Wikipedia

Kungiyar Via Campesina

La Vía Campesina (daga harshen kasar Spaniya, lit. ' kungiya ce ta manoma ta duniya wacce aka kafa ta a 1993 a Mons, Belgium, wadda kungiyoyi 182 suka kafa a kasashe 81,[1] da kuma bayyana kanta a matsayin "ƙungiya manoma ta duniya wacce ke gudanar da harkokin kananan manoma da tsaka-tsakinsu, ma'aikatan noma, matan karkara, da al'ummomi asali na nahiyar Asiya, Afirka, Amurka, da Turai".[2]

Kungiyar Via Campesina

Bayanai
Iri ma'aikata
Ƙasa Faransa
Mulki
Hedkwata Bagnolet (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1993
viacampesina.org
takadda akan via campesina

Via Campesina tana ba da shawarwari ga noman gandu, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙira kalmar "mulkin abinci".[2] La Vía Campesina na gudanar da kamfen don kare haƙƙin da manoma ke na samun iri, da dakatar da cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata, da yin gyare-gyaren noma, da ma gaba ɗaya don amincewa da haƙƙin manoma. [3]

Tarihi

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Asali da kuduri

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     Map of countries with a member organization of La Vía Campesina

Tun daga shekarun 1980 gwamnatocin ba su ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin karkarar gefen gari, wanda ya raunana ikon kamfanoni a kan ƙungiyoyin manoma yayin da suke rayuwa a cikin aikin gona ya zama mai wahala.[4] Sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin manoma na kasa sun fara kulla alaka da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, tun daga Latin Amurka sannan kuma a duniya.[4]

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ƙananan manoma sun fito ne daga sabon fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙin da ya taso a cikin 1990s; a lokacin, haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsare-tsaren ci gaba sun haɗu waɗanda suka faɗaɗa daga haƙƙin siyasa da na jama'a don haɗawa da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[5] Kungiyar manoman noma ta yi yunkurin kalubalantar akidar hegemonic na neoliberalism a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma samo hanyoyin da za su kare hakkin ma'aikata a duniya.[5]

Dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa

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Kungiyoyin manoma daga Turai, Latin Amurka, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya da Afirka ne suka kafa kungiyar a cikin 1993. [6] Gidauniyar ta biyo bayan taron da aka yi na babban yarjejeniyar haraji da kasuwanci ta Uruguay (GATT), inda aka rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyar kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO) kan aikin noma da kasuwanci mai alaka da yancin mallakar fasaha (TRIPS).[7] Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun haifar da koma baya daga mutane da yawa a duniya saboda mayar da hankali kan matsalolin fasaha maimakon 'yancin ɗan adam na samun abinci, musamman ga waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Duniya.[8] Ana ci gaba da dunkulewar duniya a wannan lokaci, wanda ya shafi masana'antu da dama ciki har da noma. [6] La Vía Campesina ta bai wa ƙananan manoma fage don jin muryoyinsu game da yadda waɗannan canje-canje ke tasiri rayuwarsu. [6]

Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa kuma yanzu an amince da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar duniya kan abinci da noma. An gabatar da shi a fage da dama na duniya, kamar:

  • Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO);[9]
  • Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Sabbin Tsirrai (UPOV);[10]
  • Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC); [6]
  • Ƙungiyar Ƙirar Hannu ta Duniya (WIPO).

Via Campesina ta shiga cikin tattaunawar[11] na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, wanda babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Disamba 2018.[12]

Abubuwan fifiko

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A cewar shafin yanar gizo na La Via Campesina, manyan batutuwan ƙungiyoyin suna haɓaka ikon mallakar abinci; neman sake fasalin aikin gona; ikon mutane a kan ƙasa, ruwa, yankuna; tsayayya da ciniki-free; inganta shahararriyar ƙauyen mata; kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙaura; inganta aikin agroecology; inganta tsarin tsaba na manoma; kara yawan shigar matasa a harkar noma.[13]

