11 (en) Fassara, GPC6 (en) Fassara, MYT1L (en) Fassara, REEP5 (en) Fassara, TLL2 (en) Fassara, CREB5 (en) Fassara, ATP2C2 (en) Fassara, CDH13 (en) Fassara, SUPT3H (en) Fassara, PIWIL4 (en) Fassara da KIF6 (en) Fassara
Medical treatment (en) Fassara
Magani modafinil (en) Fassara, pemoline (en) Fassara, desipramine (en) Fassara, dextroamphetamine (en) Fassara, venlafaxine (en) Fassara, imipramine (en) Fassara, bupropion (en) Fassara, clonidine (en) Fassara, (±)-deprenyl (en) Fassara, D-methamphetamine, DL-amphetamine (en) Fassara, atomoxetine (en) Fassara, nortriptyline (en) Fassara, dextroamphetamine (en) Fassara, (R)-amphetamine (en) Fassara, guanfacine (en) Fassara, dexmethylphenidate (en) Fassara, pemoline (en) Fassara da methylphenidate (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10 F90.0
OMIM 143465, 608903, 608904, 608905, 608906, 612311 da 612312
DiseasesDB 6158
MedlinePlus willem
eMedicine willem
MeSH D001289
Disease Ontology ID DOID:1094

Duk da kasancewar mafi yawan bincike da gano cutar tabin hankali a cikin yara da matasa, ba a san ainihin musabbabin hakan ba a mafi yawan lokuta.[13] An kiyasta abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta sun hada da kusan kashi 75% na hadarin.[14] Bayyanar nicotine yayin daukar ciki na iya zama haɗarin muhalli.[15] Ga alama baya da alaƙa da salon tarbiyya ko tarbiyya.[16] Yana rinjayar kusan 5-7% na yara lokacin da aka gano su ta hanyar ka'idodin DSM-IV[4][17] da 1-2% lokacin da aka gano ta hanyar ka'idodin ICD-10.[18] Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, an kiyasta zai shafi mutane miliyan 51.1 a duniya.[19] Farashin yana kama da juna tsakanin ƙasashe kuma ya dogara galibi akan yadda ake gano shi.[20] Ana bincikar ADHD kusan sau biyu sau da yawa a cikin yara maza fiye da na 'yan mata,[4] kodayake galibi ana yin watsi da cutar a cikin 'yan mata saboda alamun su sun bambanta da na maza.[21][22][23] Kimanin kashi 30-50% na mutanen da aka gano a lokacin ƙuruciya suna ci gaba da samun alamun bayyanar har zuwa girma kuma tsakanin 2-5% na manya suna da yanayin.[24][25][26] A cikin manya rashin natsuwa na ciki maimakon hyperactivity na iya faruwa.[27] Sau da yawa suna haɓaka ƙwarewar jurewa waɗanda ke haifar da wasu ko duk nakasarsu.[28] Yanayin na iya zama da wahala a gano baya ga wasu yanayi, da kuma bambanta daga manyan matakan aiki waɗanda har yanzu suke cikin kewayon halaye na yau da kullun.[9]

Shawarwari na gudanarwa na ADHD sun bambanta ta ƙasa kuma yawanci sun haɗa da wasu haɗakar shawarwari, canje-canjen salon rayuwa, da magunguna.[3] Jagoran Birtaniya kawai ya ba da shawarar magunguna a matsayin magani na farko a cikin yara masu fama da cututtuka masu tsanani da kuma magani da za a yi la'akari da su a cikin wadanda ke da matsakaicin bayyanar cututtuka waɗanda ko dai sun ƙi ko sun kasa inganta tare da shawarwari, ko da yake ga manya magungunan magani ne na farko.[29] Jagororin Kanada da Amurka suna ba da shawarar layin farko na sarrafa ɗabi'a a cikin yaran da ba su kai makaranta ba yayin da ake ba da shawarar magunguna da jiyya tare bayan haka.[30][31][32] Jiyya tare da abubuwan kara kuzari yana da tasiri na akalla watanni 14; duk da haka, ba a san tasirinsu na dogon lokaci ba kuma akwai yuwuwar illar illa.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Littattafan likitanci sun bayyana alamun alamun kama da na ADHD tun ƙarni na 18.[40] An yi la'akari da ADHD, ganewar asali, da kuma maganin sa masu rikitarwa tun daga 1970s.[41] Rigingimun sun shafi likitoci, malamai, masu tsara manufofi, iyaye, da kuma kafafen yada labarai. Batutuwa sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke haifar da ADHD da kuma amfani da magungunan ƙara kuzari a cikin jiyya.[42] Yawancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun yarda da ADHD a matsayin rashin lafiya na gaske a cikin yara da manya, kuma muhawara a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya sun fi mayar da hankali kan yadda ake gano shi da kuma bi da shi.[43][44][45] An san yanayin a hukumance da rashin hankali (ADD) daga 1980 zuwa 1987, yayin da kafin wannan an san shi da halayen hyperkinetic na yara.[46][47]

