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Masinissa

MasinissaMasinissa (Samfuri:Lang-nxm, Masnsen; c. 238 BC - 148 BC:180,183), wanda kuma aka rubuta Massinissa, Massena da Massan, tsohon sarkin Numidiya ne wanda aka fi sani da jagorantar ƙungiyar kabilun Massylii Berber a lokacin Yaƙin Aiki na Biyu ( 218-201 BC), a ƙarshe ya haɗa su zuwa wata masarauta wacce ta zama babbar ikon yanki a Arewacin Afirka. Yawancin abin da aka sani game da Masinissa ya fito ne daga Tarihin Livy na Roma, kuma zuwa ƙaramin Mafarkin Cicero's Scipio. A matsayinsa na ɗan babban jigo na Numidia wanda ke da alaƙa da Carthage, ya yi yaƙi da Romawa a Yaƙin Punic na Biyu, amma daga baya ya sauya sheka a kan cewa Roma za ta yi nasara. Tare da goyon bayan maƙiyinsa na dā, ya haɗa ƙabilun Numidiya gabas da yamma kuma ya kafa Masarautar Numidia. A matsayinsa na ƙawance na Romawa, Masinissa ya shiga cikin ƙaƙƙarfan Yaƙin Zama a shekara ta 202 BC wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin da Carthage ta yi nasara; Har ila yau, ya ƙyale matarsa Sophonisba, fitacciyar mace mai daraja ta Carthaginian wadda ta rinjayi al'amuran Numidian don amfanin Carthage, ta yi wa kanta guba a maimakon an nuna ta a cikin nasara a Roma.[1]:180–181[ana buƙatar hujja]

Masinissa
King of Numidia (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa 238 "BCE"
ƙasa Numidia
Mutuwa 148 "BCE"
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Gaya
Abokiyar zama Sophonisba (en) Fassara
Yara
Ƴan uwa
Sana'a
Sana'a sarki

Bayan ya gaji daular da ta fi girma, mafi ƙarfi a yanzu Rome tana goyon bayanta, Masinissa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsokanar Carthage cikin haifar da Yaƙin Punic na Uku, wanda ya ƙare a cikin cikakken halakar garin, kuma ya bar Numidia ita ce kaɗai iko a arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Ya yi mulki shekaru 54 har ya rasu yana da shekara 90. An ɗauke shi a matsayin babban aminin Roma, kuma shugaba ne mai ƙwazo, wanda ya ja-goranci sojoji har mutuwarsa kuma ya haifi ’ya’ya maza 44. :181[2] Kabarinsa a Cirta (a yau Constantine a Aljeriya) yana ɗauke da rubutun MSNSN, karanta Mas'n'sen, ko "Ubangijinsu".

Masanin tarihin Girka mai suna Polybius, wanda ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da Yaƙin Punic kuma ana kyautata zaton ya sadu da Masinissa, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun mutum a cikin dukan sarakunan zamaninmu", yana rubuta cewa "babban nasararsa kuma mafi girman Allahntaka ita ce: Numidia ya samu. ya kasance kafin zamaninsa a duniya ba ya da albarka, kuma ana yi masa kallon ba zai iya samar da duk wani ’ya’yan itace da aka noma ba. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, Numidia za a san shi da kwandon burodi na Roma.

Baya ga gadonsa a matsayin babban jigo a cikin Yaƙin Punic, Masinissa galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin gunki ta Berbers, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna ɗaukarsa kakansu. [3]

Rayuwar farko

gyara sashe

Masinissa ɗan sarkin Gaia ne na ƙungiyar kabilar Numidiya, Massylii . An haife shi a Carthage, abokin mahaifinsa. A farkon Yaƙin Punic na biyu, Masinissa ya yi yaƙi don Carthage da Syphax, sarkin Masaesyli na yammacin Numidia ( Aljeriya a yau), wanda ya haɗa kansa da Romawa. Masinissa, a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17, ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Numidiya da na Carthaginians a kan sojojin Syphax kuma ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci (215-212 BC). An aura shi da 'yar babban hafsan Hasdrubal Gisco na Carthaginian. :180

 
Massinissa of Numidia

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Syphax, Masinissa ya umarci ƙwararrun sojojin dokinsa na Numidia a kan Romawa a Spain, inda ya shiga cikin nasarar Carthaginian na Castulo da Ilorca a 211 BC. Bayan Hasdrubal Barca ya tashi zuwa Italiya, an sanya Masinissa a matsayin kwamandan sojojin dawakan Carthaginian a Spain, inda ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe mai nasara a kan Janar Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus) a cikin 208 da 207, yayin da Mago Barca da Hasdrubal Gisco suka yi nasara. da horas da sabbin runduna. A cikin c.206 BC, tare da sababbin ƙarfafawa, Mago da Hasdrubal Gisco-goyan bayan Masinissa's Numidian doki-ya gana da Scipio a Yaƙin Ilipa, inda ikon Carthage a kan Hispania ya kasance har abada a cikin jayayya mafi girma na nasara na Scipio Africanus.

