Kalam
Alqalami (القلم) wani nau'in alkalami ne. An yi shi ne daga yankan, busassun, kuma an yi amfani da shi don Rubutun Musulunci. Ana ganin alkalami a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta hikima a cikin Islama, kuma tana ambaton jaddada ilimi da ilimi a cikin al'adar Musulunci.
Magana
gyara sasheAn aro kalma ne daga Girkanci Kalamos (κάλαμος,"kalamos"),[1] daga Akkadian mai yiwuwa ta hanyar Ge'ez ḳäläm (ቀለም, "reid") gauraye cikin tushen ḳälämä (ቀለመ, "don launi, don shafawa, don rubutu").
Masana'antu
gyara sasheManufacturing
gyara sasheAn yanke ɓangarorin ɓangarorin ramukan a kusurwoyi na musamman dangane da rubutun da aka yi niyya[4] domin a yi amfani da su don yin kiraigraphy, kuma nau'in reshen da ake amfani da shi ya bambanta dangane da takamaiman zaɓin mai kira.[2] Misali, babban mawallafin ƙira Ja'far Tabrizi ya fi son wāṣeṭi da āmuyi reeds na gabashin Iraki da Kogin Oxus, bi da bi.An so ƙalam ya zama kusan inci goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha shida tsayi, kuma ba zai iya bushewa sosai ba saboda suna buƙatar zama takamaiman ma'auni mara ƙarfi kuma ba mai sassauƙa ba.
Qalam a al'adar Musulunci
gyara sasheMa’anar ilimi da rubutu suna da matukar muhimmanci a Musulunci, don haka ake girmama qalam a matsayin alama ta hikima da ilimi a cikin Alkur’ani; Sura ta 68 ita ce Al-Qalam. [3] Hatta a cikin al’ummomin jahiliyya, an yi amfani da rubutu sosai don kasuwanci da kuma wasu dalilai na doka. [4]Abu ne da aka saba dauka a tsakanin al'ummar musulmi cewa rashin mutunta rubutun a matsayin al'ada zai nuna mutum a matsayin wanda ba shi da ilimi kuma mara hankali. A cikin Islama, kasancewar haruffan Alƙur'ani a zahiri suna aiki kamar yadda gumaka suka yi wa Rumawa, a matsayin albarka da kariya. Don haka ne ma malaman addinin musulunci sukan kasance suna da matsayi mai girma a cikin al’umma, yayin da takwarorinsu na yankuna kamar Byzantium ba za su iya sanin danginsu da majibintansu ba.[5]
Lissafi yana da matsayi na tsakiya a al'adar fasaha ta Musulunci, kuma saboda haka akwai kayan haɗi masu yawa iri-iri don rakiyar qalam da mai amfani da shi, kamar akwatunan alƙalami, rijiyoyin tawada, da wukake don yanke ciyawar.
Waɗannan kayan aikin galibi an ƙawata su sosai kuma abubuwan da ake so kuma suna nuna sa'o'i marasa adadi na sauran masu fasaha da masu sana'a.[6]Tawada da aka yi amfani da ita a zamanin da ya kasance baki ne ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma an yi shi daga gumakan larabci, soot, gallnuts, ko vitriol. Wasu Al-Qur'ani, duk da haka, an rubuta su gaba ɗaya da zinariya, kuma mafi yawan masu ƙira na zamani na iya amfani da launuka iri-iri. Abu Ali Muhammad bn Muqla, wani jami’in Farisa na halifancin Abbasiyawa, ya samar da daidaitaccen tsarin rubuta rubutun lafuzza bisa alamomin da aka yi da bakin alkalami, tare da sauran ka’idojinDangane da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi ado, tawada na ƙarfe a cikin fatun masu launi sun wuce daga Byzantium zuwa Spain musulmi, kuma rubutun larabci ya koma Turai.
duba sauran bayanai
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Gacek, Adam (2008). The Arabic Manuscript Tradition: A Glossary of Technical Terms. Leiden: Brill. p. 65. ISBN 9789004120617.
- ↑ von Folsach, Kjeld (2001). Art from the World of Islam in the David Collection. Copenhagen: F. Hendriksens Eftf. p. 40. ISBN 87-88464-21-0.
- ↑ Bloom, Blair, Jonathan, Sheila (1997). Islamic Arts. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 071483176X.
- ↑ Mansour, Nassar (2011). Sacred Script: Muhaqqaq in Islamic Calligraphy. I.B.Tauris. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1848854390.
- ↑ Bierman, Irene A. (2005). The Experience of Islamic Art on the Margins of Islam. Reading: Garnet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9780863723001.
- ↑ I. McWilliams II. Roxburgh, I. Mary II. David (2007). Traces of the Calligrapher: Islamic Calligraphy in Practice, c. 1600-1900. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. p. 9. ISBN 978-0300126327.