Khoemana
ǃOrakobab ko Khoemana, kuma aka sani da Korana, ǃOra, ko Griqua, harshe ne na Khoe na Afirka ta Kudu .
| Khoemana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kqz |
| Glottolog |
kora1292[1] |
Sunaye
gyara sashe"Khoemana" (daga khoe 'mutum' + mana 'harshe') an fi saninsa da ko dai Korana / kɒˈrɑːnə / ( kuma ǃOrakobab , ǃOra, Kora, Koraqua) ko Griqua (kuma Gri [xri]</link> , Xri, Xiri, Xirikwa). [2] Sunan 'Korana' yana nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen ǃOra </link> ko kuma Ƙaura </link> , yana nufin mutanen ǃOra . [3] Wani lokaci ǃOra kuma ana kiransa Cape Khoe ko Cape Hottentot, kodayake ƙarshen ya zama abin wulakanci. Sunaye daban-daban galibi ana ɗaukar su azaman harsuna daban-daban (wanda ake kira South Khoekhoe idan an haɗa su tare), amma ba su dace da kowane yare na ainihi ba, kuma masu iya magana na iya amfani da “Korana” da “Griqua” a musaya. Dukansu sunaye kuma ana amfani da su sosai, misali ga mutanen Griqua . Akwai (ko wanzu) yaruka da yawa na Khoemana, amma ba a san cikakkun bayanai ba. [4]
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheKhoemana yana da alaƙa da Khoekhoe, kuma tsarin sauti suna kama da juna. Ƙungiyoyin Khoekhoe da ke da ƙarfi su ne kawai buƙatun busassun [tʰ, kʰ]</link> in Khoemana. Koyaya, Khoemana yana da alaƙar haɗin gwiwa, /kxʼʔ/</link> , [5] wanda ba a samo shi a cikin Khoekhoe ba, da jerin dannawa masu dacewa, /ǀ͡xʼ ǁ͡xʼ ǃ͡xʼ ǂ͡xʼ/</link> . Tekun (1938) [6] ya ba da rahoton cewa Khoekhoe na lokacin yana da alaƙar ɓarna a gefe, [k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ]</link> , fahimta gama gari ko allophone na /kxʼ/</link> a cikin harsuna tare da dannawa, kuma ana iya tsammanin hakan gaskiya ne ga Khoemana kuma. Bugu da ƙari, kusan rabin dukkan kalmomin ƙamus na Khoemana sun fara da dannawa, idan aka kwatanta da kwata na Khoekhoe.
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na baka | hanci | na baka | na baka | hanci | |
| Kusa | i | ĩ | u | ũ | |
| Tsakar | e | ə | o | õ | |
| Bude | a | ã | |||
A cikin Korana, [oe] da [oa] ana iya kiran su [mu] da [wa].
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| M | mara murya | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| m | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| murya | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Ƙaddamar da fitarwa | tsʼ | kxʼ | ||||
| Mai sassautawa | s | x | h | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
- Ana iya gane sautin wayar [k] a matsayin /c/ kafin [e] ko [i].
- Wani lokaci ana samun intervocalic [p] da [b] a matsayin /β/.
- An bayyana [s] alveolar-postalveolar lokacin da wasalin gaba na kusa [i], [ĩ], ko [e] ba ya bi shi.
- Wayar da aka yi niyya [tʰ] ana gane shi azaman sauti /ts/ mai alaƙa lokacin da wani wasalin gaba na kusa [i], [ĩ], ko [e ke biye da shi.
- Sautin da aka nema [kʰ] ana iya gane shi wani lokaci azaman [kx]. Wasu masu magana da Griqua na iya furta [kʰ] a matsayin [kʼ].
- Sautin [tsʼ] ba safai yake faruwa ba.
- [m] da [n] na iya faruwa a sillabi kamar [m̩] da [n̩].
- Hakanan za'a iya gane abin da aka soke [r] a matsayin wanda aka harba [ɾ] a cikin wasu magana.