Lokacin da Gaia ya mutu a shekara ta 206 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ɗansa Masinissa da ɗan'uwansa Oezalces sun yi jayayya game da gadon, kuma Syphax ya sami damar cinye sassa da yawa na gabashin Numidia. A halin yanzu, tare da Carthaginians da aka kori daga Hispania, Masinissa ya kammala cewa Roma tana cin nasara a yaki da Carthage don haka ya yanke shawarar komawa Roma. Ya yi alkawarin taimakawa Scipio a cikin mamaye yankin Carthaginian a Afirka. Scipio Africanus ne ya taimaka wa wannan shawarar don ya 'yantar da ɗan'uwan Masinissa, Massiva, wanda Romawa suka kama sa'ad da ya yi rashin biyayya ga kawunsa kuma ya hau yaƙi. Bayan ya rasa haɗin kai da Masinissa, Hasdrubal ya fara neman wani abokinsa, wanda ya samo a cikin Syphax, wanda ya auri Sophonisba, 'yar Hasdrubal, wanda har sai da aka yi auren Masinisa. Romawa sun goyi bayan da'awar Masinissa na sarautar Numidia a kan Syphax, wanda duk da haka ya yi nasara wajen korar Masinisa daga mulki har Scipio ya mamaye Afirka a 204. Masinissa ya shiga sojojin Romawa kuma ya halarci yakin nasara na Great Plains (203).

A yakin Bagbrades (203), Scipio ya ci nasara da Hasdrubal da Syphax kuma, yayin da Janar Roman ya mayar da hankali kan Carthage, Gaius Laelius da Masinissa sun bi Syphax zuwa Cirta, inda aka kama shi kuma aka mika shi ga Scipio. Bayan shan kashi na Syphax, Masinissa ya auri matar Syphax Sophonisba, amma Scipio, wanda ke zargin amincinta, ya bukaci a kai ta Roma kuma ta bayyana a cikin faretin nasara. Domin kubutar da ita daga irin wannan wulakanci, Masinisa ta aika mata da guba, da ta kashe kanta. Yanzu an karɓi Masinissa a matsayin amintaccen aminin Roma, kuma Scipio ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin sarkin Massylii. Bayan kama Syphax, Sarki Bokkar, mai mulkin ƙasar Maroko a yanzu mai hedkwatarsa a Tingis, ya zama hamshakin Masinisa. [4] [5] [6]

A yakin Zama, Masinissa ya umarci mayaƙan doki (6,000 Numidian da 3,000 Roman) a gefen dama na Scipio, Scipio ya jinkirta ƙaddamarwa har tsawon lokaci don ba da damar Masinissa ya shiga shi. Tare da yakin da ke rataye a cikin ma'auni, mayaƙan Masinisa, bayan sun kori mahayan Carthaginian da suka gudu, suka dawo kuma nan da nan suka fada a baya na Carthaginian. Nan take sojojin Hannibal suka fara rugujewa. Yaƙin Punic na Biyu ya ƙare kuma don hidimarsa Masinisa ya karɓi Mulkin Syphax, kuma ya zama Sarkin Numidia.

Masinissa yanzu shine sarkin Massylii da Masaesyli. Ya nuna aminci ga Romawa ba tare da wani sharadi ba, kuma matsayinsa a Afirka ya ƙarfafa da wani sashi a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na 201 tsakanin Roma da Carthage da ke hana na karshen zuwa yaki ko da a cikin kare kai ba tare da izinin Romawa ba. Wannan ya ba Masinissa damar shiga sauran yankin Carthaginian muddin ya yanke hukunci cewa Roma na son ganin Carthage ya kara rauni.

Daga baya rayuwa

gyara sashe

  Tare da goyon bayan Romawa, Masinissa ya kafa mulkinsa na Numidia, yammacin Carthage, tare da Cirta - Constantine a yau - a matsayin babban birninsa. Duk wannan ya faru daidai da sha'awar Romawa, yayin da suke so su ba Carthage ƙarin matsaloli tare da maƙwabta. Babban burin Masinissa shi ne gina ƙasa mai ƙarfi da haɗin kai daga ƙabilun Numidian da ba su da ra'ayin makiyaya. Don haka, ya gabatar da dabarun noma na Carthaginian kuma ya tilasta yawancin Numidians su zauna a matsayin manoma manoma. Masinissa da 'ya'yansa sun mallaki manyan kadarori a ko'ina cikin Numidia, har ma marubutan Romawa sun danganta shi da shi, a zahirin ƙarya, zama na Numidia. Manyan garuruwan sun haɗa da Capsa, Thugga ( Dougga na zamani), Bulla Regia da Hippo Regius .

