Juyin Al'adu
Juyin juya halin al'adu, wanda aka fi sani da Babban juyin al'adun gargajiya na Proletarian, yunkuri ne na zamantakewar al'umma a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) wanda Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar a shekarar 1966, kuma ya dade har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1976. Manufarta ita ce kiyaye tsarin gurguzu na ƙasar Sin ta hanyar kawar da ragowar abubuwan jari-hujja da na gargajiya daga al'ummar kasar Sin. Juyin juya halin ya nuna yadda Mao-wanda har yanzu shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) ya dawo karagar mulki, bayan wani lokaci na ƙauracewa kai da mika kai ga jagoranci maras tushe bayan Mao. Ya jagoranci Great Leap Forward debacle da Great Chinese famine (1959-1961). juyin juya halin ya kasa cimma manyan manufofinsa.
Kaddamar da wannan yunƙuri a watan Mayun 1966 tare da taimakon kungiyar juyin juya halin al'adu, Mao ya yi zargin cewa 'yan burguza sun kutsa cikin gwamnati da al'umma da nufin dawo da tsarin jari-hujja. Mao ya yi kira ga matasa da su "dana bama-bamai a hedkwatar", ya kuma yi shelar cewa "to rebel is justified". Matasan sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa Red Guards da "kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye" a duk fadin kasar. An tattara zaɓin maganganun Mao a cikin little red book , wanda ya zama rubutu mai tsarki ga ɗabi'ar Mao. Sun gudanar da "taro na tozarta" kan masu bita akai-akai, kuma sun karbe mulki daga kananan hukumomi da rassan CCP, inda suka kafa kwamitocin juyin juya hali a 1967. Kwamitocin sukan rabu gida biyu suna gaba da juna sannan suka shiga fadan da aka fi sani da "gwagwarmayar tashin hankali", wanda dole ne a tura sojoji domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Mao ya ayyana juyin juya halin Musulunci a shekarar 1969, amma aikin juyin juya halin Musulunci zai kasance har zuwa akalla 1971, lokacin da Lin Biao, wanda ake zargi da yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Mao, ya gudu ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama. A cikin shekarar 1972, Gang of Four ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma juyin juya halin al'adu ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Mao da kama Gang of Four a 1976.
Juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance da tashin hankali da hargitsi. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya banbanta sosai, inda kiyasin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin juyin juya halin ya kai daga dubunnan daruruwan zuwa miliyoyi. Tun daga watan Agustan nan na birnin Beijing, an yi kisan kiyashi a duk fadin kasar, ciki har da kisan kiyashi na Guangxi, wanda a cikinsa ma aka yi kisa mai yawa; lamarin da ya faru a Mongoliya ta ciki; Kisan Kisan Guangdong; Kisan kiyashin Yunnan; da Kisan Hunan. Jami'an tsaro na Red Guard sun lalata kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi, tare da lalata wuraren al'adu da na addini. Rashin gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Bankiao na shekarar 1975, daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in fasaha na duniya, shi ma ya faru a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu. A halin da ake ciki, an tsananta wa dubun-dubatar mutane: manyan jami'ai, musamman shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi, tare da Deng Xiaoping, da Peng Dehuai, da He Long, an wanke su ko kuma a yi gudun hijira; miliyoyin da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobi ne na biyar Black Categories, fama da wulakanci jama'a, kurkuku, azabtarwa, wahala, kwace dukiya, da kuma wani lokacin kisa ko hargitsi a cikin kashe kansa; an dauki masu hankali a matsayin "Tsohowar Tsohuwar Wari" kuma an tsananta musu sosai manyan malamai da masana kimiyya irin su Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin, da Zhao Jiuzhang an kashe su ko kuma suka kashe kansu. An rufe makarantu da jami'o'i tare da soke jarabawar shiga kwalejin. Sama da 10 Miliyoyin matasa masu ilimi na gari an tura su karkara a cikin Harkar Down zuwa Karkara.