Manazarta gyara sashe

  1. ↑ Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
  2. ↑ Caroline SC, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133. ISBN 9780387717982.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  5. ↑ Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 60 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. PMID 29624671.
  6. ↑ Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE (April 2019). "Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 47 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y. PMC 6377355. PMID 30112596.
  7. ↑ Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G (January 2018). "Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 84: 359–367. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010. PMID 28837827.
  8. ↑ "Symptoms and Diagnosis". Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dulcan, Mina K.; Lake, MaryBeth (2011). "Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders". Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (4th illustrated ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-58562-416-4 – via Google Books.
  10. ↑ Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG (October 2016). "Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (10): 841–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016. PMID 27663939.
  11. ↑ Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, et al. (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry. 56: 14–34. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001. PMID 30453134.
  12. ↑ Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J (August 2012). "[The school child with ADHD]" [The school child with ADHD] (PDF). Therapeutische Umschau (in Jamusanci). 69 (8): 467–73. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316. PMID 22851461.
  13. ↑ NIMH (2013). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  14. ↑ Demontis, Ditte (2019). "Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Nature Genetics. 51 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7. hdl:10138/309285. PMC 6481311. PMID 30478444. Retrieved 27 August 2019. Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.
  15. ↑ Tiesler, Carla M. T.; Heinrich, Joachim (21 September 2014). "Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 23 (10): 913–929. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y. PMC 4186967. PMID 25241028.
  16. ↑ "Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?". WebMD.
  17. ↑ Willcutt EG (July 2012). "The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (3): 490–9. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8. PMC 3441936. PMID 22976615.
  18. ↑ Cowen, Philip; Harrison, Paul; Burns, Tom (2012). "Drugs and other physical treatments". Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 546. ISBN 978-0-19-960561-3 – via Google Books.
  19. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  20. ↑ Faraone SV (2011). "Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". In Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P (eds.). Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 450. ISBN 9780470977408.
  21. ↑ Crawford, Nicole (February 2003). "ADHD: a women's issue". Monitor on Psychology. 34 (2): 28. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
  22. ↑ Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (April 2009). "[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]" [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. L'Encephale (in Faransanci). 35 (2): 107–14. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005. PMID 19393378.
  23. ↑ Singh I (December 2008). "Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 9 (12): 957–64. doi:10.1038/nrn2514. PMID 19020513. S2CID 205504587.
  24. ↑ Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P (September 2010). "European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD". BMC Psychiatry. 10: 67. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67. PMC 2942810. PMID 20815868.
  25. ↑ Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I (2008). "[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]" [Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review]. Psychiatria Hungarica (in Hungarian). 23 (5): 324–35. PMID 19129549.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  26. ↑ Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP (2014). "Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 16 (3). doi:10.4088/PCC.13r01600. PMC 4195639. PMID 25317367. Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.9,10 ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.7,15,16
  27. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists. Leicester: British Psychological Society. p. 17. ISBN 9781854334718. OCLC 244314955. PMID 22420012.
  28. ↑ Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM (August 2006). "Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management". Psychiatry. 3 (8): 25–30. PMC 2957278. PMID 20963192. likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment
  29. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). "Pharmacological Treatment". Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp. 303–307. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
  30. ↑ "Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines" (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  31. ↑ "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  32. ↑ Wolraich, ML; Hagan JF, Jr; Allan, C; Chan, E; Davison, D; Earls, M; Evans, SW; Flinn, SK; Froehlich, T; Frost, J; Holbrook, JR; Lehmann, CU; Lessin, HR; Okechukwu, K; Pierce, KL; Winner, JD; Zurhellen, W; SUBCOMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVE, DISORDER. (October 2019). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 144 (4): e20192528. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528. PMC 7067282. PMID 31570648.
  33. ↑ Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C (May 2018). "Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD012069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2. PMC 6494554. PMID 29744873.
  34. ↑ "NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers". NIMH » Home. Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2019-01-01. Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.
  35. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
  36. ↑ Huang YS, Tsai MH (July 2011). "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge". CNS Drugs. 25 (7): 539–54. doi:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000. PMID 21699268. S2CID 3449435.
  37. ↑ Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, et al. (February 2015). "Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0116407. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016407A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407. PMC 4340791. PMID 25714373. Cite uses deprecated parameter |displayauthors= (help)
  38. ↑ Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V (September 2013). "The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 6: 87–99. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. PMC 3785407. PMID 24082796. Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22
  39. ↑ Wigal SB (2009). "Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults". CNS Drugs. 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004. PMID 19621975. S2CID 11340058.
  40. ↑ Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O (December 2010). "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241–55. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8. PMC 3000907. PMID 21258430.
  41. ↑ Parrillo VN (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE. p. 63. ISBN 9781412941655. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  42. ↑ Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J (2008). "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 16 (3): 151–66. doi:10.1080/10673220802167782. PMID 18569037. S2CID 18481191.
  43. ↑ Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E (August 2004). "When the child with ADHD grows up" (PDF). Australian Family Physician. 33 (8): 615–8. PMID 15373378. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Silver LB (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-58562-131-6.
  45. ↑ Schonwald A, Lechner E (April 2006). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 18 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70. PMID 16601502.
  46. ↑ Weiss, Lawrence G. (2005). WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-12-564931-5.
  47. ↑ "ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria". PBS. Frontline. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
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