Duk tsawon mulkinsa, Masinissa ya fadada yankinsa, kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Roma lokacin da, a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya tsokani Carthage ya tafi yaƙi da shi. Birnin Punic ya amsa da wani nau'i, kodayake ba zai iya ayyana yaki bisa doka ba saboda yarjejeniyar da ta yi da Roma. A wani lokaci, Masinissa ya yi tafiya don taimaka wa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa don yaƙar harin ' yan Hispanic, watakila mamaya na Lusitaniya na 153 BC wanda Caucenus ya jagoranta, wanda aka yi hasashe cewa yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Carthage. Tabbas birnin ya ba da jari don korar filayen Masinisa.

Duk wani fatan da Masinissa zai yi na tsawaita mulkinsa a fadin Arewacin Afirka ya ci tura, duk da haka, tare da kwamitocin Romawa da aka aika zuwa Afirka don yanke hukunci kan takaddamar yanki tsakanin Masinissa da Carthage. Ya ci nasara da Punics, duk da haka, a yakin Oroscopa a 151 BC. A kowane hali, mai rai mai yiwuwa ta hanyar tsoro mara ma'ana na farfaɗowar Carthaginian, amma mai yiwuwa ta hanyar zato ga burin Masinissa mai nasara, tsofaffi Marcus Porcius Cato ya ba da shawara a tsakanin Romawa, a ƙarshe tare da nasara, halakar Carthage. Dangane da kwatance daga Livy, Numidians sun fara kai samame kusan garuruwa saba'in a sassan kudanci da yamma na sauran yankin Carthage. Cikin fushi da halinsu, Carthage ya tafi yaƙi da su, a cikin saba wa yarjejeniyar Romawa da ta hana su yin yaƙi da kowa, don haka ya haifar da Yaƙin Punic na Uku (149-146 BC). Masinissa ya nuna bacin ransa a lokacin da sojojin Romawa suka isa Afirka a shekara ta 149 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, amma ya mutu a farkon shekara ta 148 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ba tare da wani sabani a cikin kawancen ba. Labari na dā sun nuna cewa Masinissa ya rayu fiye da shekara 90 kuma a fili yana jagorantar sojojin mulkinsa sa’ad da ya mutu.

A cikin 179 BC Masinissa ya sami kambi na zinariya daga mazaunan Delos yayin da ya ba su kayan abinci na jirgi. An kafa wani mutum-mutumi na Masinissa a Delos don girmama shi da kuma wani rubutu da wani ɗan ƙasar Rhodes ya keɓe masa a Delos. 'Ya'yansa maza kuma sun gina guntuwarsu a tsibirin Delos kuma Sarkin Bitiniya, Nikodedes, ya keɓe wani mutum-mutumi ga Masinissa. [7]

Bayan mutuwarsa, Micipsa ya gaji gadon sarauta, Micipsa yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Hiempsal I da Aherbal, waɗanda suka ɗauki mulki na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ɗan uwansu Jughurta ya hambarar da su. Wasu daga cikin zuriyarsa sune dattijo Juba I na Numidia (85 BC–46 BC) da ƙaramin Juba II (52 BC–AD 24).

A cikin adabi, fasaha da fim

gyara sashe
  • Afirka (karshen shekarun 1330), waƙar almara ta Petrarch
  • Sophonisbe (1680), wasan makoki na Jamus na Daniel Casper von Lohenstein
  • Cabria (1914), Fim ɗin shiru na Italiyanci wanda Giovanni Pastrone ya jagoranta. Vitale Di Stefano ya nuna Masinisa.
  • Scipio the African (1971), Fim ɗin Italiyanci wanda Luigi Magni ya jagoranta. Woody Strode ne ya nuna Masinisa.
  • Girman kai na Carthage (2005), wani labari na David Anthony Durham
  •  
    Scipio a wurin mutuwar Masinisa
  •  
    bangon tsakiyar nuna Sophonisba yana neman taimako daga Massinissa
  •  
    Scipio Africanus yana 'yantar da Massiva

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cambridge
  2. ↑ Walsh, P.G. (1965). "Massinissa". The Journal of Roman Studies. 55 (1/2): 149–160. doi:10.2307/297437. JSTOR 297437. S2CID 250349824 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Can North Africa unite over couscous?
  4. ↑ Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements, Volume 7 Morocco.
  5. ↑ Histoire du Maroc Coissac de Chavrebière Payot: “ La guerre tourna à l'avantage de Massinissa, allié des Romains . Syphax fut fait prisonnier ( 202 ) et Bokkar devint le vassal du vainqueur . « Massinissa, dit St. Gsell, rêvà d'être pour la civilisation punique ce que le Macédonien...”
  6. ↑ Le Maroc Prosper Ricard Hachette: “En 202 avant J.-C., elle était la résidence, disent les Anciens, de Bokkar, roi du Maroc, lieutenant de Syphax le numide, vassal de Massinissa . En 105 avant J.-C., Bokkus [ er, allié de Sylla, livre aux Romains son gendre”
  7. ↑ Itineraria Phoenicia - Edward Lipiński
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