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyar ta ba da muhimmanci sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da 'yancin mata, tare da karfafa adawa da kamfanonin kasashen waje . Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali kan samun karbuwa ga jawabin da ya shafi ikon mallakar abinci, da maido da kalmar "baƙauye" da kuma sake haifar da asalin ƙauyen ƙauye a kan iyakokin ƙasa da al'adu.[4] La Vía Campesina kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a duniya.[14]

Yanke shawarar demokradiyya shine tsakiyar manufar La Vía Campesina, kuma an sadaukar da ita ga wakilci na gaskiya da haɗin kai na duk mahalarta, yin canje-canjen tsari idan ya cancanta. Ana buƙatar ra'ayoyin mutane a duniya don tantancewa da haɓaka samar da abinci na duniya da ikon mallaka. [14] Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari na daidaito tsakanin membobin ƙungiyoyi shine ƙirƙirar ainihin ƙauyen ƙauye. Maido da wannan shaidar an kira shi "sake mayar da al'umma". [14] Bisa ga Desmarais (2008), kalmar "baƙauye" a cikin Turanci yana da ma'anar da ke da alaka da feudalism, amma a cikin wasu harsuna da mahallin, ma'anar ita ce mafi girma; campesino ya fito ne daga kalmar campo, ma'anar "ƙasa", wanda ke danganta mutane zuwa ƙasa.[15] Wannan ma'anar 'yan ta'adda shine dalili guda daya da yasa kungiyar ta zabi kin fassara sunanta zuwa turanci. [14]

Lambobin yabo

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A cikin Nuwamban 2018, La Vía Campesina ta sami kyautar XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarra a la Solidaridad).[16]

A cikin watan Yunin 2018, ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu, jam'i da al'adu da yawa, waɗanda ke da cikakken 'yancin kai daga kowace alaƙar siyasa ko tattalin arziki, an ba da lambar yabo ta Lush Spring Prize Prize Award.[17]

A cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka don Agroecology ( SOCLA Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine ) "saboda fahimtar misalinta na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar neman aikin gona da haƙƙin manoma, wajen aiwatar da aikinta na kula da ƙasa." ciyar da duniya, kiyaye ɗimbin halittu da sanyaya duniya, ta hanyar ci gaba da neman ikon mallakar abinci a Latin Amurka."[18]

A cikin shekara ta 2004, La Vía Campesina ta sami lambar yabo ta International Human Rights Award ta Global Exchange, a San Francisco.[19]

Ƙungiya

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Mata memba na Via Campesina a lokacin taron zamantakewa na duniya na 7th ( Nairobi, 2007)

La Vía Campesina ƙungiya ce ta asali, tare da fafutuka a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Membobin sun fito daga kasashe 81, an tsara su zuwa yankuna 9. [6] Kwamitin kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na da namiji daya da mace daya a kowane yanki da kuma matasa daya a kowace nahiya, kowannensu ya zaba daga kungiyoyin mambobi na yankinsu. [6] Tare da kusan kungiyoyi 182 na gida da na ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi, La Via Campesina tana wakiltar manoma miliyan 200 da aka kiyasta a fadin duniya. [6]

A cewar Menser (2008), La Via Campesina misali ne na nasara da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da dimokuradiyyar haɗin gwiwa saboda tsarinta na daidaitawa don tabbatar da wakilci na gaskiya.[20]

Taro

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Wakilai daga kowane yanki suna haduwa a taron kasa da kasa kusan kowace shekara hudu. An gudanar da tarurrukan da suka gabata a Mons a 1993, Tlaxcala City a 1996, Bangalore a 2000, São Paulo a 2004, Maputo a 2008, Jakarta a 2013, da Derio a cikin 2017. [21] Sakatariyar kasa da kasa tana canza wurinta na tsakiya kowace shekara 4 bisa shawarar da aka yanke a taron kasa da kasa. Wuraren da suka gabata sune Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), da Indonesia (2005-2013). [21]

