Magani

Magani: abu ne ko tsari wanda yake kawo ƙarshen yanayin rashin lafiya, kamar amfani da magani, aikin tiyata, canjin yanayin rayuwa ko ma tunanin falsafa wanda ke taimakawa kawo ƙarshen wahalar mutum ko rage raɗaɗi ko yanayin warkewa, ko warkarwa. Yanayin aiki ne akan cuta, kamar su cutar taɓin hankali, nakasa, ko kuma kawai yanayin da mutum yake ganin maras kyau a zamantakewarsa a karan kansa.

Magani
ƙwaya da pharmaceutical product (en)
Said to be the same as (en)	medicinal product (en)

kwalaben magani

wani ɗakin magani a ƙasar kamaru

Cutar da ba ta jin magani tana iya zama cutar ajali; akasin haka, rashin lafiya mai warkewa na iya haifar da mutuwar mai haƙuri.

Adadin mutanen da ke da cutar da aka warkar da su ta hanyar bada magani, da ake kira warkar juzu'i ko ƙimar warkewa, ana ƙaddara ta hanyar kwatanta rayuwar marasa lafiya a kan ƙungiyar kula da ta dace da ba ta taɓa samun cutar ba.

Wata hanyar tantance kashi-kashi na magani da / ko "lokacin warkarwa" shi ne ta hanyar auna lokacin da haɗarin da ke cikin ƙungiyar mutane masu cuta ya dawo zuwa haɗarin da aka auna a cikin yawan ja [1].

Mahimmanci a cikin tunanin magani shi ne ƙarshen dawwamammen takamaiman yanayin cutar. Lokacin da mutum ya kamu da ciwon sanyi, sannan kuma ya warke daga gare shi, ana cewa mutumin ya warke, duk da cewa wata rana mutum zai iya kamuwa da wani mura. Akasin haka, mutumin da ya sami nasarar sarrafa wata cuta, irin su ciwon sukari( wanda akafi sani da Diabetes mellitus a turance), don haka ba ta samar da alamun bayyanar da ba a so a halin yanzu, amma ba tare da kawo karshenta ba har abada, ba a warkewa.

Misalin ilimin lissafi

A cikin cututtuka masu rikitarwa, irin su ciwon daji, masu bincike sun dogara da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar rashin rayuwa (DFS) na marasa lafiya a kan ƙungiyoyi masu kula da lafiya. Wannan mawuyacin tsari yana kuma da mahimmanci gafara mara iyaka tare da magani. Yawanci ana yin kwatancen ne ta hanyar tsarin kimantawa na Kaplan-Meier9.

Joseph Berkson da Robert P. Gage ne suka buga samfurin magani mafi sauki cikin 1952. A cikin wannan samfurin, rayuwa a kowane lokaci yayi daidai da waɗanda aka warke tare da waɗanda basu warke ba, amma waɗanda basu mutu ba ko kuma, game da cututtukan da ke dauke da rashi na asymptomatic, har yanzu ba su sake nuna alamun ba alamomin cutar. Lokacin da duk wadanda basu warke ba suka mutu ko kuma suka sake kamuwa da cutar, sai kawai wadanda suka warke har abada zasu ci gaba, kuma murfin DFS zai zama daidai. Matsakaicin farko a lokacin da hankulan ya daidaita shine wurin da za'a ayyana dukkan wadanda suka tsira daga masu cutar ba tare da cuta ba har abada. Idan karkatarwar ba ta taɓarɓarewa ba, to ana ɗauka cewa cutar ba ta da magani (tare da magungunan da ake da su)

Daidaitaccen Berkson da Gage shine $S(t)=p+[(1-p)\times S^{*}(t)]$

ina $S(t)$ shi ne adadin mutanen da ke rayuwa a kowane lokaci a lokaci, $p$ shine kason da aka warke har abada, kuma $S^{*}(t)$ sigar karkace ce mai wakiltar rayuwar mutanen da basu warke ba.

Za'a iya ƙayyade raƙuman kwalliyar cuta ta hanyar nazarin bayanan. Binciken ya ba wa mai ilimin lissafi damar tantance yawan mutanen da ke warkewa ta dindindin ta hanyar ba da magani, da kuma tsawon lokacin bayan jiyya ya zama dole a jira kafin a bayyana wani mutum mai cutar da zai warke.

Yawancin samfuran ƙarancin warkaswa suna wanzu, kamar su tsaran-tsinkayen algorithm da samfurin Markov na Monte Carlo. Zai yiwu a yi amfani da ƙirar saurin warkarwa don kwatanta ingancin magunguna daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, ana daidaita hanyoyin rayuwa don tasirin tsufa na al'ada akan mace-mace, musamman lokacin da ake nazarin cututtukan tsofaffi.