- Murya na iya zama mai rauni sosai a cikin Khoemana a cikin magana ta yau da kullun, don haka muryoyin murya na iya zama da wahala a bambanta su da saƙon mara murya. [4]
| hakori | alveolar | na gefe | palatal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fili ( tasha tasha ) | ǀ (k) | ǃ (k) | ( ǁ ) | ( ǂ ) |
| hanci | ᵑǀ | ᵑǃ | ᵑǁ | ᵑǂ |
| glotalized | ǀˀ | ǃˀ | ǁˀ | ǂˀ |
| m | ǀʰ | ǃʰ | ǁʰ | ǂʰ |
| murya | ǀᶢ | ǃᶢ | ǁᶢ | ǂᶢ |
| buqatar k | ǀᵏʰ | ǃᵏʰ | ǁᵏʰ | ǂᵏʰ |
| yankin baki | ǀkx | ǃkx | ǁkx | ǂkx |
| mai cirewa </br> dangantaka |
ǀkxʼ | ǃkxʼ | ǁkxʼ | ǂkxʼ |
| velar fricative | ǀx | ǃx | ǁx | ǂx |
| babba- |
| tashi- ̌ |
| tsakiyar- ̄ |
| faduwa- ̂ |
Yawan jama'a
gyara sasheRahotanni na yawan masu magana da harshen Khoemana sun ci karo da juna, amma a fili yake cewa ya kusa karewa. An yi tunanin bacewa har sai an gano tsofaffin masu magana guda huɗu a kusa da Bloemfontein da Kimberley. [7] Wani rahoto da Don Killian na Jami’ar Helsinki ya fitar a shekara ta 2009 ya kiyasta cewa akwai kasa da 30 masu magana a lokacin. [4] Matthias Brenzinger ya ruwaito a cikin 2012 cewa mai yiwuwa mai magana daya ya rage, amma ta ki jin yaren. [8] Bambance-bambancen na iya zama saboda harshen yana da yaruka da yawa kuma yana tafiya da sunaye da yawa, tare da malamai ba koyaushe suna magana akan yawan jama'a ɗaya ba. [4] An jera Khoemana a matsayin "mai hatsarin gaske" a cikin Atlas Harshen UNESCO . [9] Rasa wannan harshe mai hatsarin gaske zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun gargajiya da al'adun masu magana da Khoemana.
Shaida
gyara sasheRobust Khoemana (kafin ƙarancin harshe na kwanan nan) an rubuta shi a cikin littafin rubutu na 1879 na Lucy Lloyd, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun labarai guda biyar; An yi wasu ƙarin ayyuka a Ponelis (1975). Tun daga 2009, aikin EuroBABEL yana neman sauran masu magana..
Tarihi
gyara sasheJama'a da harshensu sun fara jan hankalin masana a cikin shekarun 1660, wanda ya yi daidai da kokarin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Holland suka yi a Cape of Good Hope da kuma sakamakon rikice-rikice na makamai. [4] A lokacin, Khoemana yana yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin yankunan bakin teku na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan shekaru da aka shafe ana mulkin mallaka zuwa shekarun 1930, da kuma karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata daga 1948 zuwa 1994, duk harshen ya bace. [4] A halin yanzu, masu magana da harshen Khoemana ba kawai ba su da yawa, amma sun warwatse, saboda ƙaura ta tilastawa a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Wannan ya sa harshen ya kasance mai rauni musamman. [10]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Khoemana". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ The -kwa is also a grammatical suffix.
- ↑ The -na is a grammatical suffix
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Killian, D. Khoemana and the Griqua
- ↑ An ejective velar "scrape" followed by a glottal stop, a bit different from a typical velar ejective affricate
- ↑ D. Beach, 1938.
- ↑ Du Plessis, Menan (2011) "Collection of sound files for inclusion in a dictionary of Korana and eventual integration with a corpus of heritage texts"
- ↑ Korana at Endangered Languages.com
- ↑ UNESCO Xiri at UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
- ↑ Erasmus, P. Dreams and Visions in Koranna and Griqua Revival in Colonial and Post-Apartheid South Africa
Kara karantawa
gyara sasheHanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe- ǃKorana grammar at Cornell at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
- ǃKorana basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- ELAR archive of Dictionary of Korana ('Ora)
- Rosetta Project: Xiri Swadesh List