Janet Bonnema
Janet Petra Bonnema (24 ga watanNuwamba, shekara ta1938 zuwa 9 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2008) [1] ta kasance injiniya ce ta Amurka kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Anyi hayar ta a matsayin injiniya mai sana'a don aikin gine-ginen Eisenhower Tunnel a Colorado a cikin shekara ta 1970, amma an hana ta yin aikinta a cikin ramin saboda camfi da ke faruwa cewa mata da suka shiga karkashin kasa a cikin ragowar ko ma'adinai suna kawo rashin sa'a, suna jefa ma'aikatan maza cikin haɗari. A shekara ta 1972 ta shigar da karar da ta kai $ 100,000 a kan Ma'aikatar Hanyar Colorado saboda nuna bambanci na jima'i. Jiha ta warware lamarin a waje da kotu kuma an ba ta damar shiga ramin, kodayake ta yi ado ba tare da sanarwa ba. Ta zama alama ce ta daidaito a wurin aiki. An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado a shekarar 2012.
 Janet Bonnema | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Janet Petra Bonnema |
| Haihuwa | Denver, 24 Nuwamba, 1938 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Okeechobee (en)  , 9 Mayu 2008 |
| Makwanci |
Fairmount Cemetery (en) |
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (Sankara) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
University of Colorado Denver (en) University of Colorado Boulder (en) South High School (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
civil engineer (en) da Mai kare hakkin mata |
| Kyaututtuka |
gani
|
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
gyara sasheAn haifi Janet Petra Bonnema a Denver, Colorado, ga Peter da Helen Bonnema . [1] Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu.[2] Kodayake tana so ta yi karatun lissafi da kimiyya, masu ba da shawara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu sun hana ta bin waɗannan batutuwa na al'ada.[3][4] An kuma shawarce ta da irin wannan batun game da karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder, kuma a maimakon haka ta kammala karatun tare da digiri na farko a tarihi a shekarar 1960. [3][2] A lokacin shekarunta na jami'a, ta zama kaftin din ƙungiyar kankara ta jami'a.[2][5]
Farkon aiki
gyara sasheBayan kammala karatunta, Bonnema ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin injiniya a Boeing Aircraft a Seattle.[2] Ta bari bayan shekaru biyu da rabi, ganin maza da ba su da ƙwarewa fiye da ita suna karɓar albashi da ci gaba.[2] Ta kwashe sauran shekarun 1960 tana tafiya a duniya, ta koma Denver a shekarar 1970 bayan ta gaji da tanadin ta.[2]
Ramin Eisenhower
gyara sasheA watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1970 Bonnema ta nemi Ma'aikatar Hanyar Colorado (CDOT) don matsayi a matsayin masanin injiniya don aikin Eisenhower Tunnel (wanda ake kira aikin Straight Creek Tunnel). [3][5] Ta sadu da ka'idodin cancanta, ta wuce gwaje-gwaje, kuma an yarda da aikace-aikacen ta kamar yadda "Mista Jamet Bonnema" ya gabatar, yayin da ma'aikacin jihar ya yi kuskuren rubuta sunan kuma yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa suna hayar mutum. Lokacin da Bonnema ya kira don karɓar aikin amma tayi tambaya game da albashi da ake bayarwa, an gaya mata cewa "ba a yarda a cikin ramin".[2] Bonnema ta cigaba da cewa za ta iya yin aikin, kuma watanni biyu bayan haka sashen ya kirkiro wani matsayi na injiniya na musamman a gare ta wanda ya kasance a ofis.[2] Yayinda aka ba Bonnema aikin "rikodin ma'auni, tattara samfurori na dutse, da samar da zane-zane na fasaha" bisa ga bayanan da aka samu a cikin bututun, masu kula da ita sun hana ta shiga bututun kanta saboda jinsi.[3] Wani camfi mai yawa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga masu hakar ma'adinai na Welsh waɗanda suka zo aiki a Colorado a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, (19th century)sun riƙe cewa matan da suka sauka a karkashin kasa zuwa cikin ma'adanai ko bututun ruwa za su kawo rashin sa'a, suna sanya ma'aikatan maza cikin haɗari.[2] Wannan camfi ya shafi ma'aikatan mata, 'yan jarida, da baƙi iri ɗaya.[5][2]
A watan Yulin shekara ta 1972, bayan binciken shekara guda, Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ta kammala cewa hana ma'aikatan mata daga ramin ya kai ga nuna bambancin jinsi.[2] Lokacin da masu kula da Bonnema har yanzu sun ki yarda ta shiga, Bonnema ta shigar da karar da ta kai $ 100,000 a kan CDOT, inda ta ambaci Title VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964. [2] Kafin a saurari karar, masu jefa kuri'a na Colorado sun tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki kuma jihar ta zaɓi warware shari'ar Bonnema daga kotu don $ 6,750. [2][6]
An raka Bonnema cikin ramin a karo na farko a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1972. [2][6] Ma'aikata sittin da shida sun bar aikin na ɗan lokaci don nuna rashin amincewa, amma daya ne kawai ya bari har abada.[3][2] A ziyararta ta biyu zuwa ramin a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, Bonnema ta sa tufafi da hat mai wuya don ɓoye ainihin ta. A wannan lokacin an nemi ita da sauran ma'aikata su yi ma'auni a saman ramin, inda Bonnema ta yi aiki a cikin bututun kankare; babu wanda ya fita a wannan ziyarar.[7] Bonnema ta cigaba da yin ado a cikin tufafi a lokacin da tayi aiki a cikin ramin don kada ta ja hankalin mutane.
Ayyukanta na baya
gyara sasheBayan kammala aikin Eisenhower Tunnel, Bonnema ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami’ar Colorado Denver, inda ta sami digirin M.S. a fannin injiniyan gine-gine. A shekarar 1990 ta koma Okeechobee, Florida, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan gine-gine a Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Kudancin Florida har zuwa lokacin ritayarta a shekarar 2001. Ta mutu sakamakon cutar daji a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2008, tana da shekaru 69, a Okeechobee
Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
gyara sasheAn shigar da Bonnema cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado a shekarar 2012. [3][8] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011 Sanata ta Jihar Colorado Nancy Spence ta ba da yabo ga Bonnema a cikin jawabi a filin majalisar dattijai.[4]
Rayuwa ta mutum
gyara sasheBonnema ta kalubalanci ra'ayoyin jinsi a rayuwarta ta sirri. Ta ji daɗin yin kankara, tuka babur, hawa duwatsu, yin tsalle daga jirgin sama, tuka jirgin sama, da yin tafiya.”.[1][3]
Manazarta
gyara sasheTushe
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Janet P. Bonnema – Obituary". NewsZapFL. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "leg" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Howard 1972.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Janet Bonnema". Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "great" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bartels, Lynn (7 April 2011). "Nancy Spence: liberty and justice for all". The Denver Post. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Spence" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Eisenhower Memorial Bore". Federal Highway Administration. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "fed" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lewis 2013.
- ↑ "A Woman on the Job". Federal Highway Administration. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
- ↑ Draper, Electa (8 March 2012). "Ten heavy hitters who changed their fields, state, country and world inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame". The Denver Post. Retrieved 7 June 2017.