Tun daga watan Satumban 2013, sakatariyar ta kasance a Harare, Zimbabwe. [6] Babban Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na yanzu shine Elizabeth Mpofu, wacce ke mai da hankali kan cin zarafin mata, muryoyin matasa, da 'yancin iri na duniya. [22]

Shigar da mata

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An yi watsi da bambancin jinsi a matsayin abun la'akari na wannan tafiyai. A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sanarwar Managua - wanda ya fara zuwa La Vía Campesina - duk mutane 8 da suka halarta maza ne. Matan ƙauye sun fara shiga tsakani da yunƙurin neman yancin mata a taron ƙasa da ƙasa a Tlaxcala a 1996. [23] A wannan taron, sun yanke shawarar kafa wani kwamiti da aka sadaukar don kare hakkin mata da batutuwan jinsi, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Hukumar Mata ta Vía Campesina. [23] Matan da ke cikin kwamitin sun kuma ba da gudummawa sosai wajen gyara daftarin ginshiƙi kan ikon mallakar abinci wanda aka gabatar a taron kolin abinci na duniya a 1996. [23] Sun haɗa da kiwon lafiya a matsayin la'akari da samar da abinci ba tare da sinadarai na noma ba, da kuma mahimmancin shigar mata cikin canje-canjen manufofi saboda yawanci an hana mata shiga siyasa. [23] Matan La Vía Campesina har yanzu suna aiki don samun wakilci da haɗin gwiwar matan manoma, musamman a matsayi na jagoranci.

Samar da abinci

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La Vía Campesina ta gabatar da haƙƙin mallakar abinci a taron kolin abinci na duniya a shekara ta 1996 a matsayin "yancin jama'a na samun abinci mai lafiya da kuma ta sauki da aka samar ta hanyoyi masu dorewa da kuma hakkinsu na ayyana nasu tsarin abinci da noma." [6] Kalmar nan "dace ta al'ada" tana nuna cewa abincin da ake da shi kuma ya dace da al'adun mutanen da ke cinyewa. Misali, kayayyakin alkama da ake ba da tallafi da shigo da su ba za su shiga karkashin wannan nau’in ba a kasar da abinci na masara ya kasance tushen abincin gargajiya.