Daga hangen nesa na mai haƙuri, musamman wanda ya sami sabon magani, ƙirar ƙirar na iya zama takaici. Yana iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don tara isassun bayanai don sanin ma'anar da DFS ke lanƙwasa (sabili da haka ba a tsammanin sake dawowa). Wasu cututtukan na iya gano cewa ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar fasaha ba, amma kuma ana bukatar magani ta yadda ba za a iya bambanta da kayan magani ba. Sauran cututtukan na iya tabbatar da cewa suna da tarin filaye da yawa, don haka abin da aka taɓa yabawa a matsayin "magani" yana haifar da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ƙarshen sake dawowa. Sakamakon haka, marasa lafiya, iyaye da masana halayyar dan adam sun kirkiro da ra'ayin warkewar halayyar dan adam, ko kuma lokacin da mara lafiyan ya yanke hukuncin cewa maganin ya isa ya zama waraka kamar yadda ake kira magani. Misali, mara lafiya na iya shelanta kansa cewa "ya warke", kuma ya yanke shawarar yin rayuwarsa kamar dai tabbas an tabbatar da warkewar, nan da nan bayan jiyya.

Sharuɗɗa masu alaƙa

Amsa

shi ne rage raunin bayyanar cututtuka bayan jiyya.

Farfadowa da na'ura

shine maido da lafiya ko aiki. Mutumin da ya warke ba zai iya warkewa sosai ba, kuma mutumin da ya warke ba zai warke ba, kamar yadda yake a yanayin mutumin da ya sami gafara na ɗan lokaci ko kuma wanda ke ɗauke da alamun cutar rashin lafiya.

Rigakafin

hanya ce ta gujewa rauni, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko cuta da fari, kuma gabaɗaya ba zai taimaki wanda ya riga ya kamu da rashin lafiya ba (kodayake akwai keɓaɓɓun). Misali, jarirai da yara kanana da yawa suna yin allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna da sauran cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ke hana su kamuwa da cutar shan inna. Amma allurar rigakafin ba ta aiki ga marasa lafiyar da suka riga sun kamu da cutar shan inna. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan an riga an fara matsalar lafiya.

Far

yana magance matsala, kuma mai yiwuwa ko bazai haifar da maganinta ba. A cikin yanayin da ba shi da magani, magani yana inganta yanayin kiwon lafiya, sau da yawa kawai idan dai an ci gaba da maganin ko na ɗan lokaci bayan an gama jiyya. Misali, babu maganin cutar kanjamau, amma ana samun magunguna don rage cutar da kwayar cutar HIV ta yi kuma tsawaita rayuwar mutumin da aka kula da shi. Jiyya ba koyaushe ke aiki ba. Misali, chemotherapy magani ne na kansar, amma bazai yuwu ga kowane mara lafiya ba. A cikin sauƙin warkewar cututtukan kansa, kamar cutar sankarar bargo a yara, cutar sankarau da kuma Hodgkin lymphoma, adadin warkarwa na iya kusanci kashi 90% . A wasu siffofin, magani na iya zama da gaske ba zai yiwu ba. Kulawa bazai buƙaci cin nasara a cikin 100% na marasa lafiya don ɗauka mai warkewa ba. Maganin da aka bayar na iya warkar da wasu marasa lafiya kalilan har abada; Matukar dai wadanda suka warke suka warke, to ana daukar maganin a matsayin mai warkarwa.

Misalai

Magunguna na iya ɗaukar nau'in maganin rigakafi na halitta (don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ), maganin rigakafi na roba kamar sulphonamides, ko fluoroquinolones, antivirals (don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta ), antifungals, antitoxins, bitamin, kwayar halittar jini, tiyata, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da da sauransu. Duk da yawan maganin da ake ci gaba da yi, jerin cututtukan da ba sa jin magani sun kasance masu tsayi.

1700s

Scurvy ya zama mai warkewa (kamar yadda za'a iya hana shi) tare da ƙwayoyin bitamin C (alal misali, a cikin lemun tsami) lokacin da James Lind ya wallafa A Yarjejeniyar kan Scurvy (1753).

1890s

Emil Adolf von Behring da abokan aikin sa ne suka samar da Antitoxins zuwa diphtheria da tetanus toxins daga 1890 zuwa gaba. A amfani da diphtheria antitoxin domin lura da diphtheria an ɗauke ta The Lancet a matsayin "mafi muhimmanci gaba da [19th] Century a cikin magani daga m cutar".

1930s

Sulphonamides ya zama magani na farko da aka samo asali sosai don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.

An fara kirkirar magungunan Antimalarials sa zazzabin cizon sauro ya zama warkarwa.

1940s

Kwayoyin cuta sun zama warkarwa tare da ci gaban maganin rigakafi.

Shekarar 2010

Hepatitis C, kamuwa da cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta, ya zama mai warkarwa ta hanyar magani tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Duba kuma

• Kawar da cututtuka masu yaduwa
• Jerin cututtukan da basu da magani
• Maganin rigakafin
• Gafara (magani)
• Rushewa, sake bayyanawar cuta
• Gafara maras lokaci