Jicarilla harshe

Jicarilla ( Jicarilla Apache </link> ) Harshen Athabaskan na Kudancin Gabas ne wanda Jicarilla Apache ke magana

Jicarilla
Abáachi mizaa
Asali a	United States
Yanki	New Mexico
Ƙabila	3,100 Jicarilla Apache (2007)
'Yan asalin magana	510 (2015 census)
Dangin harshen	Dené–Yeniseian? Na-Dene Athabaskan Southern Athabaskan Eastern Jicarilla
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	apj
Glottolog	jica1244
Jicarilla Apache is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Tarihi

Kasashen gargajiya na Jicarilla Apache (Tinde) suna cikin yankunan arewa maso gabas da gabashin New Mexico. Jicarilla Apache ya faɗaɗa kan Texas da Oklahoma panhandles zuwa cikin yankin kudu maso gabas na Colorado da kusurwar kudu maso yamma na Kansas. Yankin ya goyi bayan Jicarilla Apache tare da salon rayuwar Indiya ta Plains. An raba ƙabilar a cikin wannan ƙasar ta gidauniya biyu: White Clan da Red Clan. Jicarilla Apache sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa waɗanda suka kai su barin wannan ƙasar kuma an tilasta musu ƙaura a kan ajiyar a yau Dulce, NM.

Farfadowar harshe

Mutane 680 sun ba da rahoton yarensu a matsayin Jicarilla akan ƙidayar 2000. Duk da haka, Golla (2007) ya ruwaito cewa akwai kusan masu magana da harshen farko 300 da kuma adadin daidai ko fiye na masu magana (daga cikin jimillar al'ummar 3,100); alkaluman ƙidayar don haka mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da ƙwararrun masu magana da masu magana. A cikin 2003, Jicarilla Apache Nation ta zama ƙabilar farko a New Mexico don ba da tabbaci ga membobin al'umma don koyar da yaren ɗan asalin Amurka. A shekara ta 2012, ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na farfaɗowa sun haɗa da haɗa ƙamus, azuzuwan, da sansanonin yanayi na matasa.

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Jicarilla yana da baƙaƙe 34:

		Labial	Alveolar			Palatal	Velar		Glottal
			a fili	sibilant	na gefe		a fili	labbabi
Nasal		m	n
Tsaya	murya		d
	mara murya	p	t	ts	tɬ	tʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
	m		tʰ	tsʰ	tɬʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ
	m		tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya			s	ɬ	ʃ	x	xʷ	h
	murya			z		ʒ	ɣ	ɣʷ
Kusanci					l	j

• Abin da ya ci gaba zuwa /d/</link> a cikin Jicarilla yayi daidai da /n/</link> kuma /ⁿd/</link> a cikin wasu harsunan Kudancin Athabaskan (misali Navajo da Chiricahua ).

Tsayawa Tsayawa

Baƙin / tʰ</link> /, yana faruwa a yawancin sauran harsunan Athabaska, yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin ƴan sifofi a cikin Jicarilla kuma galibi ya haɗu da / kʰ</link> /. Wannan saboda haka ya sanya mafi yawan wuraren da ake nema a cikin Jicarilla velar.

Fricatives da Kimantawa

• [w] da [ ɰʷ</link> ] su ne allophones na / ɣʷ</link> /.
• [ ɰ</link> ] shine allophone na / ɣ</link> /.

Nasal

• /m/ ba a taɓa samun kalma-ƙarshe kuma mafi yawan matsayinsa yana cikin prefixes.
• /n/: Duba sashe a kan Syllabic /n/.

Syllabic /n/ in Jicarilla

Baƙin /n/ na iya fitowa azaman harafi kuma yana ɗaukar sautin babba ko ƙarami, amma ba sautin faɗuwa ba. Maɗaukakin sautin /ń/ a haƙiƙa yana wakiltar maƙarƙashiya, /nÍ/. Akwai nau'i-nau'i guda huɗu masu yuwuwa don haɗawa da wasali-/n/ da /n/-/n/: Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi, Ƙarƙasa, Mai girma, da ƙasa-ƙasa. An kwatanta kwatancen a cikin tebur mai zuwa:

Kwane-kwane	Walalle-/n/ Haɗuwa	Gloss	/n/-/n/ Haɗuwa	Gloss
Low-Mai girma	gaskiya''	'Wani lokaci ne?'	Nan	'tashi'
Maɗaukaki-ƙasa	Anł'íí	'Ku (sg.) kuna yin wani abu, kuna ƙoƙari'	suna	'Ka yi shege'
Mai girma	'igo'an	'rami'	Ha'ń	'ko wane'
Ƙananan-ƙasa	'agonla	'Ka (sg.) ya yi wani abu'	Abin farin ciki	'Kunyi bacci'

(An gyara daga Tuttle & Sandoval 2002, p. 109)

/n/ na iya faruwa tsakanin /t/, / ʔ</link> /, ko /n/ da duk wani harafi na farko, amma lokacin da /n/ ya bayyana shi kaɗai a gaban harafin farko, sai ya zama nasa harafin. Lokacin da wani baƙon prefix ya gabace shi, /n/ ƙila ko ba za a yi hukunci don samar da sila ta masu jin Jicarilla ba.