Batu Samfurin rinjaye Mulkin abinci
Ciniki Kasuwancin kyauta a cikin komai Abinci da noma keɓe daga yarjejeniyar kasuwanci
fifikon samarwa Agroexports Abinci ga kasuwannin gida
Farashin amfanin gona 'Abin da kasuwa ta ƙulla' (bar hanyoyin da ke haifar da ƙarancin farashin amfanin gona da ƙayyadaddun farashin abinci mai ƙima) Farashin da ya dace wanda ke rufe farashin samarwa da baiwa manoma da ma'aikatan gona damar rayuwa cikin mutunci
Samun kasuwa Samun shiga kasuwannin waje Samun dama ga kasuwannin gida; kawo karshen korar manoma daga kasuwannin su ta hanyar sana’ar noma
Tallafi Yayin da aka haramta a Duniya ta Uku, ana ba da izinin tallafi da yawa a cikin Amurka da Turai, amma ana biyan su ne kawai ga manyan manoma Tallafin ya yi daidai da ba ya lalata wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar zubar da ciki (watau ba da tallafin ga manoma iyali kawai don tallan kai tsaye, farashi/ tallafin kuɗi, kiyaye ƙasa, juyawa zuwa noma mai dorewa, bincike, da sauransu. )
Abinci Babban kaya; a aikace, wannan yana nufin sarrafa, gurɓataccen abinci wanda ke cike da mai, sukari, babban fructose corn syrup da ragowar masu guba. Haƙƙin ɗan adam: musamman, yakamata ya kasance lafiyayye, mai gina jiki, mai araha, dacewa da al'ada, kuma ana samarwa a cikin gida
Da yake iya samarwa Zaɓin don ingantaccen tattalin arziki Hakki na mutanen karkara
Yunwa Saboda ƙarancin aiki Matsalolin samun dama da rarrabawa saboda talauci da rashin daidaito
Tsaron abinci An samu ta hanyar shigo da abinci Mafi girma lokacin da samar da abinci ke hannun masu fama da yunwa, ko kuma aka samar a gida
Sarrafa albarkatu masu albarka (ƙasa, ruwa, dazuzzuka) Mai zaman kansa Karkashin ikon al'umma na gida
Samun damar ƙasa Ta kasuwa Ta hanyar gyaran noma
Tsaba Haƙƙin mallaka Gadon ɗan adam na gama-gari, waɗanda al'ummomin karkara da al'adu suka riƙe amana; 'babu haƙƙin mallaka akan rayuwa'
Karkara bashi da zuba jari Daga bankuna masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni Daga bangaren jama'a, wanda aka tsara don tallafawa aikin noma na iyali
Jurewa Ba batun ba Dole ne a haramta
Keɓaɓɓu Ba batun ba Tushen mafi yawan matsalolin
Yawan samarwa Babu irin wannan abu, ta ma'anarsa Yana jefa farashin ƙasa da manoma cikin talauci; muna buƙatar manufofin sarrafa wadata a cikin Amurka da EU
Fasahar noma Masana'antu, monoculture, Juyin Juyin Halitta, mai tsananin sinadarai; yana amfani da GMOs Agroecology, noma mai dorewa, babu GMOs
Manoma Anachronism, rashin inganci zai ɓace Masu kula da al'adu da ƙwayar cuta; masu kula da albarkatun albarkatu; ma'ajiyar ilimi; alamar ciki da ginin tubalin faffadan ci gaban tattalin arziki
Masu amfani da birni Ma'aikata da za a biya kadan kuma mai yiwuwa Bukatar albashin rayuwa
Halittun Halittu da aka gyara (GMOs) Guguwar nan gaba Mummuna ga lafiya da muhalli; fasahar da ba dole ba
Tushen: Rosset (2003)

Samar da isasshen abinci vs. Tsaron abinci

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Samar da abinci ya bambanta da amincin abinci . An bayyana tsaron abinci a matsayin "hanzarin jiki, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don samun isasshe, lafiyayye, abinci mai gina jiki... a kowane lokaci don saduwa da abubuwan da ake ci na [yawan jama'a] da abubuwan abinci don rayuwa mai kuzari da lafiya" ta D. Moyo Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka a 2007. [24] Tsaron abinci ya fi mayar da hankali kan samar da abinci ga kowa da kowa ta kowace hanya da ta dace, ta hanyar samar da gida ko kuma shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, manufofin tattalin arziki da suka shafi tsaro abinci yawanci suna jaddada noman masana'antu wanda zai iya samar da abinci mai rahusa.[25]

Tsarin abinci

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Friedmann ya bayyana cewa tsarin abinci a matsayin "tsarin da aka kafa don samarwa da cin abinci akan sikelin duniya". [26] Tsarin tsarin abinci yana da alamar canji a cikin samar da abinci wanda ke haifar da gagarumin canji na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. [26] Halin da ake ciki na samar da abinci a duniya ana iya kiransa da "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni" saboda yawan samar da abinci da sarrafa abinci a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Misali, kamfanoni na Amurka suna da iko kan samar da abinci ta hanyar ba da kwangila ga kananan manoma, wanda ke ba su damar shiga da riba ba tare da fuskantar hadarin noma ba, kamar yanayi da cututtuka. Tsarin abinci shine sakamakon "gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fafutuka" don sarrafa yadda aka tsara samar da abinci da kuma ra'ayi, a cewar McMichael. [26] Tsarin tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya zo ne da ka'idar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda ya samo asali ne ta hanyar inganci da sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata kasashe su mayar da hankali ga kokarinsu da albarkatunsu wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka inda suke da wata fa'ida dangane da sauran al'ummomi (wato kayayyaki da suka dace). sun fi kyau wajen samarwa), kamar yadda Philip McMichael ya ambata. Tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya wanzu na shekaru 100 na ƙarshe kawai, idan aka kwatanta da shekarun millenni kafin haɓaka masana'antu da juyin juya halin kore . [26]