A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, Deng Xiaoping ya zama sabon shugaban kasar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin shugabar Hua Guofeng, kuma ya fara shirin "Boluan Fanzheng" wanda sannu a hankali ya wargaza manufofin Maoist da ke da alaka da juyin al'adu, kuma ya dawo da kasar cikin tsari. Daga nan sai Deng, tare da abokansa, suka fara wani sabon mataki a kasar Sin, ta hanyar kaddamar da shirin yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 1981, CCP ta bayyana kuma ta yarda cewa juyin juya halin al'adu ba daidai ba ne kuma "yana da alhakin koma baya mafi girma da kuma asarar mafi girma da mutane, kasa, da jam'iyyar suka fuskanta tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a." [1] A kasar Sin ta zamani, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da juyin juya halin al'adu. A cikin wasu, ana kiranta da "shekaru goma na hargitsi".
Fage
gyara sasheGreat Leap Forward
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A shekara ta 1958, bayan shirin farko na shekaru biyar na kasar Sin, Mao ya yi kira da a kafa tsarin gurguzu mai tushe domin kara habaka shirinsa na mayar da kasar Sin kasa mai ci gaban masana'antu na zamani. A cikin wannan ruhi, Mao ya ƙaddamar da Babban Babban Haɓaka, ya kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin karkara, kuma ya fara tattara jama'a zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi. An ba wa al'ummomi da yawa damar samar da kayayyaki guda karfe. Mao ya sha alwashin kara yawan noma zuwa ninki biyu na matakan 1957.
Great Leap ya kasance gazawar tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma da ba su yi karatu ba an janye su daga noma da girbi, maimakon haka aka ba su umarnin su samar da karafa a ma'auni mai yawa, wani bangare na dogaro da tanderun bayan gida don cimma burin samar da kayan aikin da 'yan sanda suka gindaya. Karfe da aka samar ba shi da inganci kuma galibi mara amfani. Great Leap ya rage girman girbi kuma ya haifar da raguwar samar da mafi yawan kayayyaki banda baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara inganci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan hukumomi suna yawan wuce gona da iri na yawan kayan da ake samarwa, suna ɓoyewa da tsananta matsalar shekaru da yawa. :25–30A halin da ake ciki, hargitsi a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, rashin kyawun yanayi, da fitar da abinci da ake buƙata don tabbatar da kuɗi mai wuya ya haifar da Great Chinese famine. Abinci ya kasance cikin matsananciyar rashin ƙarfi, kuma samarwa ya ragu sosai. Yunwa ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane fiye da 30 mutane miliyan, musamman a yankunan da suka fi fama da talauci.
Rashin nasarar great Leap ya rage darajar Mao a cikin CCP. A shekarar 1959, Mao ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kasar Sin, kuma shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi ya gaje shi, yayin da Mao ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin kuma babban kwamanda. A watan Yuli, manyan jagororin jam'iyyar sun yi taro a filin wasa na Dutsen Lu don tattauna manufofin. A wajen taron, Marshal Peng Dehuai, Ministan Tsaro, ya soki manufofin Great Leap a cikin wata wasika ta sirri ga Mao, inda ya rubuta cewa yana fama da rashin kulawa da kuma yin taka tsantsan game da daukaka akidar siyasa a kan dokokin tattalin arziki.
Duk da madaidaicin sautin wasiƙar Peng, Mao ya ɗauki ta a matsayin hari na kashin kai ga shugabancinsa. :55Bayan taron, Mao ya cire Peng daga mukamansa, kuma ya zarge shi da kasancewa "right opportunist". An maye gurbin Peng da Lin Biao, wani janar na sojan juyin juya hali wanda ya zama babban mai goyon bayan Mao daga baya a cikin aikinsa. Yayin da taron na Lushan ya kasance tamkar kisa ga Peng, babban mai sukar Mao, ya kai ga sauya mulki zuwa masu sassaucin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Liu Shaoqi da Deng Xiaoping, wadanda suka dauki nauyin tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kasar sosai bayan 1959.
A farkon shekarun 1960, yawancin manufofin tattalin arziki na great Leap sun koma baya ta hanyar yunƙurin da Liu, Deng, da Firimiya Zhou Enlai suka jagoranta. Wannan matsakaita rukuni na masana ilimin tunani ba su da sha'awar ganin Mao na utopian. A shekara ta 1962, yayin da Zhou, Liu da Deng ke gudanar da harkokin gwamnati da tattalin arziki, Mao ya janye daga yanke shawara kan tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata, kuma ya mai da hankali sosai a lokacinsa wajen kara yin la'akari da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar zamantakewar Marxist-Lenin, gami da ra'ayin " ci gaba da juyin juya hali". :55
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. June 27, 1981. "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China." Resolution on CPC History (1949–81). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. p. 32.