Duba kuma

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Ci gaba da karatu

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Hanyoyin haɗin ciki

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Members of La Via Campesina as of 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes", Food First News & Views, Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.
  3. ↑ Borras Jr., Saturnino M. "La Vía Campesina and its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform.." Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 2/3 (April 2008): 258-289.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Martínez-Torres, María Elena; Rosset, Peter (2010). "La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 37: 149–175. doi:10.1080/03066150903498804. S2CID 143767689.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Shawki, Noha (2014). "New Rights Advocacy and the Human Rights of Peasants: La Via Campesina and the Evolution of New Human Rights Norms". Journal of Human Rights Practice. 6 (2): 311. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huu009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Organisation. Published 9 Feb. 2011. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44 Archived 2017-07-10 at the Wayback Machine>
  7. ↑ Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2003). "The Via Campesina: Peasant Women on the Frontiers of Food Sovereignty". Canadian Woman Studies. 23 (1): 140–145. ISSN 0713-3235.
  8. ↑ Hawkes, Shona; Plahe, Jagjit Kaur (2013). "Worlds apart: The WTO's Agreement on Agriculture and the right to food in developing countries". International Political Science Review. 34 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1177/0192512112445238. S2CID 154496914.
  9. ↑ FAO. ""La société civile et les biotechnologies", interview of Guy Kastler, La Via Campesina, intervenant de la société civile à l'occasion du Symposium international sur le rôle des biotechnologies agricoles". FAO. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  10. ↑ UPOV (5 August 2016). "European Coordination Via Campesina (Mr. Guy Kastler), on UPOV". UPOV website. Geneva. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "UNITED NATIONS: Third Committee approves the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas". Via Campesina. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  12. ↑ A. Wise, Timothy (24 January 2019). "UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants' Rights Declaration". Resilience. Archived from the originalon 10 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  13. ↑ "About La Via Campesina". 2016-10-28.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2008). "The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina". Journal of Rural Studies. 24 (2): 138–149. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002.
  15. ↑ Welch, C., 2001. Peasants and globalization in Latin America: a survey of recent literature. Paper presented at the XXIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 6–8 September, Washington, DC.
  16. ↑ ""Globalising the struggle also means globalising solidarity and hope" - La Via Campesina, while accepting the XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity". Via Campesina English. 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  17. ↑ LVC, Via Campesina (2017-05-23). "Lush Spring Prize Influence Award Winner: La Via Campesina". uk.lush.com. Lush Spring Prize. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  18. ↑ "La Via Campesina receives award for "tireless struggle in favor of Agroecology"". La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Past Honorees. Retrieved from <>
  20. ↑ Menser, Michael (2008). "Transnational Participatory Democracy in Action: The Case of La Via Campesina". Journal of Social Philosophy. 39 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00409.x.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Our Conferences. Published 11 Apr. 2014. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28 Archived 2017-07-10 at the Wayback Machine>
  22. ↑ La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. La Via Campesina International passes on the torch to Africa. Published 13 Jun. 2013. Retrieved from <http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28/6-jakarta-2013/1427-la-via-campesina-international-passes-on-the-torch-to-africa Archived 2016-03-02 at the Wayback Machine>
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  24. ↑ The Future of Food: Elements of Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa and Food Security Status in Africa, D. Moyo. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). Vol. 101 (MARCH 28-31, 2007), pp. 103-108. JSTOR 25660167
  25. ↑ Glenna, Leland; Ader, David; Bauchspies, Wenda; Traoré, Abou; Agboh-Noameshi, Rita Afiavi (2012). "The Efficacy of a Program Promoting Rice Self-Sufficiency in Ghana during a Period of Neoliberalism". Rural Sociology. 77 (4): 520
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4

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